Lecture 1 - Introduction to Clinically Oriented Anatomy PDF

Introduction to Anatomy Overview and Basic Concepts  Learning Objectives Define anatomy and list the major branches of human anatomy as well as the approaches used to study human gross anatomy Describe the anatomical position. Describe and the anatomical planes and sections...

Introduction to Anatomy Overview and Basic Concepts  Learning Objectives Define anatomy and list the major branches of human anatomy as well as the approaches used to study human gross anatomy Describe the anatomical position. Describe and the anatomical planes and sections and directional terms List and explain terms of movement Name the regions of the body and the body cavities  STUDYING ANATOMY The study of the structure of living organisms derived from Greek word “anatemno” means “to cut open; to dissect” Terms and words are from Greek and Latin De humani corporis fabrica libre septum On the Structure of the Human Body in Seven Books by Andreas Vesalius Anatomist, Physician 1543 Branches and Different Approaches To Studying Anatomy Branches of human anatomy: Macroscopic or gross anatomy Approaches to human gross anatomy: – systemic – regional – clinical Microscopic anatomy or histology Developmental anatomy or embryology Comparative anatomy Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body Body Six distinct levels of increasing complexity, from the smallest building blocks to a whole living organism. 1. Chemicals (atoms and molecules) level 2. Cells 3. Tissues 4. Organs 5. Organ systems (body systems) 6. Whole organism (human body)  Regional anatomy (topographical anatomy) Considers the organization of the human body as major parts or segments a main body, consisting of the: – Head – Neck – Trunk, subdivided into: Thorax Abdomen Back Pelvis/perineum – paired upper limbs and lower limbs.  Systemic Anatomy is the study of the body’s organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions: 1. The integumentary system – The skin and its appendages 2. The skeletal system – consists of bones, cartilage, and joints 3. The muscular system – consists of skeletal muscles 4. The nervous system – consists brain, spinal cord, and nerves 5. The cardiovascular system – consists of the heart and blood vessels 6. The lymphatic system – a network of lymphatic vessels  Systemic Anatomy is the study of the body’s organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions: 7. The alimentary or digestive system – consists of the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus, with all its associated organs and glands 8. The respiratory system – consists of the air passages and lungs that supply oxygen to the blood 9. The urinary system – consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra 10. The endocrine system – consists of specialized structures that secrete hormones 11. The genital (reproductive) system – consists of the gonads (ovaries and testes), the ducts, and the genitalia  Anatomical Position The anatomical position refers to the body position as if the person were standing upright with the: Head and toes directed forward Arms on the sides with the palms facing forward Lower limbs close together with the feet parallel This position is adopted globally for anatomicomedical descriptions Supine/Prone  Planes and sections Sagittal plane: vertical plane that divides body into right and left parts. midsagittal plane: divides body into equal halves. parasagittal planes: sagittal planes that are not midsagittal Frontal (coronal) plane: vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse (horizontal) plane that divides body into superior and inferior parts  Directional Terms Directional terms are used to describe location and orientation of body structure in relation to each other. Terms are paired with opposite – Superior/inferior – Anterior (ventral)/posterior (dorsal) – Medial/lateral – Proximal/distal  Terms of Movement Flexion/extension Abduction/adduction Supination/pronation Rotation Circumduction Opposition  Terms of Movement Eversion/inversion Plantar flexion/dorsiflexion Elevation/depression Protraction/retraction Body Rigions– Anterior View abdominal carpal dorsum mammary orbit pes antebrachia cephalic facial manus otic pollex l antecubital cervical femoral mental palmar *sternal axillary cranial frontal nasal patellar tarsal brachial crural hallux ocular pelvic thoracic Manus buccal digit inguinal oral *perineum umbilical *not shown in diagram Dorsum or top of foot Pes Body Rigions – Posterior View Olecranon acromial carpal femoral olecranon tarsal antebrachial cephalic gluteal plantar vertebral axillary cervical lumbar popliteal brachial cranial manus sacral calcaneal digit occipital sural  Body Cavities and Their Subdivisions Dorsal body cavity – Cranial cavity – Vertebral cavity Ventral body cavity – Thoracic cavity—divided into three parts Two lateral pleural cavities, each containing a lung Mediastinum—contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial cavity – Abdominopelvic cavity—divided into two parts Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Dorsal and Ventral Body Cavities and Their Subdivisions  Body Cavities and Serous Membranes Serous membranes line body cavities and cover organs in those cavities so they can move easily against each other.. consist of: Parietal layer — lines cavity Visceral layer — covers organ Serous fluid — slippery fluid between two layers Pericardium contains heart, pleura contains lungs, and peritoneum in abdominal cavity.