ELAN 341 Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 4 PDF

ELAN 341 Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 4 Primary, Double and Secondary Articulations 11 Manner of articulati...

ELAN 341 Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 4 Primary, Double and Secondary Articulations 11 Manner of articulation Primary Degree of stricture Table 11.1 Degree of stricture Category of sound Degree of stricture Consonant 1 Stop no air passes out through the mouth 2 Fricatives partial obstruction; noticeable frication 3 Approximants little obstruction; no frication Vowels stricture no greater than for [i] Consonants manner of articulation Obstruents The manner of articulation describes the nature of the stricture of a consonant (How a sound is produced). Oral stops, fricatives, and affricates together form the class of obstruents. Non-obstruent sounds are called sonorants, comprising nasals, approxim- 1. Stops ants, and vowels; the sonorant consonants are discussed below. Stops are defined as having no air passing out through the mouth; oral sounds have nowhich A stop (also called plosive air passing out through is a release burst)the nasal passage. involves a completeOral closure stops, thus, such that no air passes out of the mouth. After air pressure builds up, air is then released. Thehave involve closure of both the oral and nasal passages. Nasal stops air results in release passing out aspiration in voiceless through the nasal passage, but not through the mouth. Nasal sounds. stops are usually voiced. Oral stops may be voiced or voiceless. Nasal sounds are discussed at the end of this chapter. With voiceless stops, no sound is The stops in English are /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/. heard from the onset of the stop to its release. With voiced stops, the sound of the vibrating vocal folds is heard; however, the loudness of the voicing is In making each of these muted as the sounds, a complete vibration has to pass closure throughis made, the softattissues the lips, the neck of the alveolar and ridge, or the velum, such that no air cheeks. can points Three escapeabout through thewill stops mouth. be explained in Chapter 12: voicing, aspiration, and glottal stops. 2. Fricatives With fricatives, the constriction in the oral cavity allows air to pass out of the mouth, but it is close enough to cause turbulence in the air stream producing In fricatives the air stream frication. Fricatives is partially occur atin constricted allthe places of articulation. mouth and the air The sound passes through a small [h] is often called a glottal fricative. Phonologically, [h] behaves like a con- opening in the mouth. The air is not completely blocked. This results in a friction, called sonant; phonetically, however, it is a voiceless vowel with the same tongue frication; we hear the friction as a hissing sound. position as the following vowel. The fricatives [s z ß Ω] are called sibilants. Fricatives are also known as spirants. The fricatives are /f/, /v/, /θ/, Affricates /ð/, of consist /s/,a /z/, stop/ʃ/, /ʒ/, and /h/. immediately followed by a homorganic frica- tive. Homorganic means ‘having the same place of articulation’; this is /θ/ called thetainterpreted somewhat loosely to mean that the stop and fricative are both /ð/ called eth labial, both coronal, or both dorsal: thus, [pƒ pf té ts tß] are all affricates, but /ʃ/ called esh [px kf tf qé] are not. /ʒ/ called ezh orFigure yogh 11.1 (overleaf ) shows a spectrogram of ‘Peggy’s speech was good’. From Chapter 8, we expect that the stops will show a gap in the acoustic pattern; we find gaps for the [p] in Peggy’s and speech and for the [˝] and [d] in good. The gap is typical of stops. The spike at the end of the [ph] is typical 217 1 ELAN 341 Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 4 3. Affricates Affricates are sequences of stop plus fricative. The English sounds /tʃ dʒ/ are postalveolar affricates, also called palato-alveolar. These are the sounds in church and judge, both at the beginning and the end of these words. In the initial part of /tʃ dʒ/, the tip of the tongue is at the rear of the alveolar ridge. In the second part of the affricate, the tongue pulls away slightly from the roof of the mouth to form a fricative. Note that although an affricate is a phonetic sequence, it functions as a single unit in English. 4. Approximants Approximants are consonants with a greater opening in the vocal tract than fricatives. Frication is absent with approximants. In English, this category comprises /ɹ l w j/, /ɹ/, lateral /l/ and glides (semi vowels) /j w/. /j/ is called yod. These are the initial sounds in rule, loot, wood, and use. All approximants in English are voiced. 2 ELAN 341 Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 4 4.1 Retroflex We called the [ɹ] of English a retroflex. We used the symbol [ɹ], which is a dental-alveolar- postalveolar column of the IPA chart, not the [ɻ] symbol. In American English the tongue tip is certainly more curled back for [ɹ] than for any other sound of English, but the amount of tongue curled back is not as curled in languages with set of real retroflexes like Hindi for example. We discuss retroflex [ɻ] more below. 4.2 Lateral The Sounds of Language Epiglottis Lateral /l/ is a sound that is made with the tip of the tongue touching the alveolar ridge, while The epiglottis sides of the constriction open, is a spoon-shaped allowing air to escape.cartilage which extends up and back from the larynx. The epiglottis is like the appendix: no one is absolutely sure why Try making a long /l/:we have one. ItYou /lllllllllllllll/. may will havebe some ablefunction to feel in thepreventing food tip of your from touching tongue going intothe the larynx, but this is disputed. For phoneticians, its position is a nuisance alveolar ridge. Both sides of the tongue (for some only one side), however, are pulled down in that it hangs over the larynx, making the larynx difficult to observe. slightly from the roof Recent of the mouth so that air escapes around the sides of the tongue. research has shown that the epiglottis may be of some linguistic importance in a very few languages (see Chapter 10). 4.3 Glides Nasal cavity The glides /w j/ are considered approximants as well, also called semi-vowels. Glides always occur next to a vowel The pharynx opens upwards into the nasal cavity. We have no control over [ɖəbːaː] box the shape of this cavity; however, the velum can be raised and lowered to open and close the opening from the pharynx to the nasal cavity. When 5. Nasals the velum is lowered, air can escape out through the nose. If the velum is raised, air cannot escape through the nose. The upper surface of the velum The sounds /m n ŋ/ areis called called nasals or nasal the velic stops. surface. Thus we can refer to velic opening and velic closure. Sounds made with velic opening are called nasal or nasalised; For these three sounds, there made sounds is a velic with opening, allowing velic closure air oral are called to pass out 1.13). (Figure through Thethe nose. words ram, For a nasal sound, theran, velumrangisall end in aallowing lowered, nasal consonant. air to passNote out that velic the through refers to the nasal upper passage. surface Note that nasals are stops of the in that no velum which air passes outmoves of theagainst mouth;the pharyngeal there wall, closure is a complete whereasin the velar refers to the lower surface of the velum which articulates oral cavity. However, air escapes through the nose, but not through the mouth. For oral with the back stops, on of the tongue. the other hand, no air escapes through the nose or through the mouth. Velic Velic opening closure Nasal Oral Figure 1.13 A bilabial nasal is shown on the left with a velic opening allowing air to pass out through the nose. On the right, the same bilabial sound is shown, but with a velic closure preventing air from passing out through the nose If you are familiar with French, you know that a word like un ‘a, an, one’ has a nasalised vowel, but a word 3 like eux ‘them’ has an oral vowel. Practise saying these two words to feel the velum going up and down. It should go down for un and up for eux. ELAN 341 Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 4 6. Other manner of articulations ‘r’ sounds Bilabial Labio- Interdental Alveolar postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal dental Stops p b t d k g q ʔ Nasal m n ŋ Trill r Tap/flap ɾ Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h Approximant ɹ ɻ j Lateral l Approximant ‘r’ sounds are articulated differently in the world languages. We will discuss a number of them. r sound Manner Place /ɹ/ Approximant Alveolar ridge /r/ Trill Alveolar ridge /ɾ/ Tap/flap Alveolar ridge /ɻ/ Retroflex Behind Alveolar ridge 1. voiced alveolar/postalveolar approximant /ɹ/ Tip of the tongue comes close to the alveolar ridge. It is an approximate, so there is no complete closure. 2. voiced alveolar trill /r/ Trill /r/ is pronounced with the tip of the tongue at the alveolar /r/. In this sound the tongue tip strikes the upper alveolar ridge several times very quickly. As in many varieties of Arabic, in Spanish and also in Scottish English. Arabic Spanish bard ‘cold’ perro ‘dog’ ʕumur ‘life’ 3. voiced alveolar taps (flaps) The typical North American English intervocalic, between vowels, pronunciation of /t/ and /d/ is usually a voiced tap /ɾ/. Examples: better be(ɾ)er ladder la(ɾ)er latter la(ɾ)er 4 ELAN 341 Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 4 Taps are often described as a trill of one vibration. So, while a trill /r/ has multiple vibrations, the flap /ɾ/ makes a single one. Another difference is that in flaps the tongue actively moves, while in trills it moves as a result of the airstream rather than any active movement. 4. Approximant retroflex /ɻ/ The initial sound in red is called retroflex. This name is used because many people produce it by curling the tip of the tongue up and back towards the rear edge of the alveolar ridge. In making this sound the tip of the tongue does not actually touch the back of the alveolar ridge, but approaches it. Many people, however, make the sound /ɹ/ in a quite different manner (Delattre and Freeman, 1968). They make a bunched /ɹ/ with the tip of the tongue down, pulling the body of the tongue up and back; the articulation is between the rear portion of the blade and the alveolar ridge. We will use retroflex as the name for the place of articulation for both kinds of English and use the symbol /ɹ/ in this course. Source: https://shorturl.at/HbrZf Retroflex sounds occur in other languages such as Hindi. Examples: Hindi: [ɖəbːaː] box /ɖ/ ͡ [kiːtʃəɽ] mud /ɽ/ English dialect and ‘r’ sounds Different dialects of English differ in their pronunciation of ‘r’. We have rhotic (r is pronounced all the time) and non-rhotic (r is not always pronounced). Rhotic dialect speakers, such as American English, Irish English, Scottish English, and Canadian English, pronounce consonant ‘r’ in words like car, bar, far, hard, farm, and first. Non-rhotic speakers, for example, many speakers of British English (BrE) and Australian English do not articulate the ‘r’ in all of such words. 5 ELAN 341 Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 4 Non-rhotic speakers pronounce ‘r’ only in word initial position such as, ‘reach’ and ‘room’, or when it is between vowels in the same word as in: ‘marine’ /məˈriːn/ ‘Victoria’ /vɪkˈtɔːriə/ Another instance where ‘r’ is pronounced in non-rhotic dialects is when it occurs between vowels in different words, called a linking r. Linking r is found in non-rhotic dialects where r is pronounced between vowels in different words, as in: Not pronounced Pronounced ‘hear’ /hi/ ‘hear it’ /hir ɪt/ ‘far’ /fɑː/ ‘far away’ /fɑːr əˈweɪ/ Another instance where r is pronounced in non-rhotic dialects is when a word ends with a vowel and is followed by a word beginning with a vowel such as ‘I saw it’. In this instance an r is inserted, called intrusive r, as in: ‘I saw it’ /aɪ sɔː-r- ɪt/ ‘Victoria and Albert’ /vɪkˈtɔːriə-r- ənd ælbət/ 7. Other terms 7.1 Obstruents This category includes oral stops, fricatives, and affricates. They involve a constriction in the vocal tract. 7.2 Sonorants This category includes nasal stops, approximants (retroflex, laterals, glides), and vowels. There is no major constriction in the vocal tract. How are obstruents and sonorants different? Obstruents involve an obstruction in the vocal tract sufficient to cause frication; with sonorants, the vocal tract is more open with a freer airflow. 6  ELAN 341 Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 4 7.3 Sibilants The sounds /s/ and /z/ are often referred to as sibilants. Sibilants may include /ʃ ʒ/. These sounds produce friction and hissing. 7.4 Liquids Liquids comprise lateral /l/ and r-like sounds. In English these are /l ɹ/. The air stream moves around the tongue in a relatively unobstructed manner. This is why they are called liquid. How to classify a sound? Voicing + Place + Manner Table 1. Consonants chart Bilabial Labio- Interdental Alveolar postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal dental Stops p b t d k g q ʔ Nasal m n ŋ Trill r Tap/flap ɾ Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h Approximant ɹ ɻ j Lateral l Approximant Double articulation It is possible to make two stops at the same time, for example, a /k/ and a /p/ (see Figure 1). Both closures are made and released simultaneously, or almost so. We say that such a sound has a double articulation and call it a labial-velar. It is symbolised as /k͡p/, with the tie-bar showing that the /k/ and the /p/ are simultaneous. The essential element of a double articulation 10 Placeisofthat it must have two different simultaneous articulation points of articulation, each with the same degree of stricture. Double articulation It is possible to make two stops at the same time, for example, a [k] and a [p] (see Figure 10.10). Both closures are made and released simultane- ously, or almost so. We say that such a sound has a double articulation, and call it a labial- velar. It is symbolised as [kíp], with the tie-bar showing that the [k] and the [p] are simult- aneous. The labial-velars [kíp, ˝íb, ˜ ím] are quite common in many languages of West Africa. í mín]; Occasionally we find labial-alveolars [pít, bd, Figure. Figure 10.10 1 Labial-velar other combinations are possible, but rarely found. Maddieson (1984) has claimed that these are all sequences of two stops at the phonemic level. The term labiovelar is sometimes seen instead of labial-velar. 7Given the system of terms used here, labiovelar would mean that the lower lip articu- lates with the velum. This seems to be stretching things a bit. For the double articulation, I will use labial-velar.  lip lip rounding rounding to ato[k], wewe a [k], getget a labialised a labialised [kw[k ]. wThe primary ]. The primaryarticulation is i articulation thethevelar stop; velar thethe stop; secondary secondaryarticulation articulation is lip rounding. is lip rounding.A useful A usefulway of o way ELAN 341 Phonetics and Phonology understanding understanding secondary secondaryarticulations is toisthink articulations to think ofLecture them as 4adding of them as addinga vowel a vowe quality to atoconsonant. quality a consonant. In the case In the above, case above, thethe vowelvowelquality of [u] quality hashas of [u] been been added to the [k]. The common secondary articulations, applied added to the [k]. The common secondary articulations, applied to an alveo to an alveo- Secondary articulation lar lar stop, areare stop, shownshownin Figure 10.11. in Figure 10.11. Secondary articulations are the addition of a secondary, lesser constriction to the greater, primary The Sounds of Language The Sounds of Language articulation of a consonant. lip rounding lip roundingto a [k], to awe[k],get weaget labialised [kw]. [k a labialised The w ]. primary The primaryarticulation is is articulation the velar the stop; velar the stop; secondary the articulation secondary is articulationlip rounding. is lip A rounding. useful Thus, if we add lip rounding to a /k/, we get a labialised /k /. The primary A w way way useful of of articulation is the understanding understanding secondary articulations secondary is to articulations think is to of think them of as themadding as a addingvowel a vowel velar stop; the secondary articulation is lip rounding. Here, the vowel quality of /u/ has been quality to a consonant. quality added totothe /k/. In theIncase a consonant. the above, the vowel case above, the vowelquality of [u]ofhas quality [u]been has been added to theto[k]. added theThe [k]. common The commonsecondary articulations, secondary articulations,applied to anto applied alveo- an alveo- lar stop, are shown lar stop, in Figure are shown 10.11.10.11. in Figure The common secondary articulations, applied Labialised alveolar toLabialised alveolar an alveolar Palatalised alveolar Palatalised stop, are shown in Figure alveolar 2. Labialised Labialised alveolar alveolar palatalized alveolar Labialised alveolar Palatalised alveolar Palatalised velarized alveolar alveolar pharyngealized alveolar Velarised Figure 2. Secondary alveolar articulations Velarised alveolar Pharyngealised alveolar Pharyngealised alveolar Secondary articulations may be conditioned or inherent. Consonants regularly become Secondary Secondaryarticulation articulation Vowel quality Vowel quality Symbol Symbol Examples Examples labialised next to rounded vowels or palatalised next to front vowels; these secondary articulations are thus conditioned by the neighbouring Labialisationenvironment. Labialisation [u] [u] [w] [w] [tw [t pw p sww] sw] j j jj j j j Palatalisation Palatalisation [i] [i] [] [] [t p[t sp] s ] j Thus, if we add lip rounding to a [k], a labialised [kw]. The we Velarisation getVelarisation [{]primary [{] articulation [~] [~] is the [" tÑ["nÑ tÑsÑ]nÑor sÑ] [ló or tó[lónótó só] nó só velar stop; the secondary articulation Pharyngealisation Pharyngealisation [å] [å] [~] [~] is lip rounding. A useful way of understanding secondary [" tÑ ["nÑ sÑ tÑ ] or nÑ sÑ ] [lô or tô nô [lô tô sô] nô sô] articulations Velarised is alveolar to think ofPharyngealised alveolar Velarised them as addingalveolar a vowel Pharyngealised quality to a consonant. In the case above, the alveolar Figure 10.11 Figure Secondary 10.11 articulations Secondary articulations vowel quality of [u] has been added to the [k]. On thearticulation Secondary other Secondary hand, they may Vowel articulation have quality Vowel inherent Symbol quality secondary Symbol articulations. Examples Examples In English, for example, /ʃ/ Secondary Secondaryarticulations may articulations maybe conditioned be orwinherent. w conditioned Consonants or inherent. Consonantsregu- regu and /ɹ/ are rounded no matter what vowels w they larly w larly are become next wbecome w ww to: e.g., labialised sheep next wlabialised to [ʃ i:p], rounded reap [ɹ vowels i:p]. or palatalised next to front next to rounded vowels or palatalised next to fron Labialisation Labialisation [u] [u] [ ] [ ] w [t p [ts p ] s ] Palatalisation Palatalisation [i] [i] vowels; [t j these [j] vowels; [j] j j secondary sthese p j [t ] p j s j]secondary articulations articulations arearethus conditioned thus conditioned by by thethe neigh- neigh Labialisation Velarisation Velarisation [{] [{] bouring [" tÑenvironment. [~] bouring [~] environment. nÑ["sÑ]tÑor nÑ sÑ[ló ] ortó [ló nóOnsó] the tóOn other nó the só] hand, other hand,they may they mayhave inherent have second- inherent second Pharyngealisation Pharyngealisation [å] [å] ary articulations. [~] ary articulations. [~] [" tÑ nÑ["sÑ]tÑor In nÑ sÑ[lô tôEnglish, ] or Innô[lôEnglish, sô] for for tô nô sô] example, example, [ß] [ß] andand[®] [®] areare rounded no no rounded matter matte Labialised sounds involve lip rounding, what thatwhat isvowels a vowels rounded they they vowel are arenext quality, to: to: next usually sheep e.g.,e.g., [ ßwhigh sheep ip], and reap [ ßwip], [®back reap w w ip]. [® ip]. /u/. Figure Labialised 10.11 Figure consonants Secondary 10.11 are quite articulations Secondary articulations common. Labialised consonants can be specified [round]. 204204 Examples: Secondary [ʃwarticulations Secondary sheep reap [ɹmayi:p]be i:p],articulations w mayconditioned be conditionedor inherent. Consonants or inherent. regu-regu- Consonants larly larly become labialised become next next labialised to rounded vowels to rounded vowelsor palatalised next next or palatalised to front to front vowels; thesethese vowels; secondary articulations secondary are thus articulations are thusconditioned conditionedby the by neigh- the neigh- bouring environment. bouring On the environment. Onother hand,hand, the other they they may mayhave have inherent second- inherent second- ary articulations. In English, ary articulations. for example, In English, [ß] and for example, [ß] [®] andare[®]rounded no matter are rounded no matter whatwhat vowels they they vowels are next to: sheep to: e.g., are next [ ßwip], e.g., sheep [ ßwreap ip], [® w reap ip]. [®wip]. 204 204 8 ELAN 341 Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 4 Palatalization Palatalization refers to a process by which a sound, usually a consonant, is articulated with the tongue blade, or front, shifted near the hard palate or the alveolar area. Palatalization can be secondary, or it can change the place of articulation from velar to palatal. In secondary articulation, under certain conditions, such as the effect of front vowels and the palatal approximant /j/ have on neighboring consonants, certain sounds move towards a more palatal position. In English, /t/ à /tʃ/ perpetuity à perpetual /d/ à /ʤ/ residue à residual /z/ à /ʒ/ please à pleasure In some Arabic dialects /g/ à [ʤ] /gidr/ à [dʒidir] k à tʃ /ki:s/ à [tʃi:s] ‘plastic bag’ Velarization Velarized consonants involve raising the tongue more towards a velar position than usual. Velarized / ̴l̴ /, known as ‘dark l’ is quite common. In / ̴l̴/, the tip of the tongue is at the alveolar ridge (or teeth), and the sides of the tongue are down as usual. However, the back of the tongue, rather than being fairly flat, is raised towards the velum in the position of an approximant. In Arabic we have light l and dark l. Light l: [la:] ‘no’ Dark l: [ʔɑlˠɑ:h] ‘Allah SWT’ There are two possible IPA symbols for velarization, one shared with pharyngealization / ̴/ called ‘tilde’, and one specific for velarization /ˠ/ called the ‘gamma’. However, if a language has both pharyngealization and velarization then we need to use the gamma /ˠ/ for velarization. 9 ELAN 341 Phonetics and Phonology Lecture 4 Pharyngealization Pharyngealized sounds involve a lowering of the back of the tongue and a retraction of the root, thus resulting in a narrowing of the pharynx. They are transcribed with /ˤ/. Pharyngealized sounds are not very common, although they are found in Arabic. /s/ /sˤ/ [sabb] [sˤabb] /ð/ /ðˤ/ [ðamm] [ðˤamm] /t/ /tˤ/ [ta:mmah] [tˤa:mmah] Questions: 1. What do obstruents include? 2. What do sonorants include? 3. What is the difference between obstruents and sonorants? 4. What do sibilants include? 5. What do laterals include? 6. What do liquids include? 7. What is the manner of articulation in … sound? 8. What is labialisation, velarization, palatalization, pharyngealization? 10