Lecture 2 2025 Complete V3 PDF

Today: Physiology and Metabolism Crossing of Paths Essential to Nutrition 1) Important organelles for metabolism 2) Entropy, 3) Enzymes, 4) Homeostasis 3) Metabolism: 4) Cell to cell communication, Hormones Concept: 5) Scientific Method and causation Some Points From Last Wednesday I. G...

Today: Physiology and Metabolism Crossing of Paths Essential to Nutrition 1) Important organelles for metabolism 2) Entropy, 3) Enzymes, 4) Homeostasis 3) Metabolism: 4) Cell to cell communication, Hormones Concept: 5) Scientific Method and causation Some Points From Last Wednesday I. Goal: a) To gain a basic knowledge that will enable you to make effective choices about your nutritional needs. A healthy diet is one that provides the right amount of energy to keep weight in the optimal cardiovascular range; the proper types and balance of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; plenty of water; and sufficient but not excessive amounts of essential vitamins and minerals. For your body !  Metabolism μεταβολισμός metabolismos, is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. Anabolism uses energy to processes for cell growth construct components of reproduction cells response to environment survival mechanisms, Catabolism breaks down maintenance of cell structure and integrity. organic matter, for example to harvest energy  Moving Ahead Continuing the adventure I. Goal: b) Learning basic words (nutritional concepts) to develop and express your thoughts (critical thinking) Harbin Mandarin Key Cellular Organelles  Components of a membrane Protein Carbohydrate Fat Water  Homeostasis Homeostasis, from the Greek words for "same" and "steady," refers to any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival. The Wisdom of the Body, published in 1932, the American physiologist Walter Cannon (1871–1945) coined the term homeostasis to describe this internal constancy Homeostasis of the blood glucose concentration.  Entropy and Disorder entropy heat  Enzymes are biological catalysts that work by work by lowering the activation energy for a reaction, thus dramatically increasing the rate of the reaction. Enzyme reaction (lock and key model)  Order to Disorder enzyme enzyme Disorder to Order Enzyme  Catabolism, Anabolism, and ATP Anabolism is the Catabolism is the set of metabolic set of metabolic pathways that pathways that breaks construct molecules down molecules into from smaller units. smaller units that are These reactions either oxidized to require energy release energy, or used in anabolic reactions. Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine diphosphate ATP P ADP yin and yang (陰陽)  stores energy order anabolism reduced molecules (ADP) Work energy oxidized (ATP) molecules catabolism Entropy disorder releases energy (ATP) Cellular respiration refers to the biochemical pathway by which cells release energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules and provide that energy for the essential processes of life. We will go into this in more detail in the next lecture Mitochondria (singular, mitochondrion) participate in the chemical processes that transfer energy from the chemical bonds of nutrient molecules to newly created adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules 1) ATP, 2) Oxygen utilization, 3) Carbon dioxide formation Chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion. Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion. Hydrogen Atom Vitamin C major fxn:reducing power Vitamin C major and Iron (H+) (H+) (H+) (H+) G.Aponte  Homeostasis Homeostasis, from the Greek words for "same" and "steady," refers to any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival.  Examples of the four general types of tissues Each has some unique anabolic activity 1 epithelial 2 connective CONTEXT 3 nervous 3 muscle  Which statement is false? A. Going from an organized state to a disorganized state releases energy B. Your body can’t build new material without taking other material apart C. Enzymes can cause a biological reaction that otherwise could never occur D. All statements are true  The levels of organization of the human body are chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism Chemical Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism CONTEXT  Regulation of Organ Function starts with a single cell Hormone distant close communication communication Hormone Paracrine Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), 965–1039 Iraq. The Arab scholar who lived during the Islamic golden age is considered by some to be the father of modern scientific methodology. Scientific Method  The classical view of the philosophy of science is that it is the goal of science to prove hypotheses like "All swans are white" or to induce them from observational data. the term falsifiability is sometimes synonym to testability. Hypothesis: Martians exist but they are very shy. If they see you they hide behind rocks. Is this falsifiable?  Correlation: co-relation Correlation is a statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two or more variables fluctuate together. A positive correlation indicates the extent to which those variables increase or decrease in parallel Unlike correlation, “association” does not give the extent of a relationship between two, or more, variables CORRELATION DOES NOT IMPLY CAUSATION Eating organic food causes autism.  Correlation: co-relation not Causation Facebook cancelled out the cholesterol- Ice cream consumption leads to murder. lowering effects of Justin Bieber.  Human studies often differ from animal studies Cohort Studies: Involve following groups of people over time. There are two primary purposes for these studies. Prospective studies: The investigator defines the sample and measures the predictor variables before any outcomes have occurred. Retrospective studies: The investigator defines the sample and collects data about the predictor variables after the outcomes have occurred. Non hypothesis driven Methods  Polleverywhere: PollEV.com/aponte