Lecture 3 Anatomy PDF

LECTURE 3 Muscular Tissues The Cardiovascular system Blood basics Heart Vessels  Cardiovascular System Functions: 1.Transport – nutrients, O2, CO2, enzymes, hormones, ions, metabolic waste, leukocytes 2.Stabilization of body temperature 3.Prevention of the loss of body fluids via the...

LECTURE 3 Muscular Tissues The Cardiovascular system Blood basics Heart Vessels  Cardiovascular System Functions: 1.Transport – nutrients, O2, CO2, enzymes, hormones, ions, metabolic waste, leukocytes 2.Stabilization of body temperature 3.Prevention of the loss of body fluids via the clotting process 4.Stabilization of pH and electrolyte balance  Classification of Connective Tissue Connective Tissues can be divided into three types Connective Tissue Proper Fluid Connective Tissue Supporting Connective Tissue Loose Dense Blood Lymph Cartilage Bone Fibers create Fibers densely Contained in Contained Solid, rubbery Solid, loose, open packed cardiovascular in lymphatic matrix crystalline framework dense regular system system hyaline cartilage matrix areolar tissue dense elastic cartilage adipose tissue irregular fibrous cartilage reticular tissue elastic Figure 3.11 A Classification of Connective Tissues  Blood Basics Blood represents ~ 8% of total body weight Average volume – Males: 4–6 liters – Females: 4–5 liters Hypovolemic: low blood volumes Normovolemic: normal blood volumes Hypervolemic: excessive blood volumes pH: 7.35–7.45  Blood Basics Functions 1. Transport: gas, food, waste products, buffer, heat 2. Protection: Cellular- Antibody, Fluid Loss- Coagulation 3. Regulation: Tissue Fluid Volume & Content The main components of blood Fig 16-3 Silverthorn  1. Plasma Plasma Proteins Albumins Major contributors to osmotic (60%) pressure of plasma; transport lipids, steroid hormones Globulins Transport ions, hormones, lipids; (35%) immune function Fibrinogen Essential component of clotting (4%) system; can be converted to insoluble fibrin Regulatory Enzymes, proenzymes, proteins hormones (< 1%) consists of Plasma (46–63%) PLASMA COMPOSITION Plasma proteins 7% Other Solutes Other solutes 1% Electrolytes Normal extracellular fluid ion composition essential for vital Water 92% cellular activities; ions contribute to osmotic pressure of body fluids; Transports organic and major plasma electrolytes are Na +, inorganic molecules, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl–, HCO3–, formed elements, and heat HPO4–, SO42– b Components of plasma Organic Used for ATP production, growth, Sample of nutrients and maintenance of cells; include whole blood lipids (fatty acids, cholesterol, glycerides), carbohydrates (primarily glucose), and amino acids Organic Carried to sites of breakdown or wastes excretion; include urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, ammonium ions Figure 20.1b © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.  2. Cells Platelets White Blood Cells Formed consists of elements FORMED ELEMENTS (37–54%) Neutrophils Platelets < 0.1% Eosinophils (50–70%) (2–4%) White blood cells < 0.1% Red blood cells 99.9% 0 5 10 15 μm c Formed elements Monocytes of blood (2–8%) Sample of Basophils Lymphocytes whole blood (< 1%) (20–30%) Red Blood Cells Figure 20.1c Saladin Fig 18.1  Blood Types & Surface Antigens Glycoprotein Glycolipid ABO blood types Saladin Fig 18.14  Blood Types antigens on RBC surface ABO blood types glycosylation = “antigens” Saladin Fig 18.14  Blood Type vs. Ab’s present RBC’s Plasma Ab’s Type A Type B Type AB Type O Seeley, Stephens, Tate; Figure 19.13  Blood Type vs. Ab’s present RBC’s Plasma Ab’s Type A Type B Type AB Type O Seeley, Stephens, Tate; Figure 19.13  Blood Type vs. Ab’s present RBC’s Plasma Ab’s Type A Type B Type AB Type O Seeley, Stephens, Tate; Figure 19.13  Transfusion – correct blood type given Seeley, Stephens, Tate; Figure 19.14 Type A donor Type A recipient Type A donor Type B recipient  Transfusion reaction – incorrect blood type given! Seeley, Stephens, Tate; Figure 19.14 Type A donor Type A recipient Type A donor Type B recipient Transfusion reaction – “agglutination” innate antibodies react with donor cells when the wrong blood type is given cause agglutination, hemolysis, death Saladin Fig 18.17  Which blood type is the universal donor? Blood type O WHY? - They don’t have A or B antigens - Their erythrocytes will not be attacked by either anti-A or anti-B antibodies - But they can only receive type O blood Which blood type is the universal recipient?? Cardiovascular System Outline The heart Histology of the heart Superficial anatomy Coronary arteries and veins Heart chambers and valves Cardiac cycle Blood vessels  The Heart beats ~ 100,000 times per day (~70 beats/min) pumps ~ 1.5 million gallons of blood per year – about 2.9 gallons per minute – 5 - 30 liters per minute 4 chambers – 2 atria and 2 ventricles pumps blood into 2 circuits – Pulmonary circuit – Systemic circuit Pulmonary Circuit Systemic Circuit Pulmonary arteries Systemic arteries Pulmonary veins Systemic veins Capillaries in head, neck, upper limbs Capillaries in lungs Left atrium Right atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle Capillaries in trunk and lower limbs © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.1  The Pericardium The heart is near the anterior chest wall and directly posterior to the sternum in the pericardial cavity Pericardium is the serous membrane lining the pericardial cavity Forms two layers: 1. Visceral pericardium Also called the epicardium 2. Parietal pericardium reinforced by a layer called the fibrous pericardium The parietal pericardium and fibrous pericardium constitute the pericardial sac  The Pericardium Air space (corresponds to pericardial Cut edge of cavity) parietal pericardium Pericardial Cut edge of cavity containing epicardium pericardial fluid (visceral pericardium) Balloon Central tendon Figure 21.2b  Structure of the Heart Wall (3 layers) 2. Myocardium Pericardial cavity (cardiac muscle Periatal cells) Pericardium 3. Endocardium (Endothelial lining) 1. Epicardium (visceral pericardium) l rt wal Hea  Myocardium Cardiac Muscle Cells Cardiac muscle cells are interconnected by intercalated discs Intercalated disc Figure 21.3c  Gap junction Intercalated disc Z lines bound to opposing cell membranes Desmosomes e The structure of an intercalated disc. Figure 21.3de  Orientation & Superficial Anatomy of Heart Superior border Base of heart 1 1 Ribs 2 2 3 3 4 Right 4 border Left 5 5 6 border 6 7 7 Apex of 8 heart 8 9 9 10 10 Inferior border Fig. 21- 4  Orientation and Superficial Anatomy of Heart The 4 chambers are identified by sulci: Interatrial groove separates the left and right atria Coronary sulcus separates the atria and the ventricles Anterior/Posterior interventricular sulcus separates the left and right ventricles  Anterior & Posterior Views Fat in coronary sulcus RIGHT RIGHT ATRIUM LEFT ATRIUM VENTRICLE RIGHT RIGHT Fat in VENTRICLE VENTRICLE coronary LEFT sulcus VENTRICLE Fat in posterior interventricular sulcus Fat in anterior ANTERIOR interventricular POSTERIOR sulcus Figure 21.5a  Orientation and Superficial Anatomy of Heart Left and Right Atria – superior to the coronary sulcus – Both have thin walls – Both consist of expandable extensions called auricles Left and Right Ventricles – inferior to the coronary sulcus – Much of the left ventricle forms the diaphragmatic surface  Anterior & Posterior Views LEFT ATRIUM RIGHT RIGHT ATRIUM ATRIUM LEFT VENTRICLE RIGHT RIGHT VENTRICLE VENTRICLE LEFT VENTRICLE ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Figure 21.5a  Anterior & Posterior Views Anterior interventricular Right atrium Right atrium sulcus Left Left atrium Right ventricle Coronary ventricle Left sulcus ventricle Posterior Right ventricle interventricular sulcus ANTERIOR POSTERIOR  Coronary Blood Vessels Originate at the base of the ascending aorta – Supply the cardiac muscle tissue – Select coronary vessels: Right coronary artery (RCA) Left coronary artery (LCA)  Coronary Blood Vessels Right Coronary Artery – Passes between the right auricle & pulmonary trunk – Major branches off the right coronary artery: Atrial branches Right marginal branch Posterior interventricular branch Conducting system branches  Coronary Blood Vessels Left Coronary Artery – Major branches off the left coronary artery Circumflex branch – Branches to form the left marginal branch – Branches to form the posterior left ventricular branch Anterior interventricular branch – Branches that lead to the posterior interventricular branch called anastomoses  Left common carotid Left subclavian artery artery Brachiocephalic Aortic trunk arch Pulmonary trunk Left coronary Artery Right coronary Circumflex branch artery of LCA Diagonal branch RIGHT ATRIUM of LCA Anterior interventricular LEFT branch of LCA Atrial branches RIGHT VENTRICLE VENTRICLE of RCA Marginal branch of RCA Figure 21.10a  Circumflex Atrial branch of LCA branch of LCA Marginal branch of LCA LEFT ATRIUM Posterior left ventricular branch of LCA LEFT VENTRICLE RIGHT ATRIUM Right coronary RIGHT artery (RCA) VENTRICLE Right marginal branch of RCA Posterior interventricular branch of RCA  Coronary Blood Vessels Coronary Veins – Drain cardiac venous blood into the right atrium – Select coronary veins: Great cardiac vein – Delivers blood to the coronary sinus Middle cardiac vein – Delivers blood to the coronary sinus Coronary sinus – Drains directly into the posterior aspect of the right atrium  Coronary Blood Vessels The Coronary Veins – Select coronary veins (continued) Posterior vein of the left ventricle – Parallels the posterior left ventricular branch Small cardiac vein – Parallels the right coronary artery Anterior cardiac veins – Branches from the right ventricle cardiac cells  Left common carotid Left subclavian artery artery Brachiocephalic Aortic trunk arch Pulmonary trunk LEFT ATRIUM RIGHT ATRIUM Great cardiac vein LEFT RIGHT VENTRICLE VENTRICLE Small cardiac vein Anterior cardiac veins Great cardiac vein Posterior vein of left ventricle LEFT ATRIUM Coronary sinus LEFT VENTRICLE RIGHT ATRIUM Small cardiac vein RIGHT VENTRICLE Middle cardiac vein  Internal Anatomy of the Heart Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery Superior Pulmonary trunk vena cava Aortic arch Pulmonary valve Right pulmonary Left pulmonary arteries arteries Ascending aorta Left pulmonary veins LEFT ATRIUM Interatrial septum Aortic valve Cusp of right AV Left AV (mitral) valve (tricuspid) valve Interventricular RIGHT VENTRICLE septum Inferior vena cava Descending aorta Figure 21.7b Chordae tendineae Papillary muscle  Internal Anatomy of the Heart Left vs Right Ventricles Right ventricle Left ventricle Thinner wall Thicker wall Weaker contraction Powerful contraction Has a moderator band 6-7x more powerful than the right ventricle  Internal Anatomy of the Heart Valves There are four valves in the heart Two AV valves: Tricuspid (right) and bicuspid valves (left) Two semilunar valves: Aortic and pulmonary valves  Transverse Sections, Superior View, Atria and Vessels Removed Frontal Sections through Left Atrium and Ventricle POSTERIOR Ventricular Diastole Left AV (bicuspid) Fibrous Pulmonary skeleton valve (open) veins RIGHT VENTRICLE LEFT VENTRICLE LEFT Left AV ATRIUM (bicuspid) valve (open) Chordae Aortic valve tendineae (closed) (loose) Right AV Papillary (tricuspid) muscles valve (open) (relaxed) Aortic valve LEFT (closed) VENTRICLE (dilated) ANTERIOR Pulmonary valve (closed) Aortic valve closed Figure 21.9a  Right AV Left AV (tricuspid) valve Fibrous (bicuspid) valve (closed) skeleton (closed) LEFT Aorta LEFT RIGHT VENTRICLE VENTRICLE ATRIUM Left AV Aortic sinus (bicuspid) Aortic valve valve (closed) Ventricular Systole Chordae (open) tendineae (tense) Aortic valve Papillary (open) muscles (contracted) Left ventricle Pulmonary (contracted) valve (open) b Aortic valve open  The Cardiac Cycle alternate periods of contraction & relaxation – Contraction is systole Blood is ejected into the ventricles Blood is ejected into the pulmonary trunk and the ascending aorta – Relaxation is diastole Chambers are filling with blood  The Cardiac Cycle Coordinated by conducting cells: 1. Nodal cells Sinoatrial nodes and atrioventricular nodes Establish the rate of contractions Cell membranes automatically depolarize 2. Conducting fibers Distribute the contractile stimulus to the myocardium  Sinoatrial (SA) node contains pacemaker cells that initiate the electrical impulse Atrioventricular (AV) node slows the electrical impulse Left bundle branch Right bundle branch Moderator band relays the stimulus from the ventricle to the papillary muscles, before the ventricles contract Purkinje fibers convey the impulses rapidly to the contractile cells of the ventricular myocardium  The Cardiac Cycle Movement of Electrical Impulses through the Conducting System 1 2 3 4 5 Time = 0 Elapsed time = 50 msec Elapsed time = 150 msec Elapsed time = 175 msec Elapsed time = 225 msec AV bundle Bundle Moderator Purkinje SA node AV node band branches fibers Atrial contraction begins. Impulse spreads to Purkinje fibers AV node delays the spread & throughout the ventricular SA node depolarIzes, of electrical activity to the myocardium. Atrial activation begins. AV bundle by 100 msecs. Atrial contraction is completed & ventricular contraction begins. Impulses travel along the AV bundle in the interventricular septum Depolarization spreads & reaches the AV node. Impulses also spread to papillary muscles of the right ventricle by the moderator band. Figure 21.11  Atrial systole begins: Start Atrial contraction forces blood into the relaxed ventricles. Atrial systole ends; atrial diastole begins. 800 0 100 msec msec msec Ventricular systole— Cardiac first phase: Ventricular contraction pushes the Ventricular diastole—late: cycle AV valves closed but does not create enough All chambers are relaxed. pressure to open the The AV valves open and the semilunar valves. ventricles fill passively. 370 msec Ventricular systole— second phase: As ventricular pressure rises and exceeds Ventricular diastole—early: As the the pressure in the arteries, ventricles relax, the ventricular blood pressure the semilunar valves open drops until reverse blood flow pushes the and blood is ejected. cusps of the semilunar valves together. Blood now flows into the relaxed atria. Figure 21.11  Vessels Outline Types of blood vessels Histology of arteries and veins Capillaries Veins Overview of arterial & venous system  Structure of blood vessels Adventia Collagen fibres internal elastic membrane  TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS Smooth muscle Collagen fibres Fig. 22- 1  Histology of Arteries and Veins Adventitia Adventitia Media Lumen Media Intima of vein Intima Smooth muscle Smooth muscle Lumen of artery Endothelium Endothelium Elastic fiber Artery and Vein LM × 60 ARTERY VEIN  Structure of Capillaries Basal lamina Endothelial cell Nucleus Continuous Fenestrated capillary capillary Endosomes Endosomes Fenestrations, or pores Boundary Boundary Basal between between Basal lamina endothelial lamina endothelial cells cells Figure 22.2  Organization of a Capillary Bed Vein Collateral Smooth arteries muscle cells Venule Arteriole Metarterioles Capillaries Section of precapillary Interconnected sphincter Network Small venule Precapillary sphincters Arteriovenous KEY anastomosis Consistent Figure 22.3 blood flow Precapillary sphincters don’t even exist!! Dr. Graham Fraser Memorial University Dr. Chris Ellis UWO  Valves in the Venous System Valve closed Valve opens above contracting muscle Valve closed Valve closes below contracting muscle Figure 22.4 What happens if the valves don’t work? The Distribution of Blood Large veins 3% 18% s rie 2% te es ar ri lla y pi ar a % s4 on c ry in lm a ve Large venous on ry Pu a networks (liver, ulm lmon P Pu bone marrow, skin) 21% Heart 7% Aorta Elas 2% tic a Mu rter sc ies Sy ula 4% ste ra Venules and rte mic rie medium-sized veins s 5% cap Ar 25% te illa rio rie le s s7 2% % Figure 22.5  The End Questions?? 1 more lecture before the midterm!!! Dr. Deborah O’Leary Dr. Stephen Withers  Vertebral Brachiocephalic trunk Right common carotid An Overview Left common carotid Right subclavian Left subclavian Aortic arch Axillary of the Systemic Ascending Pulmonary trunk aorta Descending aorta Celiac trunk Diaphragm Arterial System Brachial Renal Superior mesenteric Gonadal Inferior mesenteric Radial Common iliac Ulnar Internal iliac Deep Palmar femoral arches Femoral External iliac Descending Popliteal genicular Posterior tibial Anterior tibial Fibular Dorsalis pedis Plantar arch Figure 22.8  Vertebral External jugular An Overview Internal jugular Subclavian Brachiocephalic Axillary Cephalic Superior vena cava of the Systemic Brachial Intercostal Basilic Inferior vena cava Hepatic Renal Median cubital Gonadal Venous System Radial Median antebrachial Ulnar Lumbar Left and right common iliac External iliac Palmar venous arches Internal iliac Digital Deep femoral Femoral Great saphenous Popliteal Small saphenous Posterior tibial Anterior tibial Fibular KEY Figure 22.18 Superficial veins Dorsal venous arch Deep veins Plantar venous arch  Rh factor (+ or -) and RhoGam therapy “D” Antigen: YES NO Rh+ Rh- Majority of population in addition to ABO Rh factor (D) also an antigen Rh- people: no anti-D antibodies (IgG) unless previously exposed to the antigen (e.g., pregnancy) “Rh immune globulin” (RhoGam) binds D antigen in fetus prevents anti-D antibodies in mom (Rh-)  Rh factor 1. 2. 3. Treatment Treatment with RhoGam with RhoGam Saladin Fig 18.17  Parallel Muscles Convergent Muscles a Parallel muscle b Parallel muscle with c Wrapping d Convergent muscle (Biceps brachii muscle) tendinous bands muscle (Pectoralis muscles) (Rectus abdominis (Supinator) muscle) Tendon Base of muscle (h) Fascicle (d) Cross (g) section Body (a) (belly) (b) Cross section (e) (c) (f) Pennate Muscles Circular Muscles e Unipennate f Bipennate g Multipennate muscle h Circular muscle Muscle (Extensor muscle (Deltoid muscle) (Orbicularis oris muscle) digitorum muscle) (Rectus femoris muscle) Contracted Tendons Extended tendon Relaxed Cross section © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.12  Review The structures within the muscle fiber that shorten to cause skeletal muscle fiber contraction are (the) ________. A) myoneural junctions B) myofibrils C) myosatellite cells D) neuromuscular synapses E) myoblasts A bundle of muscle fibers within a skeletal muscle belly is called a ________. A) fascicle B) perimysium C) muscle sheath D) myofiber E) myofilament A lever in which the load is between the fulcrum and the applied force is a ________. A) first-class lever B) third-class lever C) second-class lever D) simple lever E) complex lever