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New Mansoura University

Mohamed Ramadan

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organic chemistry lecture notes chemistry organic compounds

Summary

This lecture covers fundamental concepts in organic chemistry, including Lewis structures, functional groups, and nomenclature of organic compounds. The lecture is designed according to a syllabus, and covers various organic families; aiming to assist chemistry undergraduate students.

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‫ﻛﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮرة اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‪.‬‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫_________________________________________‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳ ﺔ )‪(CHE111‬‬ ‫اﻟ...

‫ﻛﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮرة اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‪.‬‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫_________________________________________‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳ ﺔ )‪(CHE111‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة ‪3‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄ ﺔ ‪:‬‬‫ُﻋﺪ ت‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺘﻮر ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﻣﻀﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻛ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎ ت اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻟﻮﻳ ﺲ و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ ت اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴ ﺔ و‬ ‫ﺒﺎ ت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗ ﺴﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣ ﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻧﺎ ت‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛﺮ‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻟﻴﺪا ت اﻷﻟﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت واﻷﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎ ت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ و‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﺮﻛ ﺐ‬‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒﻳ‬ ‫ﺜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﻢﺗﻤ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺘﺮوﻧﺎ ت اﻟ‬ ‫ﺜﻴﻞ إﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎﺗﻤ‬ ‫ﺘ ﻲﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟ‬ ‫ﺘ ﻲ ﻧﺴ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻮﻳ ﺲ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻠ ﺔ‪،‬ﺗ ﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻟﻮﻳ ﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻘﺎط أو ﺧﻄﻮط ﻣ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺑﻄ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﺮوﻧﺎ ت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺮا‬ ‫ﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﺘﺮوﻧﺎ ت اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺮدة ﻫ ﻲ ﻋ‬ ‫ أزواج اﻹﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﺘﺮوﻧﺎ ت ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد اﻹﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﺑﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮا‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ س‪ :‬أﻋﻂ ﻛﻞ ذرة اﻟﺸﺤﻨ ﺔ اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‪.‬ﻏﺎﻟ ً‬ ‫ُﺤﺬف‬ ‫ﺜﻨﺎء أن اﻷزواج اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺮدةﺗ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑﺎﺳ‬‫ﺒﻪ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻟﻮﻳ ﺲ‬ ‫ﺜﻔ ﺔﺗﺸ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﺜﻔ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﺘ ﺴﺎ ﻫﻤﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻂ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ )أو ﻛﻞ( اﻟﺮوا‬‫ﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﺬف‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛ‬‫ﺒ ﺴﻴﻂ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﻢﺗ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫‪3.‬اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﻤ ﻲ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮن ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﻂ واﺣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ ذرا ت اﻟﻜﺮ‬‫ﺑﻂ اﻷﺣﺎدﻳ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺮوا‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ رﺳﻢ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﻤ ﻲ‪ :‬اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪1:‬‬ ‫ﺛ ﺔ ﺧﻄﻮط‬ ‫ﺛﻼ‬‫ﺛﻴ ﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺜﻼ‬‫ﺑﻂ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺮوا‬ ‫ﺘﻮازﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬و‬ ‫ﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﺰدوﺟ ﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﻴﻦ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺮوا‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪2:‬‬ ‫ﺘﻮازﻳ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺮج ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻴ ﺐ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺮة ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن اﻟﻤ ﺴ‬ ‫ﺜﻴﻞﺳﻠ ﺴﻠ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﻢﺗﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن‪C. ،‬ﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ ﺣﺬف اﻟﺮﻣﺰ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋ ﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪3:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن أو اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ وﻳﺠ ﺐ ﻛ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎﻧ ﺴ ﺔ ﻫ ﻲ ذرا ت أﺧﺮى ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة رﻗﻢ ‪4:‬اﻟﺬرا ت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ ت اﻷﻟﺪ ﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎﻧ ﺴ ﺔ وذرا ت ﻛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة ‪5:‬ﻳﺠ ﺐ رﺳﻢ ذرا ت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ ﻋﲆ ذرا ت ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺬرة ﻛﺮ‬‫ﺒﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺑﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻚﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺪد ذرا ت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺋﻤﺎ ﻋﲆ ‪4‬روا‬ ‫ﺘﻮي دا ً‬ ‫ﺑﻮنﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ أن ذرا ت اﻟﻜﺮ‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﻂ وﻃﺮح ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﻴﻤ ﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪4.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣ ﺴﺎ ب ﻋﺪد اﻟﺮوا‬ 7 Machine Translated by Google ‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﻣﻀﺎن‬.‫د‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴ ﺔ‬ Machine Translated by Google ‫ﺗﻄﻮر ت‬ Machine Translated by Google ‫ﺑﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ذرا ت اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮن أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺑﺬرة ﻛﺮ‬‫ﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن اﻷوﻟ ﻲ ‪(1‬درﺟ ﺔ( ‪-‬اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫ اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن أﺧﺮﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗ ﻲ ﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺬر‬‫ﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺑﻮن ﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻧﻮي – )‪(2°‬ﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن اﻟ‬ ‫ اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺜﻼ ث ذرا ت ﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺑﻮن ﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺜ ﻲ – )‪(3°‬ﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟ‬‫ﺑﻮن‬ ‫ ﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺑﻊ ذرا ت ﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺄر‬‫ﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺑﻮن ﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋ ﻲ – )‪(4°‬ﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن اﻟﺮ‬ ‫ اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ذرا ت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺑـ‬‫ﺒﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ‪.‬ذرة اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﻢﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ذرا ت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ أ ً‬ ‫ﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ ﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ اﻷوﻟ ﻲ‬‫ﺑﻮن اﻷوﻟﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺴﻤﻰ ذرة اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺑﺬرة ﻛﺮ‬‫ﺒﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺬرا ت اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺒﻂ ذرا ت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ اﻷوﻟﻴ ﺔ ) ‪(1o‬‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن أﺧﺮﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗ ﻲ ﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺬر‬‫ﺒﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺬرا ت اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳ ﺔ ) ‪(2o‬‬ ‫ﺒﻂ ذرا ت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺜﻼ ث ذرا ت ﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﺒﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺬرا ت اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺜﻴ ﺔ ) ‪(3o‬‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﻂ ذرا ت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ ‬ Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮع اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن ﻫ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪﺗﻬﺠﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫لهسأ ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﻂ ‪π،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻬﺠﻨًﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫إذا ﻟﻢﻳﺸﻜﻞ روا‬ ‫ﺘ ﻲﻳﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻂ ‪π‬اﻟ‬ ‫اﺣ ﺴ ﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺮوا‬ ‫؛ ‪sp2‬وإذا ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻄ ﺔ ‪π‬واﺣﺪة‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻬﺠﻨًﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫؛ ‪sp3‬إذا ﺷﻜﻞ را‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﺘﻴﻦ ‪π،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻬﺠﻨًﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع ‪sp.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻄ‬‫را‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺘﺎرة ؟‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺠﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺬرة اﻟﻤﺨ‬ ‫ﺣﺪد ﻧﻮع ﻧﻮع اﻟ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺑﻄ ﺔ ‪π،‬وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﻢﺗﻬﺠﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ‪sp2 -‬ﻟﻴ ﺲﻷﻧﻬﺎﺗﺸﻜﻞ را‬ ‫ﺘ ﻲﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ واﻟﺠﺬور اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻮﻧﺎ ت اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺜﻨﺎءا ت ﻫ ﻲ اﻟﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫اﻻﺳ‬ ‫ﺘﻠ ﺊ‬ ‫ﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ ﻣﺪار ‪p‬ﻓﺎرغ أو ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻤ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎﺗﺤ‬ 17Machine Translated by Google ‫اﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻘﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻄ‬‫ﺘ ﺔ واﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺤ‬‫ﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺪوﻟ ﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺴﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺎم اﻻ‬ ‫‪1-‬أﺿﻒ ﻻﺣﻘ ﺔ واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﻮن‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎر اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول ﺣ ﺴ ﺐ ذرة اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻠ ﺔ وأﻋﻄﻬﺎ اﻻﺧ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﺮ أﻃﻮلﺳﻠ ﺴﻠ ﺔ ﻛﺮ‬ ‫‪2-‬اﺧ‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮع(‬ ‫ﺘﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﺪأ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﺣﺪد ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ )ا‬‫ﺒﺪﻳﻞ أو اﻟﻔﺮع‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺎ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫‪3-‬أﻋﻂ ا ً‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺜﺎل ﻋﲆ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ اﻟﻔﻠﻮرﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "اﻟﻔﻠﻮرو"‬ ‫ اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "اﻟﻜﻠﻮرو"‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﻣﻮ"‬ ‫ﺒﺮومﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "‬ ‫ اﻟ‬ ‫ اﻟﻴﻮدﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "ﻳﻮدو"‬ ‫ﺘﺮو" ‪ CN‬‬ ‫‪ NO2‬ﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "ﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻮ"‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ ﺴﻠ ﺴﻠ ﺔ اﻷﻃﻮل(‬‫ﺘﺼﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ ت اﻷﻟﻜﻴﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻛﻔﺮع )ﺳﻠ ﺴﻠ ﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮة ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﻬ ﻲ أﺳﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﻨ‬‫ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ أﻟﻜﻴﻞ‪.‬و‬‫ إذا أزﻟﻨﺎ ذرة ﻫﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻷﻟﻜﺎن‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺎﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺑـ ‪-yl.‬‬‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ ت اﻷﻟﻜﻴﻠﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮو‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ ت اﻷﻳﺰو‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎن‪،‬‬ ‫ﺒﺮو‬ ‫ﺑﻮنﻳﻤﻜﻦﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺛﻼ ث ذرا ت ﻛﺮ‬‫ﺘﺎن ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﺎن ﻣﻜﻮﻧ‬ ‫ﺘﺎن أﻟﻜﻴﻠ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪CH3CH2CH3.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻞ"‬ ‫ﺑﺮو‬ ‫ﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي‪ :‬و ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "إﻳﺰو‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎل اﻵﺧﺮ ﻫﻮﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﻌ ﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫واﻻﺣ‬ ‫‪CH3CHCH3 ,‬‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻮ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔﺳﻴﻚ‪-‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻞ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮ‬‫ﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳ ﺔ‪ :‬واﻟﺬيﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "ﺳﻴﻚ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎل اﻵﺧﺮ ﻫﻮﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ أﺣﺪ ذرا ت اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫ اﻻﺣ‬ ‫‪CH3CHCH2CH3 ,‬‬ ‫ﺑﻂ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪-‬ﻟﺬا ﻓﻬﺬا ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﺛﻼ ث روا‬‫ﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴ ﺴﺎرﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن اﻟ‬ ‫ ]ﻻﺣﻆ أن ذرة اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺋﻴ ﺴﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ ﺴﻠ ﺴﻠ ﺔ اﻟﺮ‬‫ﺒﺎﻃﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ار‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻮ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ ت اﻷﻳﺰو‬ ‫ﺗﺎن‪ ،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻧﺎ تﻳﻤﻜﻦﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻳﺰو‬ ‫ﺑﻌ ﺔ ﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﺎن ﻣﻦ أر‬ ‫ﺘﺎن ﻣﻜﻮﻧ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻠ‬ ‫ﺘﺎن أﺧﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺤ‬ ‫ﺘﺎن أﻟﻜﻴﻠ‬ ‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﺛﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺛ ﺔ اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺜﻼ‬‫ﺘﺸﻜﻞ إﺣﺪا ﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﻌ ﺔ ﻋﲆ أﺣﺪ اﻷﻃﺮاف اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫‪(CH3 )3CH.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻧﺎ ت‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻞ"‬ ‫ﺑﻮ‬‫‪(CH3 )2CH(CH2 )-،‬واﻟﺬيﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "اﻳﺰو‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻮ‬‫ﺘﻴﺮ ت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي‪،‬‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻮن اﻵﺧﺮ ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﻌ ﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺮ‬‫ ﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻞ"‬‫ﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺮ ت‬‫‪(CH3 )3C-،‬واﻟﺬيﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "‬ Machine Translated by Google 25Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺑﻬ ﺔ ﺟﺪًا ﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪﺗ ﺴﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت‬ ‫ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ‪IUPC‬ﻣﺸﺎ‬ Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google ‫دﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﺤﺎول‬ Machine Translated by Google ‫ﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻮ‬ Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺘﻮﻧﺎ ت‪:‬‬ ‫ﺘﺰال اﻷﻟﺪ ﻫﻴﺪا ت واﻟﻜﻴ‬ ‫‪2-‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﺧ‬ ‫ﺘﺰال ﻛﻠﻴﻤﻨ ﺴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺜﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻫ ﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ اﺧ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ إﱃ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺎر‬ ‫إﺣﺪى اﻟﻄﺮق ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻠﻐﻢ اﻟﺰﻧﻚ )‪(Zn-Hg‬ﻓ ﻲ وﺟﻮد ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛﻠﻮرﻳﻚ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﺳ‬ ‫و ﻫ ﻲﺗ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋ ﻲ ﻟﻬﺎﻟﻴﺪ اﻷﻟﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴ ﺴﻴﻮم‪) :‬ﻛﻮاﺷﻒ ﻏﺮﻳﻨﻴﺎرد(‬ ‫‪3-‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟ‬ ‫أﻛﻤﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻠ ﻲ‪:‬‬ Machine Translated by Google ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼ ت اﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎﺗﺠﺎه ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻜﻮاﺷﻒ )ﻟﻤﺎذا؟(‬ ‫ً‬ ‫إﻧﻬﻢ ﻏﻴﺮﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺒﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎ ت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﻄ‬ ‫‪1-‬اﻟﻤﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﺑﻂﺳﻴﺠﻤﺎ ﻗﻮﻳ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﻮي ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﲆ روا‬ ‫ﺗﺤ‬‫‪2-‬‬ ‫ﺘﺮاق اﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼ ت اﺣ‬ ‫)‪1‬‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺎرد ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻮة و‬‫ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت‬ ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ‪،‬ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﻮﻗﻮد‪.‬‬ ‫ أﺳﺎس اﻻﺳ‬ ‫‪4 10‬‬ ‫ج‬ ‫(‪2C2H( ) + 13O‬ﺟﺮام ‪2‬‬ ‫(‪2 ) 8CO2( ) + 10H2O‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫ج‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺒﺪال ﻟﻸﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼ ت اﻻﺳ‬ ‫)‪2‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼ ت اﻟﺠﺬور اﻟﺤﺮة(‬ ‫ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻷول ﺣﻴ ﺚﺗﺤﻞ ذرا ت اﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ذرا ت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ )‬ ‫‪CH +‬اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪CH3Cl + HCl‬‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪CH‬ﻛﻠﻮر ‪+‬ﻛﻠﻮرﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪CH3Cl + HCl‬‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪CH‬ﻛﻠﻮر ‪+‬ﻛﻠﻮرﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪CHCl + HCl‬‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪CHCl + Cl‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮن ‪+‬ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛﻠﻮرﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮرﻳﺪ اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ Machine Translated by Google ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﺒ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﻠﻘ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫ﺑﻮن ﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ ذرا ت ﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤ‬‫ﺘﻮي اﻟ ﺴﻴﻜﻠﻮ أﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت ﻋﲆ اﻟﺼﻴﻐ ﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴ ﺔ ‪CnH2n‬و‬ ‫ﺗﺤ‬‫ ‬ ‫ﺒﺎدﺋ ﺔ ‪cyclo-‬إﱃ اﺳﻢ اﻷﻟﻜﺎن ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟ‬‫ﺒ ﺴﻴﻄ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻢﺗ ﺴﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻴ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ ﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﻮن‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔ ﺲ ﻋﺪد ذرا ت اﻟﻜﺮ‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻜﺮﺳ ﻲ واﻟﻘﺎر ب ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺴﻴﻜﻠﻮ ﻫﻜ ﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺤﻘﻮق ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇ ﺔ ﻟﺸﺮﻛ ﺔ ‪Cengage Learning.‬‬ ‫‪41‬‬ ‫‪Machine Translated by Google‬‬ ‫ﻫﻞﻳﻮﺟﺪ أﺣﺪ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ أي أﺳﺌﻠ ﺔ؟‬ ‫ﺷﻜ ﺮًا ﻟﻚ!‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄ ﺔ ‪Slidesgo،‬‬‫ﺘﻘﺪﻳﻤ ﻲ ﻫﺬا‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪:‬ﺗﻢ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻗﺎﻟ ﺐ اﻟﻌﺮض اﻟ‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻳﺪﺳﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﻓ ﻲ ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ واﻟﺼﻮر ﻣﻦ ‪Freepik‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳ‬ ‫اﻷﻳﻘﻮﻧﺎ ت ﻣﻦ ‪Flaticon،‬واﻟﺮﺳﻮم اﻟ‬

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