Lecture 2.pdf

Cloud Computing Lecture 2: Cloud Infrastructure Instructor Dr. Clou...

Cloud Computing Lecture 2: Cloud Infrastructure Instructor Dr. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 1  Cloud Computing Infrastructure Review the cloud concept Delivery of computing services over the internet. Includes servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence. Offers faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale. Significance of Cloud Computing Enables companies to avoid upfront infrastructure costs. Allows businesses to scale resources quickly and efficiently. Facilitates remote access and collaboration across global teams. Drives innovation with agility and speed to market. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 2 Cloud Computing Infrastructure Overview of Cloud Infrastructure The hardware and software components required for cloud computing. Includes virtualization technology, servers, storage, and networking. Supports the delivery of cloud services, hosting applications, and data storage. Components of Cloud Infrastructure Virtualization: Creates multiple simulated environments from a single physical hardware system. Cloud Hardware: Physical servers and storage that support cloud services. Data Centers: Facilities that house cloud hardware and provide a controlled environment. Networking: Connects data centers to users and manages data transfer.  Cloud Computing Infrastructure Evolution of Cloud Infrastructure From dedicated physical servers to virtualized environments. The rise of containerization for more efficient resource utilization. Advances in data center design, focusing on scalability and energy efficiency. The ongoing shift towards edge computing and distributed architectures. The Future of Cloud Computing Continued growth and adoption across industries. Innovation in cloud technologies, focusing on security, AI integration, and sustainability. The increasing role of cloud computing in emerging technologies like IoT, AI, and machine learning. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 4  Virtualization What is Virtualization? The process of creating a virtual version of something, including virtual computer hardware platforms, storage devices, and computer network resources. Allows multiple operating systems and applications to run on a single physical machine. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 5  Core Concepts of Virtualization Hypervisor The software layer that enables virtualization, allowing multiple operating systems to share a single hardware host. Virtual Machines (VMs) Isolated guest systems running on a single host system, each with its own set of virtual hardware. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 6  Types of Virtualization 1. Server Virtualization: Divides a single physical server into multiple unique and isolated virtual servers. 2. Network Virtualization: Combines hardware and software network resources into a single, software-based administrative entity. 3. Storage Virtualization: Groups physical storage from multiple network storage devices into a single storage device managed from a central console. 4. Desktop Virtualization: Separates the desktop environment and associated application software from the physical client device. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 7  Types of Virtualization 5. Data Virtualization: Provides an abstraction layer that allows users to access and manipulate data without requiring technical details about the data, such as how it is formatted or where it is physically located. This simplifies data management and enhances agility in handling diverse data sources. 6. Application Virtualization: Isolates applications from the underlying operating system and other applications, allowing them to be deployed and run without being installed on the local machine. This simplifies application deployment and management and can improve compatibility and security. 7. GPU Virtualization: Shares GPU resources among multiple virtual machines or applications. This is particularly useful for graphics-intensive applications and workloads that require significant parallel processing power, like deep learning and 3D rendering. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 8  Types of Virtualization 8. Hardware-Assisted Virtualization: Leverages specific hardware capabilities provided by the CPU (like Intel VT or AMD-V) to enhance the performance and efficiency of virtual machines. This hardware assistance can support both full virtualization and paravirtualization. 9. Paravirtualization: Unlike full virtualization, where the hardware is completely emulated, paravirtualization involves the guest operating system being aware of the hypervisor and directly interacting with it, leading to improved performance but requiring modification of the guest OS. 10. Nested Virtualization: Allows running a hypervisor inside a virtual machine, essentially creating VMs within VMs. This is particularly useful for development, testing, and educational purposes, allowing for complex virtualized environments. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 9 Integration of Virtualization and Cloud Computing Virtualization is the foundational technology that enables cloud computing, allowing physical servers to be divided into multiple virtual servers. Cloud computing leverages virtualization to provide scalable, on- demand access to computing resources.  Benefits of Virtualization Efficiency: Increases resource utilization by partitioning, consolidating, and allocating resources more dynamically. Cost Reduction: Decreases the need for physical hardware, reducing hardware costs and maintenance. Scalability: Facilitates easy and quick scaling of resources as per the demand. Isolation: Provides isolation between virtual environments, enhancing security and reducing risk. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 11  Challenges of Virtualization Management Complexity: Managing virtual environments can be complex, requiring new skills and tools. Performance Overhead: Virtualization can introduce performance overhead due to the additional layer of the hypervisor. Application Compatibility Issues: Some applications or systems may not perform optimally in a virtualized environment. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 12  Real-World Applications Server Consolidation: Reducing physical server count while optimizing resource utilization. Testing and Development: Providing isolated environments to develop and test applications without the need for multiple physical devices. Business Continuity: Enhancing disaster recovery strategies through rapid provisioning and deployment of virtual machines. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 13  Memory Overcommitment in Virtualization Allows the allocation of more memory to virtual machines than the actual physical memory available. Enhances memory utilization but requires careful management to avoid performance degradation. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 14  Virtualization Security Security concerns associated with sharing physical resources among multiple tenants. Strategies include isolation, intrusion detection systems, and secure multi-tenancy architectures. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 15  The Future of Virtualization Continued innovation focusing on reducing overhead, improving performance, and enhancing security. Integration with emerging technologies like containerization and serverless computing. Evolution towards more automated and intelligent resource management in virtual environments. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 16  Containerization What is Containerization? A lightweight form of virtualization that allows you to run and manage applications and their dependencies in resource-isolated processes. Containers package an application's code, configurations, and dependencies into a single object. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 17  Containers vs. Traditional Virtual Machines Unlike VMs, which virtualize the entire hardware, containers virtualize only the operating system, making them more efficient and faster to start. VMs include a full OS instance for each app, while containers share the host system's kernel but run in isolated user spaces. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 18  Containerization's Role in Modern Cloud Environments Containerization has become a key technology in cloud computing, providing portability, scalability, and consistency across development, testing, and production environments. Facilitates microservices architectures by allowing individual components to be deployed, scaled, and managed independently. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 19  Containerization’s Key Advantages in Cloud Context Portability: Containers can run on any system that supports the container runtime environment, making it easy to move applications across different cloud environments or between on-premises and cloud. Scalability: Quickly scale up or down with minimal overhead, aligning with cloud computing's on-demand resource model. Resource Efficiency: By sharing the host OS and consuming fewer resources than VMs, containers optimize the utilization of underlying infrastructure. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 20  Overview of Physical Hardware in Cloud Infrastructure Cloud infrastructure: Refers to the hardware and software components such as servers, storage, network, and virtualization software that are needed to support the computing requirements of a cloud computing model. Purpose: Ensures the delivery of services like servers, storage, and networking in a virtualized environment over the internet. Key Components: Physical servers, storage devices, networking gear, and data center facilities are included. Importance: Forms the backbone of cloud computing, enabling efficiency, scalability, and flexibility in operations. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University  Components of Cloud Hardware 1.Servers: 1. Role: Execute applications and store data in cloud environments. 2. Types: Physical servers (dedicated hardware) and virtual servers (virtualized environments). 2.Storage Systems: 1. Function: Store vast amounts of data that are accessible over the cloud. 2. Types: Object storage, block storage, and file storage, including SSDs and HDDs. 3.Networking Equipment: 1. Purpose: Connects servers and storage, facilitating data transfer and communication. 2. Components: Routers, switches, and load balancers. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 22  Servers Role and Function: Servers are the workhorses of cloud infrastructure. They process instructions and manage data. They support various applications and services, handling user requests and computational tasks. Physical vs. Virtual Servers: Physical servers are tangible devices dedicated to individual or multiple tasks. Virtual servers are software-defined, running on physical servers but operating independently, allowing for better resource utilization and isolation. Configuration and Management: Servers are configured based on the needs of the services they support, which include processing power, memory, and storage. Management involves monitoring performance, ensuring security, and updating software. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 23  Servers Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 24  Types of Servers in Cloud Infrastructure Dedicated Servers: Reserved for a specific client or task, offering full control over resources and isolation. Shared Servers: Host multiple clients or applications, sharing resources , which can be cost-effective but might result in reduced performance. Virtual Servers: Using virtualization technology, these servers allow multiple virtual instances on a single physical server, enhancing resource utilization and providing isolation. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 25  Server Hardware Components CPU (Central Processing Unit): Acts as the brain of the server, processing instructions and managing tasks. Server CPUs often have multiple cores, enhancing their ability to handle concurrent tasks. RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage for data being actively used or processed by the CPU. Adequate RAM is crucial for the performance of a server. Storage Drives: Includes HDDs and SSDs. HDDs are used for high-capacity storage needs, while SSDs provide faster data access and are used for performance-intensive applications. Network Interface Cards (NICs): Facilitate network connectivity, allowing servers to communicate within the network and with the internet. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 26  Management and Monitoring of Servers Server Management: Involves routine maintenance, updates, and configuration changes to ensure optimal performance and security. Monitoring Tools: Software that monitors server health, performance, and resource utilization, alerting administrators to potential issues. Examples include Nagios, Zabbix, and Prometheus. Automation: Use of scripts and automation tools to streamline server management tasks, improving efficiency and reducing the likelihood of human error. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 27  Scalability Scalability: The ability to add more server resources or servers to meet increasing demand. Can be achieved through vertical scaling (adding resources to an existing server) or horizontal scaling (adding more servers). Importance: Essential for cloud environments to ensure they can adapt to varying loads and performance requirements, providing flexibility and maintaining efficiency. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 28  Types of Scalability Vertical Scaling (Scaling Up): It involves adding more resources (CPU, RAM, storage) to an existing server. It's often more straightforward to implement but has physical limits. Horizontal Scaling (Scaling Out): It involves adding more servers to handle the increased load, distributing the workload across multiple machines. This approach is favored in cloud computing for its flexibility and alignment with distributed computing principles. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 29  Types of Scalability Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 30  Scaling Strategies Proactive Scaling: Increasing capacity in anticipation of a future increase in demand, based on trends or predictable events. Reactive Scaling: Automatically adding or removing resources in response to actual changes in demand, utilizing real-time monitoring data. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 31  Challenges in Scalability State Management: Ensuring consistency and synchronization across distributed systems when scaling horizontally. Resource Allocation: Effectively distributing resources and balancing loads to maximize efficiency and performance. Cost Management: Balancing the benefits of added scalability with the associated costs, ensuring cost-effective scaling decisions. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 32  Tools and Technologies for Scalability Load Balancers: Distribute incoming network traffic across multiple servers, enhancing the responsiveness and availability of applications. Auto-scaling: Automated tools that adjust the number of active servers in response to real-time demand. Examples include AWS Auto Scaling, Azure Scale Sets, and Kubernetes Horizontal Pod Autoscaler. Cloud Management Platforms: Provide tools for monitoring, managing, and automatically scaling cloud resources. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 33  Scalability Best Practices Capacity Planning: Regularly analyzing performance and usage data to predict when to scale resources. Scalability Testing: Simulating various loads to test and validate the scalability of the system. Monitoring and Alerts: Implementing robust monitoring and alerting systems to detect and respond to scalability needs in real-time. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 34  Storage Systems (Cloud Storage) What is Cloud Storage? A model of computer data storage in which digital data is stored in logical pools across multiple virtual servers, typically hosted by third parties. Unlike traditional storage, where data is stored on personal or company- owned hardware, cloud storage data is accessible from any location via the Internet. Kye components SSDs, HDDs, NAS, SAN, Magnetic Tape storage,.., etc. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 35  Networking Equipment Role of Networking: Networking equipment interconnects all cloud infrastructure components, facilitating communication and data transfer among servers, storage systems, and end-users. Key Components: Routers: Direct traffic between networks, ensuring data packets reach their intended destination. Switches: Connect multiple devices on the same network, allowing them to communicate internally. Load Balancers: Distribute incoming network traffic across multiple servers, enhancing the efficiency and reliability of applications. Network Design: Involves configuring network topology, addressing, and routing protocols to ensure efficient, secure, and reliable data transmission. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 36  Cloud Data Centers Cloud data centers are centralized facilities that store, manage, and process data over the internet, offering a range of computing resources via cloud computing. Evolution: From physical servers to virtualized resources, cloud data centers have evolved to support the exponential growth of data and applications, adapting to the needs of businesses and consumers in a digital-first world. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 37  Cloud Data Centers Core Functions: Storage: Safeguarding vast amounts of data with robust backup and recovery systems. Processing: Powerful computational capabilities to handle complex algorithms and data analysis. Networking: High-speed connections to deliver content and services globally with minimal latency. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 38  Cloud Data Centers Importance: Accessibility: Users can access services and resources from anywhere, at any time, fostering global collaboration and business agility. Innovation Catalyst: Provides the infrastructure for advanced technologies like AI, machine learning, and big data analytics, driving innovation across industries. Economic Impact: Contributes significantly to the IT economy, reducing capital expenses for businesses and driving growth in the tech sector. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 39  Cloud Data Centers Data centers are the physical infrastructure that powers cloud computing. They house the servers, storage systems, networking hardware, and other critical components for cloud services. Cloud computing wouldn't have the physical resources required to deliver its services without data centers. Cloud computing is a service model that allows users to access and utilize computing resources (like servers, storage, and applications) over the internet. These resources are hosted in data centers, making them accessible from anywhere. Cloud computing abstracts the underlying hardware, offering scalable and flexible services to users without needing to manage the physical infrastructure. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 40  Cloud Data Centers Data centers support rapid innovation in cloud computing. They provide the infrastructure for new services such as: Artificial intelligence (AI) Big data analytics Internet of Things (IoT) The evolution of data center technologies influences: The capabilities of cloud computing The offerings of cloud computing Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 41  Cloud Data Centers – Management Layers Orchestration Tools: Automated tools and platforms that manage the interconnections and interactions among workloads on public and private cloud infrastructure. Automation Tools: Software that creates repeatable instructions and processes to reduce human interaction with IT systems, enhancing efficiency and reducing the potential for errors. Security and Compliance: Robust mechanisms and protocols, including firewalls, encryption, and access controls, are used to protect data, ensure privacy, and adhere to regulatory standards. Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 42  Cloud Data Centers – Benefits Scalability and Flexibility Cost-Efficiency Enhanced Security Features Disaster Recovery and Data Backup Environmental Benefits Accessibility and Collaboration Performance and Speed Maintenance and Updates Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 43  Cloud Data Centers – Challenges Data Security and Privacy Concerns Compliance and Regulatory Challenges Managing Complex Infrastructures Energy Consumption and Sustainability Issues Interoperability and Vendor Lock-in Latency and Performance Optimization Cost Management and Optimization Technical Skill Requirements and Staffing Cloud Computing, By Dr Ahmad Alqarni @ IT Department, College of Computing and Information, Al Baha University 44