Lecture 1 Intro Mat Sci n Eng PDF

Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Dr Abul K Azad Associate Professor University Brunei Darussalam Email: [email protected] Phone: +67...

Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Dr Abul K Azad Associate Professor University Brunei Darussalam Email: [email protected] Phone: +673 7219025 TG 2306 Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering – Dr Abul K Azad, [email protected] Short Bio Education/career: PhD from Gothenburg University, Sweden Senior Research Fellow, University of St Andrews, UK Associate Professor, Universiti Brunei Darussalam Field of Research: Energy materials, Solid oxide fuel cells, Biomass energy conversion, Photocatalysts, Rechargeable battery Teaching modules: TG-2306, Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering, TE-4307, Energy Systems and Sustainability, TC-4307, Renewable and Alternative Energies, TE-3302, Energy Generation and the Environment, TG-1301, Engineering Chemistry (Inorganic Chemistry) TG-3215, Engineering Design V (Experimental and simulation of materials), TG-3102, Engineering Design VI (Product design, concept development, prototyping) , TG-4101 & TG-4102, Engineering Design VII & VIII (Final year project) , TE-3301, Alternative Energy Systems and Applications Teaching Experience; Ten and half years – full time at Universiti Brunei Darussalam One and half years – full time at National University, Bangladesh Four years – part-time at Gothenburg University, Sweden Three years – par-time at University of St Andrews, UK Research supervision - MSc and PhD Publications/citation data Articles in SCOPUS indexed journals: 185 Patents: 2 Google scholar citations: 6685, h-index: 38 https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Q5NAHpoAAAAJ&hl=en SCOPUS citations: 5158, h-index: 36 https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56962736700 Top 2% researcher in the World (2019 – till now), specialization: Energy  Module Content Module Code : Module Title : Fundamentals of Materials Science & Engineering Type of Module : Major Modular Credits : 2 Student Workload : 8-10 hours/week Contact hours for timetabling : 3 hours/week Prerequisite : None Anti-requisite : None Aims: This module aims to provide students with working knowledge of basic information of materials science and engineering. Materials science and engineering will be taught to the students, allowing them a better understanding of the modern energy materials. These skills will be beneficial for their future studies and research in system and chemical engineering careers. Successful completion of this module, students should be able to: Structure of metals and ceramics Synthesis of target materials Imperfection in Solids Mechanical, Electrical, optical and magnetic properties Phase diagram and transformations Materials selection, design and applications Recommended books: 1. Fundamental of Materials Science and Engineering: An Integrated Approach by W.D. Callister and D.G. Reithwisch 2. Solid State Chemistry and Its Applications by Anthony R. West Contents: The course content includes: Atomic structure of materials; structure of metals and solids Imperfection in solids; Diffusion: Failure Mechanical properties; Phase transformations; Synthesis of materials; Electrical, optical and magnetic properties; Corrosion and degradation of Materials Materials selection and design Assessment: Examination: 60% 40% continuous assessment (class test, projects, etc) BOOKS AND WEB http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/materials-science-and- engineering/3-012-fundamentals-of-materials-science-fall- 2005/index.htm www.ias.ac.in/initiat/sci_ed/resources/chemistry/Inorgani c.html www.chemistry.ohio-state.edu/~woodward/ch754.. Materials Science & Engineering Introduction  What is Materials Science? The properties of a material depend upon its composition and microstructure The microstructure of a material depends upon its composition and the processing that it Different type of temperature, different type of pressure undergoes  Chapter 1 Materials are... engineered structures...not blackboxes! Structure...has many dimensions... Structural feature Dimension (m) atomic bonding < 10 -10 missing/extra atoms 10-10 crystals (ordered atoms) 10 -8 -10-1 second phase particles 10 -8 -10-4 crystal texturing > 10 -6 1 Structure, Processing, & Properties Properties depend on structure ex: hardness vs structure of steel (d) 600 Hardness (BHN) 30m 500 (c) 400 (b) (a) 4m 300 30m 200 30m 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Cooling Rate (C/s) Processing can change structure ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel 2 The Materials Selection Process 1. Application Determine required Properties Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, deteriorative. 2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s) Material: structure, composition. 3. Material Identify required Processing Processing: changes structure and overall shape ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping forming, joining, annealing. 3  Dirct relationship Structure-property relationship in materials  The discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials.  In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure– property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.  Structure-property relationship in materials  Structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another.  Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed motivation. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.  Why we study materials engineering? An applied scientist or engineer, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Depending on the material The more familiar with the various characteristics and structure–property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she willDifferent material has different distortion (like finger be to make judicious materials print) its show it has different choices based on these criteria. characteritic CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS Oxides of carbonates A mixture of 2-3 things  ADVANCED MATERIALS A lot of modification of the materials such as mobile phone Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are sometimes termed advanced materials. CATAGORIES Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into 6 different categories: 1. mechanical 2. electrical 3. thermal 4. magnetic 5. optical 6. deteriorative  Properties Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials. In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, viz. ‘‘processing’’ and ‘‘performance.’’  MECHANICAL The properties of materials when subjected to stresses and strains are called “mechanical properties”. Based on the abovementioned deformation characteristics, several material idealizations could be made. Such as: Elastic Materials Plastic Materials Elastoplastic Materials Viscoelastic Materials ELECTRICAL  ELECTRICAL Electrical Resistivity of Copper: Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity. Deforming Cu increases resistivity. 4 THERMAL Its expand due to the thermal vibration in the materials  THERMAL PROPERTIES Space Shuttle Tiles: Thermal Conductivity --Silica fiber insulation of Copper: offers low heat conduction. --It decreases when you add zinc! 5 MAGNETIC  strong weak Stong direction  MAGNETIC Magnetic Storage: Magnetic Permeability --Recording medium vs. Composition: is magnetized by --Adding 3 atomic % Si recording head. makes Fe a better recording medium! 6 OPTICAL  OPTICAL Transmittance: --Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or opaque depending on the material structure. transparent polycrystal: polycrystal: single crystal low porosity high porosity 7  DETERIORATIVE The action or process of becoming impaired or inferior in quality, functioning, or condition : the state of having deteriorated Heat treatment: slows crack speed in salt water! Stress & Saltwater... --causes cracks! 4m --material: 7150-T651 Al "alloy" (Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr) 8 Brief History of Materials Science  MODERN MATERIALS’ NEEDS The development of even more sophisticated and specialized materials, as well as consideration of the environmental impact of materials production. Reducing the weight of transportation vehicles (automobiles, aircraft, trains, etc.), as well as increasing engine operating temperatures, will enhance fuel efficiency.  Modern Materials Solar cells employ some rather complex and expensive materials. To ensure a viable technology, materials that are highly efficient in this conversion process yet less costly must be developed. Development of fuel cell materials to fulfill the future energy demand and reduce pollution. Electronics and wireless communications. Thank you for your attention! Possible questions: 1. What are the two factors on which the properties of a material depends on? 2. What are the two factors on which the microstructure of a material depends on? 3. What is “processing” of materials? 4. What are the 4 classifications of materials? 5. What is advanced materials? 6. What are the 6 important properties of solid materials? 7. What is the detereorative properties of materials? 8. What is mechanical properties of materials? What are the classifications? 9. What is the electrical properties of metals? What is the relationship between resistivity and temperature in metals? 10. What is the magnetic properties of solids? What are the classifications? 11. Describe different magnetic properties of metals. 12. What is the visible wavelength range of human? What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?