Lecture 1 - Introduction to Head & Neck Anatomy PDF

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COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulation WARNING This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Sydney in accordance with section 113P of the Copyright Act 1968 (Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice The University of Sydney Page 1 Lecture 1 Introduction to Head & Neck Anatomy Presented by Dr Filip Vujovic DDS, PhD School of Medical Sciences Slides courtesy of Dr Jonathan D. Hakim The University of Sydney Lithograph from Joseph Maclise’s “The circulatory system” (1844) Page 2  Lecture Outline – Introduction to the anatomy course – Anatomical Terminology – Planes – Laterality – Movement The University of Sydney Page 3 Introduction to the Course The University of Sydney Page 5  Head & Neck Anatomy for Oral Health Therapists Aim of Course – To provide students with an understanding of the anatomy of the head and neck Why do OHTs need to know anatomy? – Perform extra- and intra-oral examinations – Understand and assess oral health condition, and diagnose oral health diseases – Give local anaesthesia – Extract teeth – Recognise variations of normal anatomy and pathology The University of Sydney Page 6  Learning outcomes Summary – Semester 1 & 2 – Identify the major landmarks of the orofacial region – Identify the bones of the skull – Identify the ‘muscles of facial expression’, muscles of the neck, ‘muscles of mastication’ and muscles of the tongue – Describe the blood circulation, lymph nodes and glands of the head and neck – Describe the basic nervous system biology – Describe the innervation of the face, head and neck, including the teeth – Identify the anatomical landmarks of the oral cavity relevant to local anaesthesia – Identify and describe the components of the temporomandibular joint (jaw joint), (TMJ) The University of Sydney Page 7  Course outline – Semester 1 – Introduction to course and anatomical terminology – Oral Cavity – Skull (osteology): cranial bones and vertebrae – Skull (osteology): facial bones – Muscles: facial expression – Muscles: mastication, tongue and neck Muscles of mastication The University of Sydney Page 8  Course outline – Semester 2 – Circulation – Nervous system and cranial nerves – Trigeminal nerve – Salivary glands – Lymph nodes – Temporomandibular joint The University of Sydney Page 9  Resources – Lectures – Tutorials – Online material Glossary Online Wilson Museum Acland anatomy videos Thieme Atlas Electronic textbooks The University of Sydney Page 10  Recommended Textbooks Introductory Textbooks – Fehrenbach and Herring, 2007, Illustrated anatomy of the head and neck – Phinney and Halstead, 2011, Dental assisting coloring book Advanced Textbooks – Anatomy: A Photographic Atlas (9th Edition). Rohen, Yokochi, Lutjen-Drecoll – Netter’s Head & Neck Anatomy for Dentistry, Neil S. Norton, Saunders-Elsevier, 2007 – Please note: There will be features labelled in some of the advanced textbooks that do not form part of this course. Only structures discussed in lectures and practical classes are examinable. The University of Sydney Page 11  Practical Classes – You must wear a lab coat, gloves on both hands, name tags and closed in shoes (that cover the entire dorsum of the foot). You will not be permitted into the rooms if you are not wearing the appropriate protective clothing. – Gloves will be provided to students. – No photography or mobile phones, computers, tablets or electronic devices are permitted in any of the anatomy rooms or museums. Mobile phones must be turned off and kept in your bag. – You must bring a printed copy of the practical class notes with you! The University of Sydney Page 12 Anatomical Terminology The University of Sydney Page 13  Approaches to studying anatomy – Anatomy is the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. – Enables function – Macroscopic/gross anatomy – Regions – Systems The University of Sydney Page 14  Systemic Anatomy – Integumentary system (body’s outer layer) – Skeletal/osteology – Articular – Muscular – Nervous – Circulatory (blood and lymphatics) – Digestive – Respiratory – Urinary – Reproductive The University of Sydney Page 15  Anatomical Terminology – International terminology – Enables exact communication among healthcare professionals and scientists worldwide – Latin or Greek derivatives – Names describe structure or location (e.g. Biceps = two heads) (e.g. Temporalis = over temporal bone) – Structures are usually described in the singular, even if they are paired. The University of Sydney Page 16  Anatomical Position – Body upright – Head/Gaze oriented forward (anteriorly) – Feet slightly apart, toes pointing forward (anteriorly) – Palms facing forward (anteriorly) The University of Sydney Page 17  Anatomical Planes Imaginary planes that serve as reference points. – Midsagittal / Median plane: vertical anterior-posterior plane. Divides the body into left and right halves. – Parasagittal plane: Vertical plane away from midline – Frontal/coronal plane: vertical plane perpendicular to the median plane – Transverse (Horizontal, axial) plane: Horizontal plane passing at right angles to the median and frontal planes. The University of Sydney Page 18  Anatomical Planes The University of Sydney Page 19  Anatomical Sections – Longitudinal, Transverse, Oblique Sections The University of Sydney Page 20  Terms of relationships and comparisons – Superior/Cranial/Rostral* – nearer head, top of body – Inferior/Caudal* – nearer tail, lower part of body or feet – Anterior/Ventral* – toward front – Posterior/Dorsal* – toward back – Medial – towards midline (median plane) – Lateral – away from midline – Superficial/intermediate/deep – External/internal – Proximal/distal (close to/further from) *Important for neuroanatomy The University of Sydney Page 21 The University of Sydney Page 22  Rostral vs Caudal The University of Sydney Page 23  Terms of Laterality – Unilateral – Bilateral – Ipsilateral – Contralateral The University of Sydney Page 24 Anatomical Terms (Movement) The University of Sydney Page 25  Terms of Movement: Flexion/Extension – Flexion: decrease angle between segments or movement anteriorly – Extension: increase in angle between segments or movement posteriorly. The University of Sydney Page 26  Terms of Movement: Lateral Flexion, Rotation – Lateral Flexion: movement of head towards shoulder (facilitated by muscles in the neck) – Rotation: turning the head around to a particular side away from midline (left or right) The University of Sydney Page 27  Terms of Movement: Elevation, Depression, Protraction, Retraction (Jaw Movements) – Protraction & Retraction: jutting jaw out and bringing it back, respectively – Elevation & Depression: moving a body part superiorly or inferiorly (e.g. mandible) The University of Sydney Page 28  Terms of Movement: Abduction/Adduction – Abduction: moving away from midline. – Adduction: moving towards midline – Circumduction: circular movements (combines abduction, adduction, flexion & extension) Latin name origins: Abduction: Ab = “away” Duco = “to lead” Adduction: Ad = “toward” Duco = “to lead” Circumduction: Circumduco = “to lead around” The University of Sydney Page 29  Terms of Movement: Rotation – Lateral rotation: moves anterior surface away from the median plane. – Medial rotation: moves anterior surface towards the median plane. The University of Sydney Page 30  Anatomical variation and surface anatomy Variation – Often no effect on function – Discovered by imaging or surgical procedures – Influence on physical examination, diagnosis and treatments Physical examination – the clinical application of surface anatomy – Assessed by: Imaging 2D/3D models Prosections Dissections The University of Sydney Page 31  Summary – Anatomy terminology is a language – Review planes, positions, terms of relationships, laterality and movement. – Recommended: 1. Labelling exercises and review questions relating to Chapter 1 (pages 7-10) in Fehrenbach & Herring (F&H) 2. ID exercises and review questions relating to Chapter 2 (pages 25-30) Fehrenbach & Herring. 3. Exercises on pages 4,5,6,7,46,47. from Phinney & Halstead (P&H) The University of Sydney Page 32