Lecture 3: Microorganisms and Plant Growth PDF

The importance of microorganisms in the promotion of the plant growth -2nd part Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka Department of Soil Science and Microbiology  Myccorhizae the occurrence of fungal tissues in the roots of some (probably most) plant specie...

The importance of microorganisms in the promotion of the plant growth -2nd part Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka Department of Soil Science and Microbiology  Myccorhizae the occurrence of fungal tissues in the roots of some (probably most) plant species, which is a form of symbiosis. It occurs when fungal hyphae entangle the root surface. The outer hyphae of the fungus In the endomycorrhiza, the fungus hyphae penetrate deep into the root. Through the skin or penetrate the soil, while the inner ones penetrate through the intercellular spaces to the root hairs, the hyphae penetrate into the deeper layers of the primary cortex, but do not reach surface layers of the cortical crumb. As a result of the ectomycorrhiza, the root hairs, the the axial cylinder. They fold into glomeruli in the cells of the primary cortex. It is a mycorrhiza function of which is taken over by the fungus, are lost and the roots are shortened. It is mainly very common in herbaceous plants, e.g. cereals, and also occurs in some deciduous trees. It is produced by the Basidiomycota devision. It occurs including the trees such as: larch, pine, mainly produced by the Glomeromycota. spruce, beech, birch. Mycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis in which both parties benefit Benefits for plants Benefits for fungi provides: are: are: -Protection against -Supply drought photosynthesis products -Help in the (carbohydrates) absorption of mineral nutrients from soil - Production solutions biologically active substances -Providing growth ingredients Products are intended for the cultivation of: lawns, shrubs, ornamental plants, strawberries, blueberries and heathers The microbiological preparations available on the market include: PGPR-plant growth promoting rhizobacteria belong to different phylogenetic groups Flaovmonas oryzihabitans Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava Azospirillum halopraeferens Klebsiella planticola Azospirillum irakense Kluyvera ascorbata Azospirillum lipoferum Kluyvera cryocrescens Azospirillum brasilense Phyllobacterium rubiacearum Azospirillum radiobacter Pseudomonas aureofaciens Azotobacter chroococcum Pseudomonas corrugata Agrobacterium radiobacter Arthrobacter citreus Pseudomonas cepacia Bacillus cereus Pseudomonas chlororaphis Bacillus coagulans Pseudomonas fluorescens Bacillus laterosporus Pseudomonas marginalis Bacillus megaterium Bacillus subtilis Bacillus mycoides Burkholderia cepacia Bacillus pasteurii Burkholderia gladioli Bacillus polymyxa Burkholderia graminis Bacillus pumilus Burkholderia vietnamiensis Bacillus sphaericus Citrobacter freundii Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens Enterobacter agglomerans Pseudomonas putida Enterobacter cloacae Pseudomonas rubrilineans Erwinia herbicola Rathayibacter rathayi Serratia marcescens Stenotrophomonas sp.  PGPR produce various plant growth promoting mechanisms They were divided into direct and indirect mechanisms. The direct impacts The indirect impacts consist of: - - production of phytohormones: - - biological pathogen control, gibberellins, auxins, cytokinins based on: (which affect the acceleration of - *competition for a place on germination, they affect the the root elongation of the root, the speed - *limiting the availability of iron of flowering and fruit formation) to pathogens by chelating siderophores - - decreasing the level of ethylene - *production of antibiotics in plants by bacterial ACC deaminase (ACC - 1-aminocyclo- - *production of lytic enzymes propane-1-carboxylic acid) production - - induction of systemic immunity - - increasing the minerals uptake by facilitating nitrogen uptake, dissolving phosphorus compounds  Pseudomonas sp. (PGPR-plant growth promoting rhizobacteria) There are many products that contain Pseudomonas sp. bacteria on the world market. The bacteria create various mechanisms that promote plant growth, such as: - organic matter mineralization - antagonistic properties against plant pathogens (based on the fight for an ecological niche, competition for nutrients - induction of the ISR immunity - production of the phytohormones The fluorescent dye produced by P. fluorescens Lp 1 Plant protection products based on Bacillus bacteria, available on the world market Amylo-X WG Certis USA - USA Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum strain D747 - 250 g 2 Agree 50 WG Certis USA - USA Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. aizawai GC-91 - 500 g 3 BioBit Valent BioSciences - USA Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki ABTS 351 - 54 % 4 Delfin WG Certis USA - USA Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki strain SA-11 - 850 g 5 DiPel DF Valent BioSciences - USA Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki ABTS 351 - 54 % 6 Dipel WG Valent BioSciences - USA Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki ABTS 351 - 54 % 7 Florbac Valent BioSciences - USA Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. aizawai ABTS-1857 - 54 % 8 Foray 76 B Valent BioSciences - USA Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki ABTS 351 - 206,5 g 9 Integral Pro BASF Corporation - USA Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MBI600 - 6,8 % 10 Lepinox Plus CBC (Europe) S.r.l. -Italy Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki, EG 2348 - 150 g 11 Novodor SC Valent BioSciences - USA Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. tenebrionis - 20 g 12 Serenade ASO Bayer AG -Germany Bacillus subtilis szczep QST 713 - 13,96 g 13 Serifel BASF Corporation - USA Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MBI600 - 11 % 14 XenTari WG Valent BioSciences - USA Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. aizawai ABTS-1857 - 54 % 15 Xtreem Valent BioSciences - USA Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. aizawai ABTS-1857 - 54 %  Bacillus subtilis Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) *gram-positive or gram-variable rods *aerobic forms, and relatively anaerobic forms *motile cells - the presence of cilia *spores production The mechanisms for promoting growth of plants are based on: - production of antibiotics: e.g. iturines, fengycin and surfactins - enzymes production: chitinase and 1,3-glucanase - production of phytohormones - competition for nutrients and space The commercially available biopreparations containing Bacillus sp. provide: *PLANT PROTECTION=IMPROVEMENT THE HEALTH OF PLANTS *IMPROVEMENT THE STRUCTURE OF THE SOIL *MINERALIZATION POST-HARVEST RESIDUES *RETENTION WATER AND MINERALS *REDUCTION FERTILIZER AND IRRIGATION COSTS *YIELD INCREASE  Bacterial entomological preparations The entomological preparations contain mainly Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) bacteria. Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) - is a gram-positive bacteria that forms characteristic protein inclusions adjacent to the endospore. Bt can synthesize more than one parasporal inclusion. Bt is genetically indistinguish able from Bc, except for the ability of Bt to produce parasporal crystalline inclusions, which are toxic for certain invertebrates, especially species of insect larvae belonging to the insect orders Coleoptera, Dipteraand Lepidoptera.  Bacterial entomological preparations Entomological preparations have many advantages because: *they are an alternative to chemical plant protection products *they are characterized by selective action *they have a short half-life *they do not accumulate in the environment *they are characterized by low production costs The mechanism of the antagonistic action of Bt against insects consists in the production of various toxins: -α-exotoxin, which causes degradation of phospholipids in the insect tissues - β-exotoxin, which has mutagenic properties, damages the insect's genetic apparatus - δ-exotoxin is a protein crystal that causes paralysis of the insect's intestines More and more of these types of biopreparations are currently appearing on the world market. The USA is the leader in their production. Bacillus thuringiensis In the form of microbiological preparations, we can also introduce microorganisms into the soil that active organic or mineral forms of phosphorus. There are various forms of phosphorus in the soil, both organic and mineral phosphorus. The content of available phosphorus in the soil is 0.1%. 25-80% of soil phosphorus occurs in organic compounds. The mineral phosphorus is present in the soil in a form that is not available to plants, for example in the form of calcium phosphate in the alkaline soils or in the form of aluminum or iron phosphate in the acidic soils. Phosphorus is introduced into the soil in the form of animal and plant residues, which contain: phytins - phytases (the most difficult to decompose compound, especially in acidic soils) phospholipids - phosphatase nucleoproteins nucleic acids lecithin phosphorylated sugars The microorganisms produce various mechanisms for biological dissolve of mineral phosporus including: A) Production of organic acids B) Production of mineral acids C) Enzymatic activity - some microorganisms produce enzymes that dissolve calcium phosphate: Pseudomonas calcis, Bacillus megaterium  Bacillus megaterium *Gram-positive bacteria *mainly aerobic spore forming bacterium *found in widely diverse habitats *a cell length of up to 4 µm and a diameter of 1.5 µm Action: They transform inorganic phosphorus compounds in the soil into a form that can be absorbed by plants Production of phytohormones Production of B vitamins  Biological nitrogen fixation * An important process is the biological nitrogen fixation, also called diazotrophy. *Prokaryotic organisms equipped with genes encoding the nitrogenase enzyme are exclusively allowed to carry out this process in the biosphere. *Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are divided into free-living and symbiotic ones. Free-living bacteria include: Symbiotic bacteria aerobic – Azotobacter, Aztomonas, nodule-associated bacteria– Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Achromobacter, Azospirillum Mesorhizobium, Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, microaerophiles - Pseudomonas, Allorhizobium. Flavobacterium, Arthrobacter actinobacteria anaerobes – Clostridium photosynthetic bacteria cyanobacteria  Systematics of symbiotic microorganisms belonging to the family Rhizobiaceae There are many species of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the environment Genus Species The symbiosis between legumes and Rhizobium -leguminosarum (vicae, phaseoli i nitrogen-fixing bacteria provides trifolli) many benefits to both parties. -topici A -tropici B -etli Sinorhizobium -meliloti It is a symbiosis that occurs between -fredii a selected plant species and a -saheli selected bacteria species. -terenga Mesorhizobium -loti -ciceri -huakuii -tianshanense -mediterraneum Allorhizobium --undicola Bradyrhizobium -japonicum -elkanii -liaoningense -sp.2 Azorhizobium -caulinodans The process of the plant root colonization by Rhizobium is multi- stage and includes: *Identification of a specific compounds (chemotaxis phenomenon) produce by plants * Twisting of root hairs and penetration of bacteria into the root *Creation of an infectious thread as a form of self-defense of the plant and the formation of root growths (nodules) as a result of the multiplication of bacterial cells *The passing ("spilling out") of bacterial cells beyond the infectious thread and reproducing in growths *Changing of the vegetative form of Rhizobium cells into a bacteroid form active nitrogen fixation *Death of the nodules and return of bacteria into the soil. The location of the nodules, their shape, size and number depend on the plant species.  Rhizobium provides: *increasing the yield of legumes by 10 - 20% *on average atmospheric nitrogen fixing in the amount of 45 - 600 kg N / ha / year *increasing the protein content in the crop *improving the soil structure and its phytosanitary properties Biopreparations are intended for: peas, beans, broad beans, lupins, diaper  Azotobacter sp. Azotobacter sp. Gram-negative bacteria motile sticks oxygen free-living N2 assimilators (several kg N/ha) The number of Azotobacter sp. in the soils of the zone moderate, it is small and ranges from several to several thousand cells in 1 g of soil sensitive to soil acidification, rarely found in soils with a pH below 6 production of phytohormones, melanin organic matter mineralization  AZOTOBACTER ENSURES: increasing plant yields from 5 to 15% on average enrichment of plants and soil with nitrogen production of substances accelerating the germination and growth of plants (auxins, gibberellins) increasing plant health by inhibiting the development of pathogens provides vitamins and amino acids Biopreparations are intended for: CABBAGE, CAULIFLOWER, CUCAMBER, POTATOES, TOBACCO, TOMATOES, GRASS, RAPE There are biopreparations that contain single strains of microorganisms or consortia, i.e. they consist of different species of microorganisms on the world market BPF (Bacillus circulans) - activates phosphorus and potassium from the soil (Republic of China) Provide (Penicillium bilaji) - supports the activation of phosphorus (Canada) The biopreparations are an important element of modern integrated agriculture. They allow for an increase in crop yields, TagTeam (Penicillium bilaji, Rhizobium) - releases phosphorus from insoluble soil forms improvement of soil fertility and reduction and supports nitrogen fixation and root development (Canada) of the mineral fertilization and chemical protection costs in an environmentally friendly way. B6 (Bacillus subtilis, B. pumillis, B. laterosporus, B. chitonosporus, B. licheniformis, B. megaterium) - affects the release of inorganic P, nitrogen fixation, the decomposition of crop residues and enhances the plant's defense reactions (RPA) PHOSFERT (Azotobacter chroococcum, A. vinelandi, Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum) - releases phosphorus from insoluble soil forms, is a source of phytohormones, B vitamins and compounds with antifungal activity, and fixes N2 (India) V-mark (Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megaterium, B. mucilaginosus, Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices) - activates P and K, fixes N and improves soil properties (Hong Kong) Thank you for your attention