Organic Chemistry Lecture 3 PDF
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New Mansoura University
Mohamed Ramadan
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Summary
This lecture covers fundamental concepts in organic chemistry, including Lewis structures, functional groups, and nomenclature of organic compounds. The lecture is designed according to a syllabus, and covers various organic families; aiming to assist chemistry undergraduate students.
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ﻛﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮرة اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة. Machine Translated by Google _________________________________________ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳ ﺔ )(CHE111 اﻟ...
ﻛﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺼﻮرة اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة. Machine Translated by Google _________________________________________ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳ ﺔ )(CHE111 اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة 3 ﺑﻮاﺳﻄ ﺔ :ُﻋﺪ ت أ ﺘﻮر :ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﻣﻀﺎن اﻟﺪﻛ Machine Translated by Google ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎ ت اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة. ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻟﻮﻳ ﺲ و اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ ت اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴ ﺔ و ﺒﺎ ت اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳ ﺔ. ﺗ ﺴﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛ 1 ﻣﻘﺪﻣ ﺔ ﻋﻦ 2 ﺑﻮﻧﺎ ت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛﺮ 3 3 ﻫﺎﻟﻴﺪا ت اﻷﻟﻜﻴﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت واﻷﻟﻜﻴﻨﺎ ت ﺗﺤﻀﻴﺮ و Machine Translated by Google ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﺮﻛ ﺐﺘﻢ ﻛﻴﻒﻳ ﺜﻴﻞ ﺘﻢﺗﻤ ﻳ ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﻋﲆ ﺘﺮوﻧﺎ ت اﻟ ﺜﻴﻞ إﻟﻜ ﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎﺗﻤ ﺘ ﻲﻳ ﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ،واﻟ ﺘ ﻲ ﻧﺴ ﺑﻨﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻮﻳ ﺲ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘﺼﻠ ﺔ،ﺗ ﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻟﻮﻳ ﺲ. ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻘﺎط أو ﺧﻄﻮط ﻣ Machine Translated by Google ﺑﻄ ﺔ. ﺘﺮوﻧﺎ ت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺮا ﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻟﻜ ﺘﺮوﻧﺎ ت اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺮدة ﻫ ﻲ ﻋ أزواج اﻹﻟﻜ ﺘﺮوﻧﺎ ت ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺪد اﻹﻟﻜ ﺑﻄ ﺔ اﻟﺮا ﺒ ﺔ: س :أﻋﻂ ﻛﻞ ذرة اﻟﺸﺤﻨ ﺔ اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳ Machine Translated by Google ﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ً ﻋﺎدة.ﻏﺎﻟ ً ُﺤﺬف ﺜﻨﺎء أن اﻷزواج اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺮدةﺗ ﺘﺑﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻟﻮﻳ ﺲ ﺜﻔ ﺔﺗﺸ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻜ ﺜﻔ ﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻜ ﺘ ﺴﺎ ﻫﻤﻴ ﺔ ﺑﻂ اﻟ ﺑﻌﺾ )أو ﻛﻞ( اﻟﺮواﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﺬف ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻛﺒ ﺴﻴﻂ اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺘﻢﺗ ﻳ 3.اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﻤ ﻲ Machine Translated by Google ﺑﻮن ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﻂ واﺣﺪ. ﺑﻴﻦ ذرا ت اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻂ اﻷﺣﺎدﻳ ﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺮوا ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ رﺳﻢ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﻤ ﻲ :اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة 1: ﺛ ﺔ ﺧﻄﻮط ﺛﻼﺛﻴ ﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺜﻼﺑﻂ اﻟ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺮوا ﺘﻮازﻳﻴﻦ ،و ﺑﻂ اﻟﻤﺰدوﺟ ﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﻴﻦ ﻣ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺮوا اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة 2: ﺘﻮازﻳ ﺔ. ﻣ ﺘﻌﺮج ﻣﻦ ﺗﻴ ﺐ ﻣ ﺘﻤﺮة ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞﺗﺮ ﺑﻮن اﻟﻤ ﺴ ﺜﻴﻞﺳﻠ ﺴﻠ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺮ ﺘﻢﺗﻤ ﺑﻮنC. ،ﻳ ﺗﻢ ﺣﺬف اﻟﺮﻣﺰ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋ ﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺮ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة 3: اﻟﺨﻄﻮط. ﺘﻬﺎ. ﺑﺘﺎ ﺑﻮن أو اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ وﻳﺠ ﺐ ﻛ ﺘﺠﺎﻧ ﺴ ﺔ ﻫ ﻲ ذرا ت أﺧﺮى ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻜﺮ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة رﻗﻢ 4:اﻟﺬرا ت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤ ﺑﻮن ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ ت اﻷﻟﺪ ﻫﻴﺪ. ﺘﺠﺎﻧ ﺴ ﺔ وذرا ت ﻛﺮ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة 5:ﻳﺠ ﺐ رﺳﻢ ذرا ت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ ﻋﲆ ذرا ت ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣ ﺑﻮن ﺑﺬرة ﻛﺮﺒﻄ ﺔ ﺗﺑﻂ ،ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻚﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺪد ذرا ت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺮ ﺋﻤﺎ ﻋﲆ 4روا ﺘﻮي دا ً ﺑﻮنﺗﺤ ﺑﻤﺎ أن ذرا ت اﻟﻜﺮﻣﻼﺣﻈ ﺔ: ﺑﻂ وﻃﺮح ﻫﺬه اﻟﻘﻴﻤ ﺔ ﻣﻦ 4. ﻣﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣ ﺴﺎ ب ﻋﺪد اﻟﺮوا 7 Machine Translated by Google ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﻣﻀﺎن.د اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴ ﺔ Machine Translated by Google ﺗﻄﻮر ت Machine Translated by Google ﺑﻮن ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ذرا ت اﻟﻜﺮ Machine Translated by Google ﺑﻮن أﺧﺮى ﺑﺬرة ﻛﺮﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻮن اﻟﻤ ﺑﻮن اﻷوﻟ ﻲ (1درﺟ ﺔ( -اﻟﻜﺮ اﻟﻜﺮ ﺑﻮن أﺧﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺗ ﻲ ﻛﺮ ﺑﺬرﺒﻂ ﺗﺑﻮن ﻣﺮ ﺜﺎﻧﻮي – )(2°ﻛﺮ ﺑﻮن اﻟ اﻟﻜﺮ ﺑﻮن أﺧﺮى ﺜﻼ ث ذرا ت ﻛﺮ ﺑﺒﻂ ﺗﺑﻮن ﻣﺮ ﺜ ﻲ – )(3°ﻛﺮ ﺛﺎﻟﺑﻮن ﻛﺮ ﺑﻮن أﺧﺮى ﺑﻊ ذرا ت ﻛﺮ ﺑﺄرﺒﻂ ﺗﺑﻮن ﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻋ ﻲ – )(4°ﻛﺮ ﺑﻮن اﻟﺮ اﻟﻜﺮ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ذرا ت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ Machine Translated by Google ﺑـﺒﻄ ﺔ ﺗﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ.ذرة اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺮ ﺘﻢﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ذرا ت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ أ ً ﻳﻀﺎ ﻳ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ اﻷوﻟ ﻲﺑﻮن اﻷوﻟﻴ ﺔ ﺗ ﺴﻤﻰ ذرة اﻟﻜﺮ ﺑﻮن أﺧﺮى ﺑﺬرة ﻛﺮﺒﻄ ﺔ ﺗﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺮ ﺑﺬرا ت اﻟﻜﺮ ﺒﻂ ذرا ت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ اﻷوﻟﻴ ﺔ ) (1o ﺗﺗﺮ ﺑﻮن أﺧﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺗ ﻲ ﻛﺮ ﺑﺬرﺒﻄ ﺔ ﺗﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺮ ﺑﺬرا ت اﻟﻜﺮ ﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳ ﺔ ) (2o ﺒﻂ ذرا ت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺗﺗﺮ ﺑﻮن أﺧﺮى ﺜﻼ ث ذرا ت ﻛﺮ ﺑﺒﻄ ﺔ ﺗﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺮ ﺑﺬرا ت اﻟﻜﺮ ﺜﻴ ﺔ ) (3o ﺜﺎﻟ ﺒﻂ ذرا ت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺗﺗﺮ Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google ﺘﻬﺠﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮع اﻟ ﺑﻮن ﻫ ﻲ ﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪﺗﻬﺠﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﺮ لهسأ ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ﻟ ﺑﻂ π،ﻓﺈﻧﻪﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻬﺠﻨًﺎ ﻣﻦ إذا ﻟﻢﻳﺸﻜﻞ روا ﺘ ﻲﻳﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ. ﺑﻂ πاﻟ اﺣ ﺴ ﺐ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺮوا ؛ sp2وإذا ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻄ ﺔ πواﺣﺪة ،ﻓﺈﻧﻪﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻬﺠﻨًﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع ؛ sp3إذا ﺷﻜﻞ را اﻟﻨﻮع ﺘﻴﻦ π،ﻓﺈﻧﻪﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻬﺠﻨًﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع sp. ﺑﻄرا Machine Translated by Google ﺘﺎرة ؟ ﺘﻬﺠﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺬرة اﻟﻤﺨ ﺣﺪد ﻧﻮع ﻧﻮع اﻟ Machine Translated by Google ﺑﻄ ﺔ π،وﻟﻜﻦ ﺘﻢﺗﻬﺠﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل sp2 -ﻟﻴ ﺲﻷﻧﻬﺎﺗﺸﻜﻞ را ﺘ ﻲﻳ ﺑﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ ،واﻟ ﺑﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ واﻟﺠﺬور اﻟﻜﺮ ﺗﻴﻮﻧﺎ ت اﻟﻜﺮ ﺜﻨﺎءا ت ﻫ ﻲ اﻟﻜﺎ ﺘاﻻﺳ ﺘﻠ ﺊ ﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ ﻣﺪار pﻓﺎرغ أو ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻤ ﻷﻧﻬﺎﺗﺤ 17Machine Translated by Google اﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت Machine Translated by Google ﺒﻴﻘﻴ ﺔ ﺘﻄﺘ ﺔ واﻟ ﺒﺤﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺪوﻟ ﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﻟ ﺗ ﺴﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت :ﻧﻈﺎم اﻻ 1-أﺿﻒ ﻻﺣﻘ ﺔ واﺣﺪة ﺑﻮن ﺘﺼﺎر اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول ﺣ ﺴ ﺐ ذرة اﻟﻜﺮ ﺘﺼﻠ ﺔ وأﻋﻄﻬﺎ اﻻﺧ ﺑﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﺘﺮ أﻃﻮلﺳﻠ ﺴﻠ ﺔ ﻛﺮ 2-اﺧ ﺒ ﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮع( ﺘﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻘﺮﻳ ﺑﺪأ اﻟ ﺛﻢ ﺣﺪد ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ )اﺒﺪﻳﻞ أو اﻟﻔﺮع، ﺳﻤﺎ ﻟﻠ 3-أﻋﻂ ا ً Machine Translated by Google ﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺜﺎل ﻋﲆ اﻟ ﻣ اﻟﻔﻠﻮرﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "اﻟﻔﻠﻮرو" اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "اﻟﻜﻠﻮرو" ﺑﺮوﻣﻮ" ﺒﺮومﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ " اﻟ اﻟﻴﻮدﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "ﻳﻮدو" ﺘﺮو" CN NO2ﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "ﻧﻴ ﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻮ" Machine Translated by Google ﺑﺎﻟ ﺴﻠ ﺴﻠ ﺔ اﻷﻃﻮل(ﺘﺼﻠ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ ت اﻷﻟﻜﻴﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻛﻔﺮع )ﺳﻠ ﺴﻠ ﺔ ﻗﺼﻴﺮة ﻣ ﺘﻬ ﻲ أﺳﻤﺎء ﺗﻨﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ أﻟﻜﻴﻞ.و إذا أزﻟﻨﺎ ذرة ﻫﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻷﻟﻜﺎن ،ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺎﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ ﺑـ -yl.ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ ت اﻷﻟﻜﻴﻠﻴ ﺔ Machine Translated by Google ﺑﻴﻞ ﺑﺮو ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ ت اﻷﻳﺰو 1 3 ﺑﺎن، ﺒﺮو ﺑﻮنﻳﻤﻜﻦﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺛﻼ ث ذرا ت ﻛﺮﺘﺎن ﻣﻦ ﺘﺎن ﻣﻜﻮﻧ ﺘﺎن أﻟﻜﻴﻠ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ 2 CH3CH2CH3. ﺑﻴﻞ" ﺑﺮو ﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي :و ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "إﻳﺰو ﺘﻤﺎل اﻵﺧﺮ ﻫﻮﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﻌ ﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻜﺮ واﻻﺣ CH3CHCH3 , Machine Translated by Google 1 3 2 ﺗﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔﺳﻴﻚ- 4 ﺗﻴﻞ". ﺑﻮﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳ ﺔ :واﻟﺬيﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "ﺳﻴﻚ- ﺘﻤﺎل اﻵﺧﺮ ﻫﻮﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ أﺣﺪ ذرا ت اﻟﻜﺮ اﻻﺣ CH3CHCH2CH3 , ﺑﻂ ﻓﻘﻂ -ﻟﺬا ﻓﻬﺬا ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ﺛﻼ ث رواﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ ﺜﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴ ﺴﺎرﺗﺤ ﺑﻮن اﻟ ]ﻻﺣﻆ أن ذرة اﻟﻜﺮ ﺋﻴ ﺴﻴ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟ ﺴﻠ ﺴﻠ ﺔ اﻟﺮﺒﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﺗار Machine Translated by Google ﺗﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ ت اﻷﻳﺰو ﺗﺎن ، ﺑﻴﻮ ﺑﻮﻧﺎ تﻳﻤﻜﻦﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻳﺰو ﺑﻌ ﺔ ﻛﺮ ﺘﺎن ﻣﻦ أر ﺘﺎن ﻣﻜﻮﻧ ﺘﻤﻠ ﺘﺎن أﺧﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﺤ ﺘﺎن أﻟﻜﻴﻠ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺛﻠ ﺔ ﺘﻤﺎ ﺛ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺜﻼﺘﺸﻜﻞ إﺣﺪا ﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﻌ ﺔ ﻋﲆ أﺣﺪ اﻷﻃﺮاف اﻟ ﺗ (CH3 )3CH. ﺑﻮﻧﺎ ت: اﻟﻜﺮ ﺗﻴﻞ" ﺑﻮ(CH3 )2CH(CH2 )-،واﻟﺬيﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "اﻳﺰو ﺗﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﺘﻴﺮ ت ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ اﻟ ﺑﻮن اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي، ﺘﻜﻮن اﻵﺧﺮ ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﻌ ﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺮ ﻳ ﺗﻴﻞ"ﺑﻮ ﺗﻴﺮ ت(CH3 )3C-،واﻟﺬيﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ " Machine Translated by Google 25Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google ﺑﻬ ﺔ ﺟﺪًا ﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪﺗ ﺴﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ IUPCﻣﺸﺎ Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google دﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﺤﺎول Machine Translated by Google ﺑﺔ اﻷﺟﻮ Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google ﺘﻮﻧﺎ ت: ﺘﺰال اﻷﻟﺪ ﻫﻴﺪا ت واﻟﻜﻴ 2-ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﺧ ﺘﺰال ﻛﻠﻴﻤﻨ ﺴﻦ. ﺜﻴﻠﻴﻦ ﻫ ﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ اﺧ ﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ إﱃ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻴ ﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ اﻟﻜﺎر إﺣﺪى اﻟﻄﺮق ﻟ ﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻠﻐﻢ اﻟﺰﻧﻚ )(Zn-Hgﻓ ﻲ وﺟﻮد ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛﻠﻮرﻳﻚ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ. ﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﺳ و ﻫ ﻲﺗ Machine Translated by Google ﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋ ﻲ ﻟﻬﺎﻟﻴﺪ اﻷﻟﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴ ﺴﻴﻮم) :ﻛﻮاﺷﻒ ﻏﺮﻳﻨﻴﺎرد( 3-ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟ أﻛﻤﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻠ ﻲ: Machine Translated by Google ﻣﺎء Machine Translated by Google ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼ ت اﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎﺗﺠﺎه ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﻜﻮاﺷﻒ )ﻟﻤﺎذا؟( ً إﻧﻬﻢ ﻏﻴﺮﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻴﻦ ﺒﻴ ﺔ ﺒﺎ ت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﻄ 1-اﻟﻤﺮﻛ ﺑﻂﺳﻴﺠﻤﺎ ﻗﻮﻳ ﺔ. ﺘﻮي ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﲆ روا ﺗﺤ2- ﺘﺮاق اﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼ ت اﺣ )1 ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺎرد ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة ﺑﻘﻮة وﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت ﻋﻨﺪ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ،ﺗ ﻣﻊ اﻷﻛ ﺴﺠﻴﻦ. ﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﻮﻗﻮد. أﺳﺎس اﻻﺳ 4 10 ج (2C2H( ) + 13Oﺟﺮام 2 (2 ) 8CO2( ) + 10H2O 2 ) ج Machine Translated by Google ﺒﺪال ﻟﻸﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت ﺘﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼ ت اﻻﺳ )2 ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼ ت اﻟﺠﺬور اﻟﺤﺮة( ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻷول ﺣﻴ ﺚﺗﺤﻞ ذرا ت اﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ذرا ت اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ ) CH +اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻳﺪ CH3Cl + HCl ﻫﻞ 4 2 3 CHﻛﻠﻮر +ﻛﻠﻮرﻳﺪ CH3Cl + HCl ﻫﻞ 3 2 22 CHﻛﻠﻮر +ﻛﻠﻮرﻳﺪ CHCl + HCl ﻫﻞ 22 2 3 CHCl + Cl ﺑﻮن +ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛﻠﻮرﻳﻚ ﻫﻞ ﻛﻠﻮرﻳﺪ اﻟﻜﺮ 3 2 4 Machine Translated by Google Machine Translated by Google ﺒ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﻠﻘ ﺔ. ﺗﺑﻮن ﻣﺮ ﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ ذرا ت ﻛﺮ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟ ﺴﻴﻜﻠﻮ أﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت ﻋﲆ اﻟﺼﻴﻐ ﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴ ﺔ CnH2nو ﺗﺤ ﺒﺎدﺋ ﺔ cyclo-إﱃ اﺳﻢ اﻷﻟﻜﺎن ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﻠﻘ ﻲ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﺒ ﺴﻴﻄ ﺔ ﺘﻢﺗ ﺴﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻷﻟﻜﺎﻧﺎ ت اﻟﺤﻠﻘﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﻳ ﺑﻮن. ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔ ﺲ ﻋﺪد ذرا ت اﻟﻜﺮ Machine Translated by Google أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻜﺮﺳ ﻲ واﻟﻘﺎر ب ﻣﻦ اﻟ ﺴﻴﻜﻠﻮ ﻫﻜ ﺴﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺤﻘﻮق ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇ ﺔ ﻟﺸﺮﻛ ﺔ Cengage Learning. 41 Machine Translated by Google ﻫﻞﻳﻮﺟﺪ أﺣﺪ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ أي أﺳﺌﻠ ﺔ؟ ﺷﻜ ﺮًا ﻟﻚ! ﺑﻤﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄ ﺔ Slidesgo،ﺘﻘﺪﻳﻤ ﻲ ﻫﺬا ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻨﺸﺮ:ﺗﻢ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻗﺎﻟ ﺐ اﻟﻌﺮض اﻟ ﺳﻼﻳﺪﺳﺠﻮ ﺗﻴﻜﻮن ﻓﻼ ﻓ ﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ واﻟﺼﻮر ﻣﻦ Freepik ﺒﻴﻚ ﻓﺮﻳ اﻷﻳﻘﻮﻧﺎ ت ﻣﻦ Flaticon،واﻟﺮﺳﻮم اﻟ