Lecture 10 Research Design (1).pptx

Research Design Development of new research questions Literature review (Critical Review) Identifying the gaps in existing literature / based on other situations Identify a broad area based on experience/ interest/practicality 2 What is a Research Design? ●Research design is the plan and str...

Research Design Development of new research questions Literature review (Critical Review) Identifying the gaps in existing literature / based on other situations Identify a broad area based on experience/ interest/practicality 2 What is a Research Design? ●Research design is the plan and structure or the framework of investigation so conceived as to obtain answers to research questions ●It is an overall scheme or blue-print of the entire research process ●Research design helps in planning for investigation and obtaining empirical evidence on the relation of the problem. 3 What is a Research Design? ●Research Design provides logical answers to research questions ●The design explains the research methodology / paradigm 4 Types of Research Designs Exploratory Research Research Design Conclusive Research CrossSectional Design Single CrossSectional Design Descriptive Research Causal Research Longitudinal Design Multiple CrossSectional Design 5 ● Exploratory Research is an examination into a subject in an attempt to gain further insight. ● The exploratory research design format is useful when you don't have a clearly defined problem to study. 1. Exploratory research ● This type of research design is less structured and a researcher can use it as a guide for your initial research to uncover the research problem. ● With Exploratory Research , a researcher starts with a general idea and uses research as a tool to identify issues that could be the focus of future research. Example: a study conducted to explore customer satisfaction in a specific store/ business etc. ● 6 ● This research is designed to get the information that lead us to conclusion or decision making. 2. Conclusive research ● These research are more quantitative in nature, i.e. the findings are mostly represented in quantitative terms (e.q. numbers, frequencies, percentage, other statistics). It can use both primary and secondary sources. ● The purpose of conclusive research is to provide a reliable or representative picture of the population through the use of a valid research instrument. ● In the case of formal research, it will also test hypothesis. Conclusive research is conducted with two different focus: 2.a) Descriptive; and 2.b) Causal 7 ● The goal of using a descriptive research design is to describe a research topic. So this type of research is useful when a researcher needs more information about the topic. ● The findings from the Descriptive research can be generalised to the population or universe. 2.a) Descriptive research design ● This research informs "who, what, when, where and how" of a situation, not what caused it. ● The one question that a descriptive research design does not answer is "why." ● This type of research is conducted when our objective is to provide accurate description of a situation. ● It can be of two types: 2.a.1) Cross sectional; and 2.a.2) Longitudinal 8 ● The study is conducted with specific sample of a population in specific time-frame. 2.a.1) CrossSectional ● The cross-sectional research design involves observing multiple individuals at the same point in time. This research type does not alter variables. ● In a cross-sectional study, the investigator measures the outcome and the exposures in the study participants at the same time. Example: If I want to study the quality of life of first year BITS students after post mid-sem exam. ● Cross Sectional research is conducted with two different focus: 2.a.1.a)Single cross sectional 2.a.1.b) Multiple cross sectional 9 ● This is mostly an observational study, conducted for longer period of time (example: Life span ) to observe changes. 2.a.2) Longitudina l ● The longitudinal research design involves observing the same sample repeatedly over a period of time. ● Example: to study our social development (socialization process ) throughout life span / from childhood to adult hood. 10 ● The causal research design attempts to identify and understand relationships between variables, which can be valuable across many industries. ● Causal research designs typically involve at at least two variables and explore many possible reasons for a relationship between variables. 2.b) Causal research design ● This type of research is conducted to understand causeeffect relationship between variables. ● Example: effect of X –drug on patients with insomnia. Or whether Y drug is effective for causing sleep among insomnia patients. ● To conduct this type of research one can use Experimental design and Simulation. 11 ● Experimental research design is especially useful when investigators want to test how different factors affect a situation. ● The experimental research design uses the scientific elements like: 2.b.1) Experiment al research design ● Research Hypothesis: It is a statement that describes what you predict your research to reveal. ● Variable: It is any item, factor, or condition that can be controlled or changed ● The Independent Variable : This variable is the one that is manipulated or changed by the scientist ● The Dependent Variable : The one that is observed or measured in the experiment The observation or measure of the dependent variable will change as the independent variable is altered ● The Control Variable / the constant variable: It is the variable that the scientist wants to remain the same 12 2.b.1) Simulation ● A simulation is any research or development project where researchers or developers create a model of some authentic phenomenon. ● Many aspects of the natural world can be transformed into mathematical models, and using simulation allows IT systems to mimic the outcomes that happen in the natural world. 13 14 Two broad types of Research Designs based on Methodologic al Paradigm Quantitative Research Design Qualitative Research Design 15 Quantitative Research Questions ●How many students at BITS Pilani Goa Qualitative campus prefer Research football? questions ●How parental divorce impact the quality of life of the children ? Qualitative Research questions ●What is it like growing up in a single-parent family in a metropolitan city? ●What are the experiences of people working night shifts in IT sector ? ●How students at BITS Pilani Goa campus conceptualise mental health? 16 Identify the Difference India (395/4), Australia (211 all down) in World Cup Final (20XX) ●“There is an early Diwali in India …people across India are celebrating…” 17 Qualitative & Quantitativ e Data ●Quantitative data is represented through numbers, percentage, ratio etc. ●Quantitative data are objective in nature ●Qualitative data represented through narratives, statements, words, themes, arts etc. ●Qualitative data are subjective in nature 18 What is qualitative research ? ●Usually for humanities and social sciences ● To fill gaps ●“Why” and “How” ●Non-numerical data ●Inductive in nature ●Different methods: -> Case study -> Interviews -> Biography ●Meant for analysis and interpretation ●Knowledge is subjective 19 What is quantitativ e research ? ●Used in all natural sciences and social sciences research ●Mostly used to explore rate, frequency, cause-effect relation, correlation, effect ●Research design is strict and controlled ●Findings are objective in nature ●Participants are selected based on statistically determined process ●The findings can be generalised 20 Start by thinking creatively about method 1. What method/s I can think of would be helpful for this research? 2. What would be the data source/s? 3. What are the variables/concepts I am going to study? 21 References ●Kerlinger, F N. (1986).Foundations of Behvaioral Research (3rd edition). Chicago: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. ●Malhotra, N K. & Das, S. (2017). Marketing Research: An Applied Oriantation (7th edition). India: Pearson 22