Lecture 4 Glorious Revolution PDF

The British Isles: Challenges & Landmarks 3. Why is Britain a constitutional Monarchy? The Restoration (1660-1689) and...

The British Isles: Challenges & Landmarks 3. Why is Britain a constitutional Monarchy? The Restoration (1660-1689) and the Glorious Revolution (1688- 1689) King William and Queen Mary Painted hall of the Old Royal Naval College, London Histoire des Iles Britanniques Kimberley Page-Jones The Embarkation of Charles II at Scheveningen, Willem van de velde the Younger (1633-1707). Wallace Collection, P 194 Five Children of King Charles I after Sir Anthony van Dyck, oil on canvas, 17th century. NPG 267 Stuart Kings on the throne again between 1660 and 1688: * Charles II (1660 – 1684) * James II (1684 - 1688) King Charles II by John Michael Wright oil on canvas, circa 1660-1665 NPG 531 © National Portrait Gallery, London  London on its knees in the 1660s … Source: National Archives This was the worst outbreak of plague (1665-6) in The Great Fire of London, England since the black death of 1348. London lost with Ludgate and Old St. Paul's, 1670 roughly 15% of its population. While 68,596 deaths Few deaths but destroyed destroyed the were recorded in the city, the true number was probably homes of 70,000 out of the 80,000 over 100,000. inhabitants of the city The Restoration under Charles II Medal of Charles II, 1660. British Museum G3, EM.68  Repressive legislation The Test Acts (1673) The Clarendon Code (1661-1665): a series of acts to exclude non-Anglicans from public offices  The whig party as a counter-power Development of whig politics under Charles II (impulse of John Locke, Isaac Newton, Daniel Defoe, Lord Shaftesbury …) to exclude Catholic king from throne. Sir Isaac Newton oil on canvas, circa 1726-1730 Daniel Defoe Primary Collection John Locke by Michael Vandergucht, NPG 558 by John Greenhill after Jeremiah Taverner oil on canvas, 1672 line engraving, 1706 NPG 3912 NPG 3960  The Habeas Corpus (1679): to limit the arbitrary power of the King The 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, ca. 1672–73 John Michael Wright, ‘Charles II of England in Coronation robes’, 1661-1662 The Habeas Corpus (1679) Issued by a judge to determine whether a person is legally imprisoned If not, the person goes free Ensures no arbitary emprisonment  English pro-Catholic kings close to French King Louis XIV and admirers of the French absolutist model … …. yet anti-catholic mood due to ‘popish’ plots Guy Fawkes involved in Gunpower plot (1605) The Gunpowder Plot Conspirators, 1605 by Crispijn de Passe the Elder engraving, circa 1605 Prospect of a Popish Successor: Displayed by Hell-Bred Cruelty, Popish Villainy, Strange Divining, Intended Slavery, Old England’s Misery, &c. © Trustees of the British Museum. Print issued on 21 March 1681 (date on which parliament was to consider exclusion bill) and portrays the expected results of the succession of the Catholic heir, James II. Pope using bellows to fan the flames of the Great Fire Jesuits throwing hand grenades on the world Guy Fawkes entering the Parliament to blow it up A Jesuit releasing foxes with firebrands to set fire to houses  King James II King James II by Unknown artist An unfinished sketch by Sir Peter oil on canvas, circa 1690 Lely Primary Collection oil on canvas, circa 1665-1670 NPG 366 Purchased, 1978 The Exclusion Bill (1679) The Whig Party under the leadership of the Earl of Shaftesbury tried to push through the exclusion bill to exclude James II from the throne. The Earl of Shaftesbury, the leader of the Whigs who introduced the Exclusion Bill in the House of Commons on 15 May 1679.  James II’s accession in 1685 His public declaration: I have been reported to be a man for arbitrary power, but that is not the only story [which] has been made of me. And I shall make it my endeavours to preserve this government both in Church and state as it is now by law established. I know the principles of the Church of England are for monarchy, and the members of it have showed themselves good and loyal subjects; therefore I shall always take care to defend and support it. I know too that the laws of England are sufficient to make the king as great a monarch as I can wish. And as I shall never depart from the just rights and prerogative of the Crown, so I shall never invade any mans property. (Speech of King James II to the Privy Council, February 7, 1685) The petition signed by the seven Bishops The following petition was submitted against the order of King James II that his Declaration of Indulgence be read in all churches. It was signed by: William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury William Lloyd, Bishop of St. Asaph Dispensing power: the Francis Turner, Bishop of Ely power to suspend the John Lake, Bishop of Chichester operation of a specific Thomas Ken, Bishop of Bath and Wells statute or rule of law Thomas White, Bishop of Peterborough Sir Jonathan Trelawney, Bart., Bishop of Bristol … that declaration is founded upon such a dispensing power as hath often been declared illegal in parliament. … Your petitioners therefore most humbly and earnestly beseech your Majesty that you will be graciously pleased not to insist upon their distributing and reading your Majesty's said declaration. The Seven Bishops’ trial Playing card representing the Seven Bishops being The Seven Bishops Committed to the Tower in sailed to the Tower of 1688 by John Smith London The Seven Bishops on trial in the House of Lords, June 29, 1688. Engraving by S W Reynolds, after a painting by John Rogers Herbert [The seven bishops imprisoned in the Tower of London by James II in June 1688] A man, as has been proved, cannot subject himself to the arbitrary power of another; and having in the state of nature no arbitrary power over the life, liberty, or possession of another, but only so much as the law of nature gave him for the preservation of himself, and the rest of mankind. (John Locke, Two Treatises, 1689, p.304)  William III (1650-1702), Stadtholder of the Netherlands Letter of invitation by seven English noblemen sent to the Prince of Orange inviting him to become King of England, 30 June 1688, (Catalogue ref: SP 8/1/224)  Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851) The Prince of Orange, William III, Embarked from Holland, and Landed at Torbay, November 4th, 1688, after a Stormy Passage – 1832. Coronation of William III and Mary II, surrounded by 11 (2 above, 1 below, 4 to left. and 4 to right.) representations of Glorious Revolution events. 1689 Etching The ‘Bill of Rights’ (1689) – the legal expression of constitutional monarchy Extract from The Bill of Rights, 1689 HLRO HL/PO/PU/1/1688/1W&Ms2n2 (December 1689) King William and Queen Marry represented in the Painted Hall of the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich James Hamilton, The Massacre of Glencoe 13 February 1692), 1892 Painting at Kelvingrove Art Gallery, Glasgow