Drug Information pp701 PDF

Drug Information pp701 Clinical pharmacy department 2024/2025  Lecture 2 Tertiary Sources (I)  Tertiary sources I. Reference or Textbooks: Applied Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics, pharmaceutical dosage forms and applied the...

Drug Information pp701 Clinical pharmacy department 2024/2025  Lecture 2 Tertiary Sources (I)  Tertiary sources I. Reference or Textbooks: Applied Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics, pharmaceutical dosage forms and applied therapeutics. II. Drug Compendia: A source of drug information listing the drugs available in the market published by some countries and the information includes , generic and brand names, chemical composition, therapeutic indications, side effects, contraindications and warnings, precautions and interactions, and administration and dosage recommendations. The information contained in the official drug label 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 3  III. National List or WHO Model List of Essential Drugs “satisfy the priority healthcare needs of the population”. If a country lacks the national list of essential drugs, the WHO model list can be referred to. The drugs are listed with reference to the levels of healthcare, namely, primary (P), secondary (S) and tertiary (T). It consists of a core list and a complementary list of essential drugs. List of essential drugs Complementary list of essential drugs Consists of a list of minimum medicines includes essential medicines for priority needed for a system. It contains the most diseases which require specialized diagnostic efficacious, safe, and cost-effective or monitoring facilities and/or specialist medicine for priority basic healthcare health medical care and/or specialist training. conditions 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 4 IV. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children Updated every 2 years. The 22nd WHO essential drug list was published in 2021 and contains 479 medications. Egyptian Model List (2019 edition) contains about 263 medication and is about 81% similar to WHO Model List of Essential Medicines 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 5 V.National, International, Institutional or WHO Treatment Guidelines The treatment guidelines include the most essential therapeutic information for the prescriber like the drug(s) of choice, recommended dosage schedule, adverse effects, contraindications, alternative drugs, and others. Can be published by healthcare institutions, national and international organizations, or professional societies. World Health Organization has also published a multitude of treatment guidelines for various diseases. Examples of treatment guidelines are Joint National Committee (JNC 8) guidelines for management of hypertension, American Diabetes Association (ADA) standards of medical care in diabetes, 2018 guidelines, The 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused. Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure (by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and the Heart Failure Society of America)  VI. Drug Formularies – National or Hospital Formulary Contain the list of approved and available drugs in a country, region, district, or hospital. A drug formulary can be national, regional, or institutional. Some examples are WHO model formulary (could be used by countries to develop their own national formulary) and British National Formulary (BNF) – free to UK prescribers) includes information on cost, which is not often included in other compendia). 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 7  VII. Drug Bulletins Provide information on the relative merits and demerits of new drugs. They are published every week or quarterly. Thus, they aid in updating the knowledge of prescribers and promoting rational drug therapy. The various sponsors of drug bulletins are – government bodies, professional agencies, pharmaceutical companies, university departments, philanthropic foundations, and consumer organizations. Non-industry sponsored bulletins – provide unbiased evaluation of drugs and practical recommendations in comparison with other treatment alternatives. Examples of drug bulletins are Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin (UK), Medical Letter (USA), and Australian Prescriber (Australia). 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 8  VIII. Pharmacopoeias A legally binding book which contains standards and quality specifications for medicines used in that country or region. It contains the following list of appropriate tests: ❑To confirm the identity and purity of the pharmaceutical product. ❑To ascertain the strength (or amount) of the active substance. ❑To assess its performance characteristic. It also enumerates various tests for assessing the quality of medicines like analytical methods, microbiological purity, dissolution testing and stability. It is prepared by a national or regional authority and updated periodically. International Pharmacopoeia issued by the World Health Organization provides international standards for assessment of the quality of pharmaceutical products, excipients, and dosage forms. It is used as a reference document by the member states to develop their own pharmacopoeias. Some examples of pharmacopoeias are British Pharmacopoeia (UK), European Pharmacopoeia (EU), United States Pharmacopeia (USA), and Egyptian Pharmacopeia (EG). 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 9  IX. Review articles Narrative reviews and systematic reviews, articles of opinion, correspondence, and special reports. All material included in a journal is not only considered a primary resource. Original clinical trials are considered primary literature; however, review articles, articles of opinion, correspondence, and special reports are not. X. Databases: Convenient, easy to use, and often referenced. These resources are similar to textbooks, but a searcher typically updated more frequently. Computer databases are easy to and are often useful resources for drug monographs, pill identifications, drug interactions, drug compatibility, and various therapeutic calculations. In some instances, a mobile version of the database is available Examples include Clinical Pharmacology Mobile, Clinical Xpert, Lexicomp OnHand, and Epocrates Rx or Epocrates Essentials. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 10  Benefits Textbooks (General reference textbooks) can provide easy and convenient access to a broad spectrum of related topics. Background information on drugs and diseases is often available. Although a textbook might answer many drug-related questions, the limitations of these sources should not be overlooked. Tertiary sources of information are convenience, easy to use, familiar to most practitioners, and includes complete information Limitations It could take several years to publish a text, so information available in textbooks might not include the most recent developments in the field. Other resources should be used to update or supplement information obtained from textbooks.- The author of a textbook might not have conducted a thorough search of the primary literature, so pertinent data could have been omitted. An author also might have misinterpreted the literature. Reference citations should be available to verify 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 11 Tertiary Resources Evaluation of tertiary literature: – Does the author have appropriate expertise to publish in this area? – Is the information likely to be timely based on publication date? – Is the information supported by appropriate citations? – Does the resource contain relevant information and is free of bias? Type of Request Useful Tertiary Sources General product Major compendia, information Handbook of Clinical Drug Data, Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs, Clinical Pharmacology Adverse effects Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs, Drug Therapy Monitoring System, major compendia Type of Request Useful Tertiary Sources Availability of dosage forms Red Book, American Drug Index, major compendia Remington: The Science and Practice of Compounding Pharmacy, Merck Index, A Practical Guide to Contemporary Pharmacy Practice, USP/NF, Allen's Compounded Formulations, Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, Extemporaneous Formulations, Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, The Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding Type of Request Useful Tertiary Sources Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation, Drugs Drugs in pregnancy and in During Pregnancy and Lactation, Drugs for lactation Pregnant and Lactating Women, Medications and Mothers' Milk: A Manual of Lactational Pharmacology, REPRORISK, major compendia Foreign drug identification Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference, Index Nominum, DRUGDEX®, European Drug Index, Internet search engines, specific country resources Type of Request Useful Tertiary Sources Geriatric dosage Geriatric Dosage recommendations Handbook, The Merck Manual of Geriatrics, major compendia Identification of product by IDENTIDEX®, Clinical description of dosage form Pharmacology, Ident-a- Drug, Clinical Reference Library, electronic Facts and Comparisons Type of Request Useful Tertiary Sources Investigational drug FDA website, information Clinicaltrials.gov, MedlinePlus, manufacturer websites Incompatibility/stability Handbook of Injectable Drugs, King Guide to Parenteral Admixtures, Trissel's Stability of Compounded Formulations, Extended Stability for Parenteral Drugs, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy Type of Request Useful Tertiary Sources Method/rate of Major compendia administration Pediatric dosage The Harriet Lane recommendations Handbook, Pediatric Dosage Handbook, Neofax, major compendia Type of Request Useful Tertiary Sources Pharmacokinetics Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Applied Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Principles of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Basic Clinical Pharmacokinetics, major compendia* Pharmacology Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, Principles of Pharmacology Type of Request Useful Tertiary Sources Pharmacy law Pharmacy Practice and the Law, Guide to Federal Pharmacy Law, State Board of Pharmacy web pages Price Price-Chek PC, Drug Topics Red Book Type of Request Useful Tertiary Sources Serum or urine therapeutic Pharmacokinetic texts levels above and major compendia Therapy Pharmacotherapy: A evaluation/recommendation Pathophysiologic Approach, Applied Therapeutics, The s Merck Manual, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Cecil's Textbook of Medicine, Textbook of Therapeutics, Conn's Current Therapy Type of Request Useful Tertiary Sources Toxicology information POISINDEX®, Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning, Poisoning & Toxicology Handbook, Clinical Management of Drug Overdose, TOXNET Veterinary Drug Handbook, Textbook of Veterinary medicine Veterinary Internal Medicine, Compendia of Veterinary Products, FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine, 5-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline