Biomedical Engineering Lecture 1-Fall 2024 PDF

Introduction to Biomedical Engineering BIOE 200 Fall-2024 Dr. Firas Almasri Bioengineering is the Applies the fundamentals of application of engineering to meet the engineering principles to needs of the medical biological systems. community.  Biomedical Engineeri...

Introduction to Biomedical Engineering BIOE 200 Fall-2024 Dr. Firas Almasri Bioengineering is the Applies the fundamentals of application of engineering to meet the engineering principles to needs of the medical biological systems. community.  Biomedical Engineering *The biomedical engineering provides electrical , electronic , electro- optical, and computer engineering support to clinical and biomedical applications. *Biomedical Engineering improves the field of health care diagnosis, monitoring and therapy.3 Biomedical Engineering is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology. Willem Kolff : “The exciting thing is to see somebody who is doomed to die, live and be happy” Kolff first became interested in the possibility of artificially simulating the function of the kidney, to remove toxins from the blood of patients with uremia, or kidney failure. He found a sympathetic mentor in Professor Polak Daniels, chief of the medical department at Groningen.  The device can be implanted in the abdomen and will be powered by the heart, it is designed to filter the blood and perform other kidney functions Artificial kidney has a membrane that filters the blood and a bio-reactor comprising living kidney cells that are exposed to the blood during dialysis Where it can be seen Can be seen in the production of food or in the genetic manipulation to produce a disease-resistant plant or animal strain Using genetically altered bacteria produces human proteins needed to cure diseases Produce cures for cancer and other diseases Study how exposure to a chemical will effect the body Many medicines are found natural in nature Test and study many different products. In Class videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QlnZpv713V4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMtn1XXyDyA Biomedical: Areas of Study Main focus is to use prior knowledge obtained through research and study to solve health care problems physics Biomedical: Areas of Study mathematics chemistry Biology Biomedical Chemistry Engineering Engineering biology Physics Technology Science Computer sciences High technology applications Medicine Signal processing  Biomedical Engineering Newest field in engineering Fastest growing field In Class videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtBHVj3Tsn8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1PtxaxcPnGc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8VD9ErTPq4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=999RjaOKA94 History Artificial limbs made from wood. In Class Videos Discssion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NOncx2jU0Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-S3KB7gLeU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-rh1sByXjg  Resent Advancements Pacemakers: Pacemakers send electrical pulses to help your heart beat at a normal rate and rhythm. Artificial kidneys: In Class Videos Discussion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc5e5cYdshI Non invasive medical devices: Noninvasive procedures do not involve tools that break the skin or physically enter the body. Examples include x-rays, a standard eye exam, CT scan, MRI, ECG, and Holter monitoring. Prosthesis Incline Pumps  Resent Advancements Non-invasive medical devices: Noninvasive procedures do not involve tools that break the skin or physically enter the body. Examples include x-rays, a standard eye exam, CT scan, MRI, ECG, and Holter monitoring. Prosthesis: A prosthesis is a device designed to replace a missing part of the body or to make a part of the body work better. Diseased or missing eyes, arms, hands, legs, or joints are commonly replaced by prosthetic devices. False teeth are known as dental prostheses Incline Pumps Resent Advancements Smaller microchips. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-slagG1OKE longer lasting batteries. stronger materials, have allowed much smaller, longer lasting, and less cumbersome devices to be developed. Why the Need ? With people living longer and longer, there is an increased need for solutions for failing organs and body parts. I 2 5 6 I2 5  Example 1: Cardiovascular Mechanics https://www.yalescientific.org/2015/03/how-to-detect-a-troubled-heart/ https://seas.yale.edu/news-events/news/lab-grown-tissue-engineer-may-prevent-unexpected-heart- problems Image and content sources on slides at end of file. Example 2: Cellular Biomechanics Cell biomechanics: A branch of biomechanics that involves single molecules, molecular interactions, or cells as the system of interest. Cells generate and maintain mechanical forces within their environment as a part of their physiology. Image and content sources on slides at end of file.  CMU Connection: Natural Environment Biomechanics (Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Lab) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WDTMCDXUkH4 Image and content sources on slides at end of file. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBxIQulqadM 4 9 Example 1: Adipose Microenvironments Image and content sources on slides at end of file. Example 2: Wound-Healing Biomaterials Image and content sources on slides at end of file. CMU Connection: Regenerative Biomaterials and Therapeutics Group Adam Feinberg Demonstrates 3-D Bioprinting Process Adam Feinberg, associate professor of biomedical engineering and materials science and engineering, describes and demonstrates his work in 3-D printing soft materials. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zfl_tFdt2D4 Image and content sources on slides at end of file. Example 1: Simultaneous BOLD-fMRI and FDG-PET Image and content sources on slides at end of file. Example 2: ECG Signals Image and content sources on slides at end of file.  CMU Connection: Biomedical Optics Jana Kainerstorfer: Biomedical Optics for Monitoring Disease Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering Jana Kainerstorfer has developed a non-invasive, handheld device that uses near-infrared light to monitor breast cancer lesions. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Y7B3rNbGEY Image and content sources on slides at end of file. Example 1: Vaccine Development Image and content sources on slides at end of file. Example 2: CRISPR Gene Therapy Image and content sources on slides at end of file. CMU Connection: mRNA Drug Delivery Kathryn A. Whitehead: The tiny balls of fat that could revolutionize medicine | TED What if you were holding life-saving medicine... but had no way to administer it? Zoom down to the nano level with engineer Kathryn A. Whitehead as she gives a breakdown of the little fatty balls (called lipid nanoparticles) perfectly designed to ferry cutting-edge medicines into your body's cells. Learn how her work is already powering mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines and forging the path for future therapies that could treat Ebola, HIV and even cancer. Visit http://TED.com to get our entire library of TED Talks, transcripts, translations, personalized talk recommendations and more. The TED Talks channel features the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and more. You're welcome to link to or embed these videos, forward them to others and share these ideas with people you know. Become a TED Member: http://ted.com/membership Follow TED on Twitter: http://twitter.com/TEDTalks Like TED on Facebook: http://facebook.com/TED Subscribe to our channel: http://youtube.com/TED TED's videos may be used for non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons License, Attribution–Non Commercial–No Derivatives (or the CC BY – NC – ND 4.0 International) and in accordance with our TED Talks Usage Policy (https://www.ted.com/about/our-organization/our-policies-terms/ted-talks-usage-policy). For more information on using TED for commercial purposes (e.g. employee learning, in a film or online course), please submit a Media Request at https://media-requests.ted.com Image and content sources on slides at end of file. I 2 Example 1: Retinal Prostheses https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiyGOUHD2nI Image and content sources on slides at end of file.  Example 2: Cochlear Implant https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZURkvJOG4m4 Image and content sources on slides at end of file.  CMU Connection: Non-Invasive Mind-Control of Robotic Limbs Bin He: Breakthrough in Non-Invasive Mind-Control of Robotic Limbs Biomedical Engineering Department Head Bin He and his team have developed the first-ever successful non-invasive mind-controlled robotic arm to continuously track a computer cursor. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBdZEi2Tf0k Image and content sources on slides at end of file.  As we discussed Biomedical Engineering Apply different engineering principles electrical and electronics instrumentation, bioamplifiers mechanical, artificial limbs, prostheses physical diagnostic imaging and therapeutic devices chemical, biosensors, chemical analysers optical, fiber optics, optical measurements computer science computational medicine, signal and image analysis, information systems material science implanted devices, artificial tissues 45 45  apply different engineering principles electrical and electronics instrumentation, bioamplifiers mechanical, artificial limbs, prostheses physical diagnostic imaging and therapeutic devices chemical, biosensors, chemical analysers optical, fiber optics, optical measurements computer science computational medicine, signal and image analysis, information systems material science implanted devices, artificial tissues 46 46 Biomedical engineers to understand, modify, or control biologic systems Application of engineering system analysis physiologic modeling, simulation, and control 47 Biomedical engineers Design and manufacture products that can monitor physiologic functions or display anatomic detail Detection, measurement, and monitoring of physiologic signals biosensors biomedical instrumentation Medical imaging assist in the diagnosis and treatment of patients Computer analysis of patient-related data clinical decision making medical informatics artificial intelligence supervise biomedical equipment maintenance technicians, investigate medical equipment failure, advise hospitals about purchasing and installing new equipment 48 48  Thermometer Radioactivity 1603, Galileo – 1896, Curie 1625, body temperature measurement – 1903, in therapy Optical lens Electrocardiograph 1666, Newton 1850-, ophthalmoscope, Helmholtz – 1887, Waller, capillary meter Stethoscope – 1903, Einthoven, 1819, hollow tube – galvanometer 1928, vacuum 1851, binaural stethoscope tube Hypodermic syringe 1853, Wood Electroencephalograph X-ray – 1924, Berger 1895, Roentgen pH electrode 1896, in diagnosis and therapy – 1906, Cremer Electrical surgical unit, 1928 49  Cyclotron, artificial Computed tomography radionuclides – 1969, Cormack, Hounsfield 1936, Lawrence Assisting ventilator Electrical heart defibrillator 1928, "iron lung" – 1956, Zoll 1945, positive pressure – 1980, implanted Ultrasonic imaging Implanted electrical heart pulse-echo, 1947 pacemaker Doppler, 1950s – 1960, Greatbatch Magnetic Resonance Heart valves, 1975 Imaging (MRI) NRM, Bloch, Purcell, 1946 Cardiac catheter, 1975 MRI, 1982 Artificial kidney (dialysis), 1960 Artificial heart, 1984 50  Biomechanics Application of classical mechanics to biological or medical problems study of movement of biologic solids, fluids and viscoelastic materials, muscle forces design of artificial limbs. Biomaterials: Study of both living tissue and artificial synthetic biomaterials (polymers, metals, ceramics, composites) used to replace part of a living system or to function in intimate contact with living tissue (implants). Biomaterials: nontoxic, non-carcinogenic chemically inert stable mechanically strong 51 51  Biomedical sensors physical measurements, biopotential electrodes, electrochemical sensors, optical sensors, bioanalytic sensors Bioelectric phenomena: origin in nerve and muscle cells generation in nerves, brain, heart, skeletal muscles analysis, modelling, recording and diagnosis 52  Biomedical signal processing and analysis collection and analysis of data from patients bioelectric, physical, chemical signals online (embedded) and off-line processing and analysis Medical imaging and image processing: provision of graphic display of anatomic detail and physiological functions of the body medical imaging methods and devices physical phenomena + detectors + electronic data processing+ graphic display = image x-ray, gamma photons, MRI, Ultrasound 53  Medical instruments and devices: design of medical instruments and devices to monitor and measure biological functions application of electronics and measurement techniques to develop devices used in diagnosis and treatment of disease biopotential amplifiers patient monitors electrosurgical devices 54 54  Cell and tissue engineering: Utilization of anatomy, biochemistry and mechanics of cellular and subcellular structures to understand disease processes and to be able to intervene at very specific sites. design, construction, modification, growth and maintenance of living tissue (bioartificial tissue and alteration of cell growth and function) Rehabilitation engineering: Application of science and technology to improve the quality of life for individuals with physical and cognitive impairments (handicaps) 55 55  Prostheses and artificial organs design and development of devices for replacement of damaged body parts artificial heart, circulatory assist devices, cardiac valve prostheses, artificial lung and blood-gas exchange devices, artificial kidney, pancreas Clinical engineering: medical engineering in hospitals, management and assessment of medical technology, safety and management of medical equipment, product development 56 56  Physiologic modelling, simulation and control use of computer simulation to help understand physiological relationships and organ function, to predict the behavior of a system of interests (human body, particular organs or organ systems and medical devices) developing of theoretical (computational, analytical, conceptual etc) models Medical informatics: Hospital information systems, computer-based patient records, computer networks in hospitals, artificial knowledge-based medical decision making Bioinformatics The application of information technology to problem areas in healthcare systems, as well as genomics, proteomics, and mathematical modelling. 57 57 Medical devices Medical devices can be grouped according to the three areas of medicine: Diagnosis diagnostic devices Therapy therapeutic devices application of energy Rehabilitation Application of Assisting orthotic-prosthetic devices 58 58 Diagnostic devices Types of diagnostic devices recording and monitoring devices measurement and analysis devices imaging devices importance of diagnostic devices enhance and extend the five human senses to improve to collect data from the patient for diagnosis the perception of the physician can be improved by diagnostic instrumentation in many ways: amplify human senses place the observer's senses in inaccessible environments provide new senses 59 59 Therapeutic devices e Objective of therapeutic devices: deliver physical substances to the body to treat disease Physical substances: Voltage, current Pressure Flow Force Ultrasound Electromagnetic radiation Heat Therapeutic device categories: devices used to treat disorders devices to assist or control the physiological functions 60  basway Assistive or rehabilitative devices I Objective of rehabilitative devices to assist individuals with a disability The disability can be connected to the troubles to perform activities of daily living limitations in mobility communications disorders and sensory disabilities Types of rehabilitative devices Orthopedic devices An orthopedic device is an appliance that aids an existing function Prosthetic devices A prosthesis provides a substitute 61 61 Some characteristics of BME Methods and devices are used to solve medical problems problems are difficult, diverse, and complex solution alternatives are limited and specific to a certain problem Therefore we must know what we are measuring or studying what we are treating which methodologies are available and applicable 62 Some characteristics of BME Deals with biological tissues, organs and organ systems and their properties and functions Bio-phenomena: bioelectricity, biochemistry, biomechanics, biophysics Requires their deep understanding and analysis Accessibility of data is limited, Interface between tissue and instrumentation is needed Procedures: non-invasive minimally invasive invasive 63 Relationship of BME with other disciplines Relationship with Medicine Relationship with Physics Relationship with other fields of engineering 64 Relationship with Medicine Biomedical Engineering application of engineering science and technology to problems arising in medicine and biology. intersections between engineering disciplines electrical, mechanical, chemical,… with each discipline in medicine, such as cardiology, pathology, neurology, … biology biochemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology, cell biology, … 65 Physiological measurements Important application of medical devices physiological measurements and recordings Important for biomedical engineer to understand the technology used in these recordings but also the basic principles and methods of the physiological recordings Medical fields where physiological recordings play an important role clinical physiology clinical neurophysiology cardiology intensive care, surgery 66  Biomedical Engineering Important physiological parameters recorded parameters related to cardiovascular dynamics: blood pressure blood flow blood volumes, cardiac output biopotentials: electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG) respiratory parameters: lung volumes and capacities, air flow blood gases: pressures of blood gases oxygen saturation pH and other ions 67 Relationship with Physics BME is closely related to physical sciences Medical Physics applies physics in medicine physical background of medical imaging methods used in radiology and nuclear medicine: the production and safety issues of ionizing radiation, interaction of the radiation with matter, the physics of magnetic resonance phenomenon, ultrasonics, light etc. physical background of radiotherapy use of ionizing radiation to treat cancer 68  Relationship with Physics Biophysics more related to (cell) biology studies the processes in biology and medicine utilizing physics and engineering physical methods are applied for molecules, cells, tissues, organs, body to solve biologic problems, biologic events are described using the concept of physics and analogues, and the effects of physical factors on biologic processes is examined core concepts: changes in state of the systems (P,V,T) concentrations, osmolarities Activities internal energy, spontaneous processes (electro)chemical equilibrium enzyme reactions diffusion permeability viscosity 69 Relationship with other fields of engineering BME applies principles and methods from engineering, science and technology closely related to many fields of engineering, chemistry computer science electrical engineering electronics, electromagnetic fields, signal and systems analysis mathematics, statistics measurement and control engineering mechanical engineering material science physics etc. 70  Importance of common language essential for a meaningful communication, especially between people representing different disciplines, like medicine and engineering. Physicians language is often regarded as obscure Medical terms are international, derived from the Greek and Latin! construction of the medical terms: root (word base) prefixes suffixes linking or combining vowels 71  “Pericarditis“ prefix: peri- = “surrounding” root: cardi = “heart” suffix: -itis = “inflammation” = an inflammation of the area surrounding the heart, or an inflammation of the outer layer of the heart, anatomically known as the pericardium 72 72  “Phonocardiography“ phono = sound; cardi = heart; graph = write = graphic recording of heart sounds 73 73  a(n)- without, not anemia, anesthesia anti- against antibiotic bi-,di- double,two bipolar, dipolar dys- bad, faulty dysfunction endo- within, inward endoscope, endocardium epi- outside epicardium extra- outside extrasystole hemi- half hemisphere hyper- abnormally high hypertrophy, hypertension hypo- abnormally low hypothermia, hypoxia 74 about the project go no club Looking Forward: Unanswered Questions in BME Personalized medicine Artificial organs Human-Machine interfaces Artificial Intelligence Better understanding of medical conditions Ethical considerations Image and content sources on slides at end of file. You may like more than one of these focus areas… and that’s okay! Image and content sources on slides at end of file. Assignment # 1 1. Write a definition (1-2 sentences) of biomedical engineering in your own words (test yourself by not looking back at any of the definitions in the text when you write your own definition). 2. Make two lists (of at least 5 items each) in response to the following two questions: a. What products of biomedical engineering have you personally encountered? b. What products of biomedical engineering do you expect to encounter in the next fifty years? Image and content sources on slides at end of file. Assignment # 1 3. Choose any device/ design / biomedical concept that has been implemented on the human body and what your vision/ opinion is for improving it ? Image and content sources on slides at end of file.  a(n)- without, not anemia, anesthesia anti- against antibiotic bi-,di- double,two bipolar, dipolar dys- bad, faulty dysfunction endo- within, inward endoscope, endocardium epi- outside epicardium extra- outside extrasystole hemi- half hemisphere hyper- abnormally high hypertrophy, hypertension hypo- abnormally low hypothermia, hypoxia 88 88  inter- between intercellular, intercostal intra- within intracellular, intravascular para- beside, faulty paralysis patho- disease pathology per- through peroral, percutaneous peri- around pericardium, peritoneum poly- many polyarthritis retro- backward retrograde sub- under subcutaneous, subacute 89 89  -esthesia feeling anesthesia -genesis origination neurogenetic -ia abnormal state claustrophobia -pathy disease myopathy -plegia paralysis hemiplegia -scope viewing microscope, endoscope -trophy development hypertrophy 90 90 Terms for indicating location, direction Superior - inferior Distal - proximal medial - lateral anterior (ventral) - posterior (dorsal) superficial - deep afferent - efferent descending - ascending frontal - sagittal internal - external dexter - sinister 91 Examples of some medical and clinical abbreviations AP anteroposterior I.V. intravenous AV atrio-ventricular LAO left anterior oblique BP Blood pressure LV left ventricular CO Cardiac output MRI magnetic resonance CT computed tomography imaging ECG electrocardiogram NMR nuclear magnetic EMG electromyogram resonance PA posteroanterior ERG electroretinogram RAO right anterior oblique FVC forced vital capacity RR Riva-Rocci, blood pressure GI gastrointestinal SA Sinuatrial GSR galvanic skin resistance VF, VT ventricular fibrillation, HVL half value layer tachycardia ICU intensive care unit 92