Lecture 3 Anthropometrics PDF

CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment 241 SEMESTER Ms. Wafa Alghamdi (Coordinator) | Ms Mariola Fernandez ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS CHAPTER 2: Anthropometrics...

CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment 241 SEMESTER Ms. Wafa Alghamdi (Coordinator) | Ms Mariola Fernandez ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS CHAPTER 2: Anthropometrics Contents Definition Anthropometric Data & its Importance Type of Anthropometrics Data (Static, Dynamic) Classification Percentile and Percentile Ranges Variability of Measurements Using Anthropometric Data 1 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Definition of Anthropometrics Anthropometrics is the science of body measurements and proportions of the human body in various activities Anthropo - metrics ( Human ) ( Measurements ) 2 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS What are the Anthropometrics Measurements? Heights Widths Reach Other extensions related to body movement. 3 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Application of Anthropometrics Data Examples for applications are Determining appropriate seat & arm height standards. Ergonomic furniture design. Compare various population with regard to gender & age. Arrange furniture to achieve comfortable movement. 4 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Importance of Anthropometrics Data It is mainly used to: Anthropometric data is important Design Products because this information determines Clothing the amount of space needed for Environments circulating throughout an area and Ergonomics for using products or equipment. 5 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Phases of Anthropometrics Data In the programming phase of the design process the designer considers the average body size of occupants as a starting point. In the data collection process using interviews & observations the designer is able to further learn about occupants needs. In the document phase Anthropometric data are applied in the dimensions for detail drawings. 9 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Types of Anthropometrics Data 10 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Types of Anthropometrics Data Structural Dimensions corresponds to the Static Dimensions taken when a human is standing straight, weight equally distributed & fingers straight. 11 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Types of Anthropometrics Data Functional Dimensions corresponds to the Dynamic Dimensions taken when the body is in a working or moving position while working on a specific task. 13 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Classification of Anthropometrics Children Adults From birth to 18.5 years From 20 to 65 years They are segmented by age group and They are classified into 3 percentiles have more divisions in the 1st 2 years 5 % , 50 % , 95 % 50% = accounts for the 95 % of the population and it is the standard average 16 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Percentile and Percentile Ranges 17 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS 5% 50% 95% Percentile and Percentile Ranges 18 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Frequency Distribution Curve for Height (Adults) Percentile and Percentile Ranges Shorter 50% = accounts for the 95 % of the population & it is the standard average Taller 17 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Most frequent/ important 12 Anthropometric measurements: Elbow-to-elbow breadth Standing height / Stature Elbow-rest height Buttock-popliteal length Seat Hip breadth Buttock-knee length Sitting height (normal) Popliteal height Sitting height (eye) Knee height + Weight Thigh thickness 17 Children standard measurements Adults standard measurements ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Variability of measurements Should note that all people have different proportions … meaning that one person could have a certain percentile height and have another percentile width. 3 types of variability measurements: Intra-individual: Individual size change during adult life Inter-Individual: Differences are based on gender, ethnicity & race Secular (generational) variability: Changes occur from generation to generation 24 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Variability of measurements Intra-individual Considers how human grow and change during lifetime: This could be due health conditions, medical problems, aging, nutrition, range of motion, ability to move or due the environment. Loss of bone density … shrink in size, bone might break easily Tightened muscles from lack of exercise … change in proportions Smaller width … from exercise & healthy food Considers the various stage differences of life among children Children grow at different rates between their stages Their rate of growth is affected by nutrition, movement & environment. 25 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Variability of measurements Inter-Individual… Based on gender & culture Differences are mainly in body proportions Men & Women.. Men are generally taller than women White, black & Japanese.. See table Interior Designers must start with standard proportions then accommodate to the differences of a specific client, 26  Variability of measurements ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Variability of measurements Secular (generational) variability In general , the average height of humans today is significantly greater than that of their ancestors. The son is taller than the father, and the grandson is taller than the father. Social & economic factors affect average height ▪ Dietary changes in children as children who are undernourished are smaller than children who are well nourished … ▪ Also, may be due to improved sanitation conditions that give all children the opportunity to achieve their full growth potential. 27 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Using Anthropometrics Data Designers should take the following into account in regards to anthropometrics Constraint Criterion The general characteristics of the A desired standard for judging something, human body relative to a designed Primary.. Comfort, efficiency, object or space. Human body safety & aesthetics. measurements, clearance, reach, Secondary … special or specific to an object (reach measure to top shelf) posture & strength 29 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Using Anthropometrics Data Example : The Chair Heigh Constraint: The lower leg length of the user. Primary criterion : Achieve comfort. Secondary Criterion: The seat height must not be greater than user’s popliteal height. The 5th percentile measurements are chosen to ensure comfort in case a person is too short. The 95th percentile is accommodated by providing room in the front for stretching legs. Third criterion: Height of seat ≤ 40.6 cm Usually more than one constraint affects a design. Example. Buttock-popliteal 30 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Constraints Clearance. Relates to provide adequate space for a specific body part. Reach. Relates to the ability to grasp or operate controls while in a seated position (includes visual access too) Posture. Affect dimensions between the body & working environment. Strength. Consider the ability of the weakest individual. Usually, one user’s preferences is Adjustability. not used a constraint, but if that The ability of a product to be changed in size, commonly used to user is a frequent user, then they increase the range of percentiles that a product is appropriate for. must be considered in the design 31 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Clearance 32 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Reach 33 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Adjustability Often adjustability is used in design contexts where a range of sizes is not possible or expensive to produce. 34 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Seating Seating should be comfortable for an indefinite time, psychologically satisfactory and appropriate to the task or activity. 35 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Workspaces 36 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Workspaces 37 ARCH 140 | Human Factors & the Built Environment CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRICS Workspaces 38 Reference Textbooks: Human Factors in the Built Environment Human Dimension and Interior Space Linda L. Nussbaumer Julius Panero and Martin Zelnik 40