Cell Biology and Genetics PDF

FY 1 – LEVEL 2 CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS (BIOL 101) 3 CREDIT HOURS ( 2+1+0 ) THEORY AND TUTORIAL SESSIONS 1446 H 2025G Foundation Year 1 – Level 2 3 Credit Hours ( 2 + 1 + 0 ) 1446 H : 2025 G  Your Text-Book Co...

FY 1 – LEVEL 2 CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS (BIOL 101) 3 CREDIT HOURS ( 2+1+0 ) THEORY AND TUTORIAL SESSIONS 1446 H 2025G Foundation Year 1 – Level 2 3 Credit Hours ( 2 + 1 + 0 ) 1446 H : 2025 G  Your Text-Book Course Learning Outcomes (CLO) Describe the common themes of life 1 processes. Describe the basic structure and 2 function of the cell along with cell cycle and mitosis. Explain the basic principles of genetics, 3 patterns of inheritance along with gene expression and gene regulation. READ and RE-READ Regularly! GO-OVER and LOOK OVER all the Lectures CONCEPTS Confusion Situation Like This During EXAM !  Describe the Properties of Life; Levels of Biological Organization; Life Process of Expression & Transmission of Genetic Information; Transfer & Transformation of Energy & Matter; and Interaction of Biological Systems. Page : xlviii – 9  I NQUIRING A BOUT L IFE ❖ Evolution: An Organism’s adaptation to its Environment. ❖ Biology is the scientific study of life Page : xlviii – 1  Some Order Properties of Life Regulation Evolutionary Reproduction Adaptation Energy Processing Response to the Growth and Environment Development Page : xlviii – 1   Order : The ordered structure that characterize life. eg. Sunflower Evolutionary Adaptation : The  camouflages of the animal in its environment. eg. Sea Horse  Reproduction : Living organisms reproduce their own kind. Regulation : The regulation of blood  flow through the blood vessels of Rabbit’s ears helps to maintain a constant body temperature. Page : xlviii – 1  Response to the Environment : The response  to the environment stimulus eg. Venus trap – Closes rapidly in response of a Damsel fly landing on the open trap.  Growth and Development : Inherited information carried by genes controls growth and development of organism. eg. Oak seeding.  Energy Processing : Chemical energy stored in food to power other work. eg. Butterfly obtains fuel in the form of nectar from flowers. Page : xlviii – 1 CONCEPT 1.1: THE STUDY OF LIFE REVEALS COMMON THEMES ✓ Themes help to organize biological information. 1.Organization 2.Information 3.Energy & Matter 5.Evolution 4. Interactions 1. Theme Organization: New Properties Emerge at Each Level in the Biological Hierarchy ✓ Life can be studied at different levels approach called Reductionism [Globe → Microscopic Cells → Molecules]. ✓Levels of Biological Organization: Complex system to simple components [Cells → DNA]. Page : 2 – 3  7. 1. The Biosphere 6. Organs and Tissues organ systems 2. Ecosystems 3. Communities 9. 8. Cells Organelles Atoms 4. 5. Populations Organisms 10. Molecules Page : 2 – 3  Levels of Biological Organization 1. The Biosphere : The scale of the entire Biosphere, which consists of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists: eg. Most regions of land and most bodies of water. 2. Ecosystems : An ecosystem consists of all the living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts, such as soil, water, atmospheric gases, and light eg. A deciduous forest. Page : 2 – 3  3. Communities : The arrangement of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem is called a Biological Community. eg. The Community in forest ecosystem includes many kinds of trees and other plants, various animals, mushrooms and other fungi, and numbers of microorganism as bacteria, Each of these forms of life is called a Species. Page : 2 – 3  4. Populations : All individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area. eg. Population of sugar maple trees. Community is a group of populations that inhabit a particular area. 5. Organisms : Individual of living things eg. (a) Each of the Maple trees and other plants in the forest is an organism, (b) Each deer, frog, beetle, and other forest animals, (c) Soil microorganisms such as bacteria. Page : 2 – 3  6. Organs and Organ Systems : The body part that carries out a particular function in the body eg. Stems and roots are organs of plants. The organs of complex animals and plants are organized into organ systems, each a team of organs that cooperate in a larger function. Organs consists of multiple tissues. 7. Tissues :Tissue is a group of cells that work together, performing a specialized function. eg. Plant leaf consists of tissues in the interior of the leaf the main location of photosynthesis, the process that coverts light energy to the chemical energy of sugar. Page : 2 – 3  8. Cells : The fundamental unit of structure and function of life is cell. eg. Some organisms are single cells, while others are multicellular. A single cell performs all the functions of life, while a multicellular organism has a division of labor among specialized cells. 9. Organelles : The functional components present in cells. eg. Chloroplast is an organelle. Page : 2 – 3  10. Molecules : A molecule is a chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms. eg. Chlorophyll molecule. Chlorophyll is the pigment molecule that makes plant leaf green, and it absorbs sunlight during photosynthesis. Within each chloroplast, millions of chlorophyll molecules are organized into systems that convert light energy to the chemical energy of food. Page : 2 – 3 Emergent Properties Emergent properties result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system eg. Photosynthesis from intact Chloroplast. Isolated components of living systems, lack a number of significant properties that emerge at higher levels of organizations. Systems Biology: Integrates all the dynamic behavior of network of components eg. Drug to lower blood pressure affects the functioning of organs within entire human body. Page : 4 T h e C e l l : O r g a n i s m ’s B a s i c U n i t o f S t r u c t u re & F u n c t i o n ❖ Cell is the smallest unit of organization to perform all activities ❖ Two forms of cells: Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Membrane encloses the Membrane encloses each cell & regulates the Organelles & Nucleus passage of materials (DNA) & are specific to between cell & its types of cells of the surrounding [Lacks organisms for regulation Organelles or Nucleus & passage of materials (DNA)] Page : 4 – 5 2. Theme Information: Life’s Processes Involve The Expression & Transmission of Genetic Information Figure 1.5 ❖ DNA, the Genetic Material: Chromosomes contain most of a cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). ❖ DNA is the substance of genes. ❖ Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring. ❖ As cells grow and divide, the genetic information encoded by DNA directs their development. Page : 5 – 6  ❖ A DNA molecule is made of two long chains (strands) arranged in a double helix. ❖ Each link of a chain is one of four kinds of chemical building blocks called nucleotides and abbreviated A, T, C, and G. ❖ DNA controls the development and maintenance of organisms. ❖ DNA provides blueprints for making proteins, the major in building and maintaining the cell. ❖ Genes control protein production indirectly, using RNA as an intermediary. ❖ Gene expression is the process of converting information from gene to cellular product (functional protein). Page : 5 – 6  Figure 1.8 Crystallin Gene Crystallin Gene: Section of DNA (b) How do in a chromosome. lens cells make Crystallin ❖ TRANSCRIPTION: Using the proteins? information in the sequence of Lens A C C A A A C C G A G T DNA nucleotides, the cell cell DNA T G G T T T G G C T C A makes (transcribes) a specific RNA molecule called mRNA. TRANSCRIPTION ❖ TRANSLATION: The cell (a) Lens cells are tightly translates the information in packed with transparent mRNA U G G U U U G G C U C A the sequence of mRNA Proteins called Crystallin TRANSLATION nucleotides to make a protein (a series of linked amino Chain of acids). Amino acids ❖ PROTEIN FOLDING: The chain Gene Expression: PROTEIN FOLDING of amino acids folds into the The transfer of information specific shape of protein.eg. from a gene into a Crystallin Crystallin proteins can pack functional protein Protein Protein together and focus light, allowing the eye to see. Page : 5 – 6 3. Theme Energy & Matter : Life Requires the Transfer and Transformation of Energy and Matter ❖ Input of energy, mainly from the sun, and transformation of energy from one form to another make life possible. ❖ Plants and other photosynthetic organisms convert the energy of sunlight into the chemical energy of sugars. ❖ The chemical energy of these producers is then passed to consumers that feed on the producers. ❖ Energy flows through an ecosystem, generally entering as light and exiting as heat. ❖ Chemical elements are recycled within an ecosystem. Page : 7  ❖ Wastes produced by plants and animals (leaf litters / dead bodies) are decomposed eventually by bacteria and fungi. ❖ Chemicals then available are taken by plants again, thereby completing the cycle. Page : 7 4. Theme Interaction: From Ecosystem To Molecules, Interaction Are Important In Biological Systems A. Ecosystem: An Organism’s Interaction with Other Organisms and the Physical Environment First : Interactions between organisms include those that 1) Benefit both organisms (eg. Sea Turtle & Cleaner fish), 2) Sometimes one species benefits and the other is harmed (eg. Lion kills & eats Zebra), and 3) Those in which both organisms are harmed (eg. Two plants compete for soil & its resources). ❖ Interactions affect individual organisms functioning and regulation; the way that populations evolve over time. Page : 8  Leaves absorb light Second: Interaction between Leaves take in CO2 from the air and release O2 Sun Light energy from the sun organisms with physical factors in its environment. Leaves fall to the CO2 ground and are ❖ Both organisms and their decomposed by environments are affected organisms that by the interactions return minerals between them. O2 to the soil ❖ Example: A tree takes up water and minerals from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air; the Animals eat tree releases oxygen to the leaves and fruits air. from the tree, returning ❖ O2: Generated by all nutrients and plants and photosynthetic minerals to the organisms. soil in their wastes products Water and minerals in the soil are taken up by the tree through its roots Page : 8  Third. Molecules: Interaction Within Organisms ❖ Interactions between components – Organs, Tissues, Cells, and Molecules -that make up living organisms are crucial to their smooth operation. 1) In Negative Feedback regulation : Blood Sugar (Glucose), Increases after meals – Pancreatic Insulin convert excess sugar in Liver / Muscle Cells to Glycogen. ❖ Low sugar levels decreases Insulin secretion. ❖ Optimization attained for normal body function. ❖ In Human, sugar drives as major cellular fuel derived from food. ❖ Cells can coordinate various chemical pathways through a mechanism called Feedback. ❖ In Feedback Regulation the output or product of a process, regulates that very process. ❖ The most common form of regulation in living organisms is Negative Feedback, in which the response reduces the initial stimulus. Page : 9  2) In Positive Feedback Regulation, the injured blood vessels starts to aggregate platelets to the site. ❖ Chemicals released attracts more Platelets. ❖ Platelets pileup until sealing of wound. ❖Feedback is a regulatory motif common to life at all levels; Molecular Level  Ecosystem  Biosphere Motif- Recurrent Thematic Element or Central Idea Page : 9  5. Evolution, The Core Theme Of Biology ❖ Unifying themes i.e., Organization, Information, Energy and Matter, and Interactions are the core to Evolution. ❖ Evolution is the one idea that makes logical sense of everything we know about living organism. ❖ It’s a process of change that transformed life on earth for the unity and diversity of life. ❖ It also explain evolutionary adaptation , to match of organisms to their environment. Page : 9 **THE END**