Operating Systems: CoSc 3081 Lecture 1 PDF

Operating Systems: CoSc 3081 Chapter One Introduction to Operating System Lecture 1: Introduction to Operating Systems February 3, 2025 1 Operating Systems...

Operating Systems: CoSc 3081 Chapter One Introduction to Operating System Lecture 1: Introduction to Operating Systems February 3, 2025 1 Operating Systems ASTU Department of CSE  Contents What operating systems do Computer system structure Computer system organization Operating system operations Computing environments Operating system-views Reading Assignments February 3, 2025 2 Operating Systems What is an operating system? A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. Operating system goals: Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier. Make the computer system convenient to use. efficiently use the computer hardware. It’s a resource allocator Manages all resources Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use It’s a control program Controls the execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer February 3, 2025 Operating Systems 3  Operating System Definition (Contd.) Operating system is the first layer of software loaded into the computer working memory.  An interface between the user, the computer software and the hardware resources. It provides a software platform on top of which other program can run. “The one program running at all times on the computer” is the kernel. Everything else is either a system program (ships with the operating system) or an application program. February 3, 2025 Operating Systems 4 Computer System structure Components of a computer: User machine/person /computer Application programs a special software used to solve particular problems of users Operating system Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various users and applications Computer hardware I/O device, Memory, CPU February 3, 2025 Operating Systems 5  Computer System Organization  One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common bus providing access to shared memory  Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory cycles February 3, 2025 Operating System 6 Operating Systems  Computer-System Operation I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently. Each device controller is incharge of a particular device type. Each device controller has a local buffer. CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller. Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation by causing an interrupt. February 3, 2025 Operating Systems 7  Computer Startup bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot Typically stored in ROM or EEPROM (Electronic Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), generally known as firmware, within the computer hardware Initializes all aspects of the system Loads operating system kernel and starts execution February 3, 2025 Operating Systems 8  Interrupts An interruption of the normal sequence of execution Improves processing efficiency Allows the processor to execute other instructions while an I/O operation is in progress A suspension of a process caused by an event external to that process and performed in such a way that the process can be resumed Interrupt Handler: A program that determines the nature of the interrupt and performs whatever actions are needed Control is transferred to this program Generally part of the operating system February 3, 2025 Operating System 9 Operating Systems  Common Functions of Interrupts Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the addresses of all the service routines. Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted instruction. Incoming interrupts are disabled while another interrupt is processed to prevent a lost interrupt. A trap is a software-generated interrupt caused by an error or a user request. An operating system is interrupt-driven. February 3, 2025 Operating Systems 10  Operating System Structure Multiprogramming is needed for efficiency A single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs (code and data) so CPU always has one to execute A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory One job selected and run via job scheduling When it has to wait (for I/O for Memory Layout for example), OS switches to another multiprogramed job system February 3, 2025 Operating Systems 11  Operating System Structure (contd.) Timesharing (multitasking) is a logical extension of multiprogramming in which CPU executes jobs by switching among them The switch occurs so frequently that users can interact with each job while it is running, creating an interactive computing The user gives instruction to the operating system or the program running using an input device and waits for immediate result on an output device  Therefore, the response time should be < 1 second Since the time a command/action takes in such systems is short, little CPU time is needed for each user  This allows many users to share the computer simultaneously Each user has at least one program executing in memory  Process If several jobs ready to run at the same time  CPU scheduling If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves them in and Februaryout to run 3, 2025 Operating Systems 12 Virtual memory allows execution of processes not completely in memory  Operating-System Operations Interrupt driven by hardware Software (program) error or request creates exception or trap – Division by zero, request for operating system service Other process problems include infinite loop, processes modifying each other or the operating system In order to ensure an appropriate execution of operating system code and user defined code, most systems provide a hardware support Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect itself and other system components – User mode: execution done on behalf of a user. – Monitor mode (also kernel mode or system mode) : execution done on behalf of operating system. Mode bit added to computer hardware to indicate the current mode: monitor (0) or user (1). Some instructions designated as privileged are only executable in kernel mode System call changes mode to kernel, return from call resets it to user mode February 3, 2025 Operating Systems 13  Transition from User to Kernel Mode Timer to prevent infinite loop / process hogging resources Set interrupt after specific period Operating system decrements counter When counter zero generate an interrupt Set up before scheduling process to regain control or terminate program that exceeds allotted time February 3, 2025 Operating Systems 14  Computing Environments Computing Environment is a collection of computer hardware, software, machines and networks that support the processing and interaction of electronic information to solve different computational problems. There are four basic environment Traditional Client Server Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Web-based February 3, 2025 Operating Systems 15  Computing Environments (contd.) Traditional Office environment PCs connected to a network, terminals attached to mainframe or minicomputers providing batch and timesharing Now portals allowing networked and remote systems access to same resources Home networks Used to be single system, then modems Now firewalled, networked February 3, 2025 16 Operating Systems  Computing Environments (Cont.) Client-Server Environment Dumb terminals supplanted by smart PCs Many systems now servers, responding to requests generated by clients  Compute-server provides an interface to client to request services (i.e. database)  File-server provides interface for clients to store and retrieve files February 3, 2025 Operating Systems 17  Peer-to-Peer Environment Another model of distributed system P2P does not distinguish clients and servers Instead all nodes are considered peers Each node may act as client, server or both Node must join P2P network Registers its service with central lookup service on network, or Broadcast request for service and respond to requests for service via discovery protocol February 3, 2025 Operating Systems 18 Web Based Environment The Web has become ubiquitous PCs most prevalent devices More devices becoming networked to allow web access New category of devices to manage web traffic among similar servers: load balancers Use of operating systems like Windows 95, client- side, have evolved into Linux and Windows XP, which can be clients and servers February 3, 2025 Operating Systems 19  Special Purpose Systems Real-time embedded systems These systems have fixed time constraint, so that their operations should be finished with in that time Embedded computers are commonly found everywhere (at home, in industries, manufacturing robots, care engines, etc) They monitor and control devices and usually they have no or little user interface Systems that control scientific experiments, industry processes, home appliances etc are real-time systems Multi-media systems Handles multimedia data (video, audio) in addition to conventional data (text files, programs, spreadsheets etc Hand-held Includes personal digital assistants (PDAs) like pocket PCs and palm PCs and cellular telephones They use special-purpose embedded operating systems February 3, 2025 20 Operating Systems Operating-System View There are several points to view Operating Systems: Functional view (what it does) Components view (Designers view) Services view (Users/Programmers view) Structure view (How it is implemented) February 3, 2025 Operating Systems 21  Functional view (What it does) Program execution and handling Starting programs, managing their execution and communicating their results. I/O operations Mechanisms for initiating and managing I/O File-system Management Creating, maintaining and manipulating files Communications Between processes of the same user Such as sending result of input request to a user program Between different users  Functional view (…) Exception detection and handling Protection related issues Safety in the case of power failures via backups. Detecting undesirable state such as printers out of paper. Resource allocation Includes processor and I/O scheduling, memory management Accounting To track users usage of resources for billing and statistical reasons Protection Maintaining integrity of user’s data Integrity checks to keep out unauthorized users Maintaining logs of incorrect attempts  Component view: Processes A process is A process is a program in execution. It is a unit of work within the system. Program is a passive entity, process is an active entity. Dynamic entity created by the execution of the program. Processes may play different roles User processes OS (system) processes A single process can swap other processes A computation requires typically many processes Shell, one or more user processes, one or more system processes February 3, 2025 24 Operating Systems  Component view: Process management Operations: Creation and termination Suspension and resumption Due to interrupts, context switches Synchronizing processes Making sure that a process that is waiting on an I/O waits till it is completed and does not wait forever, i.e., wakes-up soon after an I/O process terminates. Communication Between two processes enabling them to cooperate. February Deadlock 3, 2025 detection and avoidance. 25 Operating Systems  Component view: Storage management Managing main memory Allocating main memory to active processes Maintaining a map of allocated vs. free memory De-allocating currently used memory to make a room for other processes. Managing secondary storage Managing the free sectors/tracks on the disk Allocating this storage to programs Scheduling access requests to the disk February 3, 2025 26 Operating Systems  Component view: I/O Management Devices Device drivers Accepting an I/O request and invoking appropriate device driver Buffering, caching, spooling Files Non-volatile representation of users/system programs and data. File systems A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator. Support logical organization of data that the user might want to see Map data onto the physical storage devices and orchestrate their access and update. Operations Creation, manipulation and deletion of files and directories Moving files from primary to secondary storage while maintaining structure. Interaction with the memory manager Backup February 3, 2025 and protection 27 Operating Systems  Component view: Networking Support to communication in a distributed system FTP http Network file system Component view: Protection Controlling the access of programs, processes, or users to the resources defined by the computer system. February 3, 2025 28 Operating Systems  Services view 1. Command Interpreters User interface between users and the kernel 2. System calls Programming interface to the services provided by the OS Typically written in high level language like C or C++ Mostly accessed by programs via a high-level Application Program Interface (API) rather than direct system call use Three most common APIs are Win32 API for Windows, POSIX API for POSIX-based systems (including virtually all versions of UNIX, Linux, and Mac OS X), and Java API for the Java virtual machine (JVM) 3. System programs System programs provide convenient environment for program execution and development. February 3, 2025 29 Operating Systems  Services View (contd.) System programs ( contd.) Some are user interfaces to system calls; some are more complex. Each system call is usually supported by a system program. They can be divided into: File manipulation Status information File modification Programming language support Program loading and execution Communications Application programs February 3, 2025 30 Operating Systems  Shell: an OS interface Program that sits on the kernel as an interface between users and the kernel. It is a command interpretor and also has programming capability of its own Interactive access to the OS system calls copy from File to File Contains a simple programming language Popularized by UNIX Before UNIX: JCL, OS CLs (command languages) Bourne shell, C shell (csh), Korn shell (ksh), Bourne- again shell (bash), etc. February 3, 2025 31 Operating Systems  Structure View: Simple Structure MS-DOS – written to provide the most functionality in the least space Not divided into modules Although MS-DOS has some structure, its interfaces and levels of functionality are not well separated MSDOS is vulnerable to errant (or malicious) programs February 3, 2025 32 Operating Systems  Structure View: Layered Approach The operating system is divided into a number of layers (levels), each built on top of lower layers. The bottom layer (layer 0), is the hardware; the highest (layer N) is the user interface. With modularity, layers are selected such that each uses functions (operations) and services ofFebruary only lower-level layers 3, 2025 33 Operating Systems  Structure View: Layered Approach UNIX – limited by hardware functionality, the original UNIX operating system had limited structuring. The UNIX OS consists of two separable parts: Systems programs The kernel  Consists of everything below the system-call interface and above the physical hardware  Provides the file system, CPU scheduling, memory management, and other operating-system functions; a large number of functions for one level February 3, 2025 34 Operating Systems Structure View: Layered Approach UNIX System Structure February 3, 2025 35 Operating Systems  Structure View: Microkernel Moves as much from the kernel into “user” space Communication takes place between user modules using message passing Benefits: Easier to extend a microkernel Easier to port the operating system to new architectures More reliable (less code is running in kernel mode) More secure Detriments: Performance overhead of user space to kernel space communication February 3, 2025 36 Operating Systems  Structure View: Microkernel (contd.) Mac OS X Structure February 3, 2025 37 Operating Systems  Structure View: Modules Most modern operating systems implement kernel modules Uses object-oriented approach Each core component is separate Each talks to the others over known interfaces Each is loadable as needed within the kernel Solaris Modular Approach Overall, similar to layers but with more flexible nature February 3, 2025 38 Operating Systems  Structure View: Virtual Machines A virtual machine takes the layered approach to its logical conclusion. It treats hardware and the operating system kernel as though they were all hardware A virtual machine provides an interface identical to the underlying bare hardware The operating system creates the illusion of multiple processes, each executing on its own processor with its own (virtual) memory The resources of the physical computer are shared to create the virtual machines CPU scheduling can create the appearance that users have their own processor Spooling and a file system can provide virtual card readers and virtual line printers A normal user time-sharing terminal serves as the virtual machine operator’s console February 3, 2025 39 Operating Systems  Structure View: Virtual Machines (contd.) (a) Non virtual machine (b) virtual Februarymachine 3, 2025 40 Operating Systems  Structure View: Virtual Machines (contd.) The virtual-machine concept provides complete protection of system resources since each virtual machine is isolated from all other virtual machines. This isolation, however, permits no direct sharing of resources. A virtual-machine system is a perfect vehicle for operating-systems research and development. System development is done on the virtual machine, instead of on a physical machine and so does not disrupt normal system operation. The virtual machine concept is difficult to implement due to the effort required to provide an exact duplicate to the underlying machine February 3, 2025 41 Operating Systems  Structure View: Virtual Machines (contd.) VMware Architecture February 3, 2025 42 Operating Systems  The Java Virtual Machine February 3, 2025 43 Operating Systems  Reading Assignments 1. As discussed in today’s lecture, OS can be viewed from different perspectives. Read more about the functional and service views. 2. What are the uses of system calls and system programs. Identify their different types 3. What is cache memory? Discuss its advantages? 4. Operating system provides helpful services to users which are categorized in to two groups: User interface, program execution, I/O operation, File-system Manipulation, Communications, Error detection Resource Allocation, Accounting, Protection and Security Study the functions each of the services in the two categories 5. Read about the following operating systems and list out the major characteristics of each: Serial processing Simple batch systems Multiprogrammed batch systems Timesharing systems February 3, 2025 44 Operating Systems  Recommended Websites The Operating System Resource Center: A useful collection of documents and papers on a wide range of operating system topics. Review of Operating Systems: A comprehensive review of commercial, free, research and hobby operating systems. Operating System Technical Comparison: Includes a substantial amount of information on a variety of operating systems. ACM Special Interest Group on Operating Systems: Information on SIGOPS publications and conferences. IEEE Technical Committee on Operating Systems and Application Environments: Includes an online newsletter and links to other sites. The comp. os. research FAQ: Lengthy and worthwhile FAQ covering operating system design issues. February 3, 2025 45 Operating Systems  February 3, 2025 Operating Systems 46