Lecture 4 1070 PDF

Terminology Distinguish among affect related terms: Basic affect-the most general valence experiential response (i.e., low arousal/pleasure vs high arousal/displeasure) Distinct affective states—emotions and moods (i.e., anxiety, depression) that may include this basic affect component Affect is a...

Terminology Distinguish among affect related terms: Basic affect-the most general valence experiential response (i.e., low arousal/pleasure vs high arousal/displeasure) Distinct affective states—emotions and moods (i.e., anxiety, depression) that may include this basic affect component Affect is a term that can encompass both basic and distinct states Valence deals with basic arousal and interacts with levels of pleasure Background-understanding PA Majority of research has focused on social-cognitive models Little emphasis on how affective variables relate to PA General belief that exercise makes people feel better Hedonic theory (Kahneman, 1999; Young, 1952) provides a framework for understanding the relationship between affective states and PA Hedonic responses (pleasure vs displeasure) provides an index for determining whether a targeted behavior will be repeated  A window into how someone is feeling plays a role in seeing how someone behaves: Intensity of PA --> a ective response --> adherence Problems in the literature: exercise intensity-affect- adherence INABILITY TO DELINEATE A RELIABLE DOSE RESPONSE MAKES IS HARD TO UNDERSTAND THE NEXT LINK  Williams Study Graded submaximal test Consisted of 2 min stages beginning at 4.83 km/h and 2.5% grade Speed remained consistent throughout the test and the grade increased by 2.5% every 2 minutes until participants achieved 85 of predicted max heart rate (220-age). Particpants partcipated in a graded submaximal test to see how particpants react to levels of exercise Feeling scale (FS) 11 point, single-item, measure of affective valence. The scale ranges from -5 to + 5. Anchors are provided at zero (neutral) and at all odd integers , ranging from very bad -5 to very good +5 Physical Activity Recall (PAR): Minutes of least moderate-intensity PA during the past 7 days Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE): Score ranges between 6-20 to assess how hard find the exercise Observed a feeling scale 0 to +- 5 from neutral to negative or positive reactions to measure a ective valence Measured physical activty recall and percieved exertion Observed what they wanted to do with exercise 6-12 months later 0 to +- 1  The feeling state that someone experienced in a submaximal test predicts how much PA someone will do 6-12 months later Dual-Mode Theory of Affect Response to Exercise  This is about how exercise psychology and Dual-mode theory of affect response to exercise emotions correlate, deciphering exercise intensity and its role on someone's emotions The balance between The guiding conceptual framework of this research is the dual- these two determinants mode theory of exercise-induced affective responses. is hypothesised to shift Cogintive process: levels of systematically as a According to this theory, affective responses to exercise are intenisty allows us to intrepret function of exercise jointly influenced by two coacting factors, namely cortically emotional reactions (evalute internsity with the mediated cognitive processes (e.g., self-efficacy, self- coginitve responses) cogintive factors being presentation concerns, goals, attributions) and ascending Ascending interoceptive dominant at low interoceptive cues (e.g., ventilation, acidosis, core temperature) cues: physiology within our intesnities and that reach the affective centers of the brain via subcortical body (involuntary control) in interoceptive cues response to internisty of routes. gaining salience as exercise (key factor of how intensity approaches people view the e ects of The balance between these two determinants is hypothesized exercise) the indivdiuals to shift systematically as a function of exercise intensity, with Both are interactive factors functional limits and the maintenance of a the cognitive factors being dominant at low intensities and physiologcal steady interoceptive cues gaining salience as intensity approaches the state becomes individual's functional limits and the maintenance of a impossible (Ekkekakis physiological steady-state becomes impossible (Ekkekakis 2008) 2008). A sensory impulse travels from the body surface towards the thalamus, which receives it as a sensation. This sensation is then passed onto the cerebral cortex for interpretation as touch, pain or temperature. Cognitive processes PAG-periaqueductal gray VLM-ventrolateral medulla PB-parabrachial nucleus NTS-Nucleus of solitary tract All emotions are The term interoceptive implies all embedded in the aspects of the internal environment amygdala!!!! such as the visceral, digestive, and autonomic systems. Interoceptive input is relayed to the amygdala exclusively through the cortical and Interoceptive cues and subcortical routes  A 1:1 ratio of ventilatory equivalent of O2 (breathe in) and ventilatory equivalent of CO2 (breathe out) until 10 min (intensity of exercise shows a cognitve process) After that point, it goes in the complete opposite direction meaning that the intensity of exercise changes (Shows interoceptive cues) VT-It’s that intensity of exercise above which your breathing becomes labored and you feel you just can’t draw in as much air The Respiratory Compensation as your body wants. One's threshold Point (RCP) reflects the onset of is said to reflect levels of lactate hyperventilation (when more CO2 is accumulation. removed from the blood stream than the body can produce). The From rest to VT they feel presence of a clear RCP implies a pleasure pretty maximal effort by the subject. From VT to RCP there is a zone of variability on how emotions will feel about exercise (can be not so pleasurable) Exceeding RCP, it doesn't matter how t you are, there is more displeasure about movement  Quanitfying the intensity of exercise matters in understanding how emotions play in regards to someone's pleasure in their movement VO2 uptake, heart rate, and percieved exertion are all related to where they are regards to VT 20% below oxygen uptake = < VT Equal to oxygen uptake corresponding to VT = @ VT 10% above oxygen uptake = > VT AFFECT Measures THE FS WAS USED TO MEASURE THE AFFECTIVE VALENCE (PLEASURE AND DISPLEASURE), RANGING FROM -5 (VERY BAD) TO +5 (VERY GOOD) THE FAS WAS USED TO MEASURE PERCEIVED ACTIVATION. SCORES RANGED FROM 1 (LOW AROUSAL) TO 6 (HIGH AROUSAL)  Feelings below VT are lower below and higher above VT Circle graphs on next slide: Circumplex model --> combines valence ( feelings) and arousal togther and feelings changes below to above the VT (arousal goes up and feelings become more neutral)  Need to know the threshold, oxyegn is 1 to 1 until its become too much oxygen and goes into di erent direction (ventialtory threshold, the internsity is bad when it goes sepraetly. At 15 mins, that value is not only going up going thorugh VT but also is going to the left of the postive feeling state (towards 0) --> the higher above VT the valence is starting to cross zero and become negative. When people view exercise negatively, you might not want to do that exercise again. Activation: arosual Conclusions: Contrary to the widely popular view that exercise, in general, makes people feel better, substantial evidence indicates that the relationship between exercise and affect responses is complex, with affect responses under certain conditions, being negative rather than positive Its a myth that exercise always makes people feel better!! Positive affective responses are limited to A) during and after low intensity and self-paced exercise B) recovery from vigorous exercise C) exercise intensity that exceeds the ventilatory threshold is associated with declines in affective valence It's sometimes better when its at a slower level intensity Pattern of inter-individual variability in affective responses appear to be systematic and dependent on the intensity of exercise Homogeneity emerges during exercise of low intensity when most responses are positive During exercise performed at midrange (not too low; not to high); there appears to be great inter-individual variability; with some individuals experiencing positive and others experiencing negative changes in affective valence Homogeneity emerges at exercise of high intensity when most responses are negative This mid range when someone is at the start of VT and approaching respiratory consepation point ( where the body is producing more Co2 then removing), depending on your tness level some can view it postive or negative (uncertainely about exercise) but once you get above VT and closer to conseptpation point you become negative Influence of cognitive and peripheral physiological cues Cognitive factors (e.g., self-efficacy) influence affective responses to exercise at low intensity Peripheral physiological cues (e.g., respiration, muscle, blood lactate concentration) influence affective responses at high levels of intensity This has implications for intervention at helping exercisers cope with unpleasant sensations particularly during the critical early stages of exercise involvement They view execrise in a favorable way Periphearal when levels are high You cant rush the intensity cause you will turn people away 9slowly introducing the intensity and working up to it) --> intensity has to be right for the individual or get out of their comfort zone