Lecture 3: Interaction Design PDF

Lecture 3: Interaction Design  Interaction types ▪ Instructing – issuing commands and selecting options ▪ Conversing – interacting with a system as if having a conversation ▪ Manipulating – interacting with objects in a virtual or physical space by manipulating them ▪...

Lecture 3: Interaction Design  Interaction types ▪ Instructing – issuing commands and selecting options ▪ Conversing – interacting with a system as if having a conversation ▪ Manipulating – interacting with objects in a virtual or physical space by manipulating them ▪ Exploring – moving through a virtual environment or a physical space  Interaction types Emotional interaction in HCI is the study of how emotion influences and is influenced by human-computer interactions Basic emotion The Process of Interaction Design  Data Gathering ❑ The overall purpose of data gathering in the requirements activity is to collect sufficient, relevant, and appropriate data so that a set of stable requirements can be produced. ❑ Even if a set of initial requirements exists, data gathering will be required to expand, clarify, and confirm those initial requirements.  Data Gathering Five key issues of data gathering ❑ Setting Goals ❑ Identifying participants ❑ Data collector/provider relationship ❑ Triangulation ❑ Pilot studies  Data Gathering 1- Setting Goals Decide how to analyze data once collected  Data Gathering 2 - Identifying participants (Decide who to gather data from) ❑ All ❑ Sampling Probability: Here we can apply statistical tests and generalize, but we must have sufficient number ❖ Random ❖ Stratified Non-probability ❖ Convenience sampling ❖ Volunteer panels Stratified is a method of sampling from a population which can be partitioned into subpopulations.  Convenience sampling ❑ Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling method where data is collected from an easily accessible and available group of people. ❑ The individuals in the sample are selected not because they are most representative of the entire population, but because they are most easily accessible to the researcher  Volunteer Sampling individuals who are interested in the research project or have some personal connection to the topic of study are more likely to participate than those who are not Data Gathering 3 - Data collector/provider relationship Forms Collection Data  Data Gathering ❑ Pilot studies ❑ Is a small trial run of the main study. The aim is to make sure that the proposed method is viable before embarking on the real study. ❑ It is important to note that anyone involved in a pilot study cannot be involved in the main study. ❑ A pilot study can be defined as a 'small study to test research protocols, data collection instruments, sample recruitment strategies, and other research techniques in preparation for a larger study.  Interview 1. An unstructured interview or non-directive interview is an interview in which questions are not prearranged. 2. A structured interview is a systematic approach to interviewing where you ask the same predetermined questions to all candidates in the same order and you rate them with a standardized scoring system 3. Focus group interviews are interviews you conduct with a group of participants to collect a variety of information  Questionnaires ❑ They are similar to interviews but can be distributed to a larger number of participants so more data can be collected ❑ Two main issues: Reach a representative sample of participants Ensuring a reasonable response rate  Designing a questionnaire Instructions ❑ Provide clear instructions on how to complete the questionnaire (multiple answers allowed or not) ❑ If the questionnaire is long, the questions may be subdivided to categories Background Check ❑ Start by asking for basic demographic information (gender, age, place of birth) ❑ Details of relevant experience (the time or number of years spent using computers, or the level of expertise within the domain under study, etc.). Specific Questions ❑ Think about the ordering of questions, and the possible answers and flow ❑ Consider whether you need different versions according to audience Designing the response format  Observations ❑ Observation is way of gathering data by watching behavior, events, or noting physical characteristics in their natural setting ❑ Types Direct Observation Indirect Observation Techniques Passive Observer (direct in the field observation) Active Observer (direct controlled environment observation) Think Aloud (direct observation) Diaries Diaries (indirect observation) Interaction Logs (indirect observation) Web Analytics (indirect observation  Question Which method would be appropriate for collecting data for each of the cases below? Give a reason for your choice. 1.How many learners at your school know about tuberculosis (TB) and what their perceptions are. 2.Whether bank clients feel that they are treated professionally or not by the bank staff. 3.The symptoms of hospital patients with cancer. 4.The average age of all learners in Grade 10.  Question Answer 1.Anonymous questionnaires would be useful so that learners don't have to worry about answering incorrectly. Interviews by a skilled interviewer could be useful so that the interviewer could find out more about what the learners know and believe about TB. 2.A questionnaire that clients fill in while visiting a bank would be a convenient way to collect this information. 3.Observation (in the form of a medical examination) would be the best method. 4.This information could be most easily obtained from a database, e.g. from the school's register of learners, which should have all the learners' dates of birth  Exercise What is the most suitable type of interview for the following situations? New design for cell phone New e-reader hand-held device Redesign of a website layout Survey on comparing social media websites Study the impact of technology on family life  Triangulation Research triangulation is the process of examining a research topic or phenomenon from several angles, data sources, or methods.  Types of Triangulation in Research Data Triangulation This type of triangulation uses a variety of sources or data types to obtain insight into a research topic. To support and validate their findings, researchers collect data using a variety of methods, including interviews, surveys, observations, and pre-existing records.  Types of Triangulation in Research Investigator Triangulation ❑ A research project including multiple researchers or investigators is known as investigator triangulation. ❑ The research process gets more rigorous when multiple researchers are involved as they may test each other’s assumptions and interpretations, which ultimately produces results that are more reliable.  Types of Triangulation in Research Methodological Triangulation ❑ Utilizing different methods or approaches to investigate a research question is known as methodological triangulation. ❑ To explore the same phenomenon from multiple perspectives, researchers use a variety of methodologies  Types of Triangulation in Research Theoretical Triangulation ❑ Researchers may use a range of theories to assess their data and compare their findings drawn from different perspectives. ❑ This method aids in the discovery of multiple facets or explanations for the phenomenon being investigated, enriching and deepening the analysis.  Interaction Design (Basics) ❑ what is design? achieving goals within constraints ❑ goals – purpose who is it for, why do they want it ❑ Constraints materials, platforms ❑ trade-offs we cannot always achieve all our goals within the constraints. So perhaps one of the most important things about design THE PROCESS OF DESIGN  NAVIGATION DESIGN ❑ Navigation in human–computer interaction (HCI) allows users to move from one part of the interface to another. ❑ It also concerns the ability of users to locate where they are in an interface. ❑ Navigation is aided by navigation controls, such as menus and links to other screens.  Structure of navigation design The UI designer must consider the interface's structure to organize the navigation. The structure is of two main types: ❑ Local structure ❑ Global structure  Local structure Local structure refers to a single screen or page in an interface  Global structure ❑ Global structure refers to how all the screens in an interface link together. ❑ There are two ways to organize the global structure: Hierarchical organization Network Diagram  Hierarchical organization The whole system is functionally decomposed into logical groups. This hierarchy helps define the menu options of an interface  Network diagram A network diagram is essential to show links between pages that might not be grouped together in a hierarchical organization. This technique is more task-oriented than a hierarchy.  SCREEN DESIGN AND LAYOUT 1. Grouping and structure ❑ If things logically belong together, then we should normally physically group them together. ❑ This may involve multiple levels of structure  microwave control Decoration ❑ From the previous figure, we can see how the design uses boxes and a separating line to make the grouping clear ❑ how the buttons differ in using the foreground and background colors (green and gold) so that groups are associated with one anothe Managing multiple columns  White space ❑ Space can be used in several ways. ❑ The colored areas represent continuous areas of text or graphic Physical control  Design Rules ❑ Design Rules are rules a designer can follow to increase the usability of the eventual software product ❑ Three different types of design rules Standards Guidelines Principles  types of design rules principles ❑ abstract design rules ❑ low authority ❑ high generality standards ❑ specific design rules ❑ high authority ❑ limited application guidelines ❑ lower authority ❑ more general application  Principles To Support Usability 1. Learnability the ease with which new users can begin effective interaction and achieve maximal performance 2. Flexibility the multiplicity of ways the user and system exchange information 3. Robustness the level of support provided the user in determining successful achievement and assessment of goaldirected behaviour  Paradigms 1. How can an interactive system be developed to ensure its usability? 2. How can the usability of an interactive system be demonstrated or measured?  Paradigms Time-sharing Tubes were replaced by transistors, and transistors by integrated chips, all of which meant that the amount of sheer computing power was increasing by orders of magnitude.  Paradigms Time-sharing ❑ a single computer could support multiple users ❑ With the advent of time sharing, real human–computer interaction was now possible.  Metaphors ❑ Metaphors are a technique used to simplify interface design. ❑ One of the most common and successful metaphors is the desktop, files, and folders. ❑ There are various types of metaphors used in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), each serving a different purpose depending on the context of the interaction and the design goal.  Importance of Different Types ❑ Structural and functional metaphors help users understand the system and how to operate it. ❑ Spatial and task-oriented metaphors guide navigation and task completion by relating them to familiar physical or procedural actions. ❑ Interaction and social metaphors enhance user engagement by building on human behaviors, such as communication and collaboration.  Example Paradigm Shifts ❑ From Command-Line Interface (CLI) to Graphical User Interface (GUI) ❑ From Desktop Computing to Mobile Computing ❑ From Desktop-Based Interaction to Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp) ❑ From Mouse & Keyboard to Touch and Gesture-Based Interfaces ❑ From Desktop Applications to Cloud Computing