Gastrointestinal Tract Lecture Notes PDF

UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON HAMMURABI MEDICAL COLLEGE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AIMS 1. Common disease affecting each part of GIT 2. Introduce structural disruption seen in some common disorders and diseases.  DISORDERS OF THE OESOPHAGUS DYSPHAGIA it is...

UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON HAMMURABI MEDICAL COLLEGE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AIMS 1. Common disease affecting each part of GIT 2. Introduce structural disruption seen in some common disorders and diseases.  DISORDERS OF THE OESOPHAGUS DYSPHAGIA it is difficultly swallowing. may be caused by problems with the oesophagus ▪ musculature ▪ Obstruction by tumour ▪ neurological, e.g. a stroke. tumours of the oesophagus: high up squamous cell carcinoma, lower down adenocarcinomas. Acid Reflux – sphincter between the oesophagus and the stomach is weak, acid refluxes into the oesophagus and causes irritation and pain (heartburn). Chronic oesophagitis (reflux of acidic gastric content – reflux oesophagitis). Barrett’s oesophagus. It is a condition in which an abnormal columnar epithelium replaces the stratified squamous epithelium that normally lines the distal esophagus, results from prolonged reflux due to incompetent lower oesophageal sphincter it is a premalignant condition.  ENDOSCOPIC TOUR IMAGE NORMAL ESOPHAGUS BARRET’S ESOPHAGUS  OESOPHAGEAL VARICES Portal venous system is overloaded due to cirrhosis, blood is diverted to the oesophagus through connecting vessels. This leads to the dilation of sub mucosal veins in the lower part of the oesophagus.  Common disorders of the stomach Gastritis (inflammation of gastric tissue) damage or erosion of mucosa ulceration – persistent erosion; ulcers may haemorrhage, perforate or heal by fibrosis , may develop to malignant. Erosive gastritis Chronic gastritis  PEPTIC ULCER is a chronic recurrent disease characterized by the formation of an ulcer in the stomach or in the duodenum due to a disorder of the general and local mechanisms of the nervous and hormonal regulation of the main functions of the gastroduodenal system.  Endoscopy Tour of stomach NORMAL PYLORUS GASTRIC ULCER  COMMON DISORDERS OF THE INTESTINES Duodenal ulcers due to acid chyme unprotective mucosa DUODENUM -NORMAL DUODENAL ULCER  COELIAC DISEASE Mucosal villi damage; leads to malabsorption > diarrohea  JAUNDICE The liver excretes bilirubin, a breakdown product of haemoglobin. If the liver cannot excrete bilirubin then this will accumulate in the blood.condition called Jaundice If build up of bilirubin is due to excess haemoglobin breakdown it is pre- hepatic jaundice. If build up of bilirubin is due to bile duct obstruction and back up of bile causing liver damage it is post-hepatic or obstructive jaundice Gallstones Precipitation of bile acids and cholesterol in the bladder forms gall stones. Often asymptomatic, but may move within the gall bladder causing painful biliary colic, or move to obstruct biliary outflow. Tumours of the pancreas may also obstruct outflow. Malabsorption – Several conditions affect how well the intestines can absorb things. Pancreatitis – inflamed pancreas, causes considerable pain. Characterised by the release of amylases into the blood stream  Appendicitis Inflammation of the appendix, presents as a sharp pain in the side at the same level as T10, which localises to the right lower `quadrant PERITONITIS Inflammation of the peritoneum PARALYTIC ILEUS Occur due to motility of the ileum may be compromised under some circumstances, may also become obstructed either from an internal obstruction or external compression.  INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE CROHN’S DISEASE Inflammatory condition affecting small & large intestine in patches ; affects areas with high lymphoid tissue(e.G. Terminal ileum) ,effect full thickness of the wall ULCERATIVE COLITIS Affects only the large bowel mucosa , not effect full thickness of wall MECKELS’ DIVERTICULUM A pouch in the lower part of the small intestine. It can produce ectopic gastric mucosa that may then produce gastric acid, causing irritation.  DIVERTICULAR DISEASE Outpouching of the mucosa due to pressure is too high in the colon in the descending & sigmoid colon  Acute blockage of small intestines Present with pain (in their back), vomiting and bloating. HAEMORRHOIDS Vascular structures in the anal canal that aid with stool control. When they become swollen and inflamed they are painful, itchy and blood may be present in stool.  Rectal prolapse Prolapse means ‘to fall out of place’. Prolapse is A condition where organs fall down or slip out of place. e.g. The rectum can prolapse Colo-Rectal Cancer The large intestine is a common site of malignancies, and colo-rectal cancer is a major cause of mortality THANK YOU