University Of Karachi Evening Program Lecture-1 PDF

UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI EVENING PROGRAM LECTURE-01 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENT. Environment means to encircle or surrounding it can be defined as, 1. The circumstances or conditions that are surround an organism or group of organisms. 2. The complex of social or cultural conditions...

UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI EVENING PROGRAM LECTURE-01 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENT. Environment means to encircle or surrounding it can be defined as, 1. The circumstances or conditions that are surround an organism or group of organisms. 2. The complex of social or cultural conditions that affect an individual or community. Since humans inhabit the natural world as well as to built or technological, social, and cultural world, that are all constitute important parts of our environment. 3. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) defines environment as “the whole outer physical and biological system in which man and other organisms live” (UNEP). 4. Environment is anything immediately surrounding an object and exerting a direct influence on it (Gisbert). 5. As per Environment (Protection) Act of 1986, environment refers to the, sum of air, water and land and the interrelationships among themselves and with the human beings, other living organisms or property. 6. The term environment is used to describe, in the aggregate, all the external forces, influences and conditions, which affect the life, nature, behavior and the growth, development and maturity of living organisms (Douglas and Holland). 7. Environment comprises various types of forces such as physical, intellectual, economic, political, cultural, social, moral and emotional forces or sum of all the external forces that influences on living organisms, which affect the life, nature, behavior and the growth, development and maturation of living organisms (Boring). EXTERNAL FACTORS 5. The word environment is derived from the French word “Environ” which means surrounding. Our surrounding possess living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors in the environment. BIOTIC OR BIOTIC FACTOR. Biotic factor are living or once living organisms in the ecosystem. These are obtained from biosphere and are capable of reproduction. Example of biotic factors are animals, birds, plant, fungi and similar organisms. ABIOTIC OR ABIOCIC FACTOR. Abiotic factors refer to non-living physical and chemical elements in the ecosystem and abiotic resources are usually obtained from the Lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. Example of abiotic factors are water, air, soil, sunlight and minerals. COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT. Environment consist of all living and non-living things which surround us. our environment has been divided into four major components, 1. Hydrosphere 2. Lithosphere 3. Atmosphere 4. Biosphere 1. HYDROSPHERE. Hydrosphere means water which is present on the earth surface into the three physical state that is, A. Solid Water (snow & Ice) is found in the poles, glaciers (a thick subsurface layer of soil that remain frozen throughout the year, occurring mainly in polar region or frigid zone). B. Liquid water is in the ocean, sea, river, lake and underground water. C. Gaseous water ( water vapor) is in the atmosphere. DISTRIBUTION OF WATER. Water Exist on Earth = 97% is in Ocean = 3% is Fresh water Fresh Water = 68.7% Glaciers & Ice Cap 30.1% is Ground Water 0.3% Surface Water 0.9% Out of Reach Water Surface water = 2% River = 11% Swamp = 87% Lake water we generally use in every day life is comes from river that total 2% fresh water. BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF THE HYDROSPHERE. The quality of natural water in the various reservoirs of the hydrosphere depends on a number of interrelated factors. The quality of natural water in the various reservoirs of the hydrosphere depends on a number of interrelated factors. These factors include geology, climate, topography, biological processes, land use and the time the water has been in residence. 1. GEOLOGY. The word geology means 'Study of the Earth'. Also known as geoscience or earth science, Geology is the primary Earth science and looks at how the earth formed, its structure and composition, and the types of processes acting on it. Geology is divided into three major disciplines: physical geology, historical geology, and environmental geology. Physical Geology is a course in which students will learn about earthquakes, volcanoes, Earth's history, the processes that shape Earth's surface, and about Earth's resources. Historical geology looks at preserved evidence of past geologic events. This includes explain fossil records and rock records to better understand events that took place in the past. Environmental geology is the study of the interactions between humans and their geologic environment: rocks, water, air, soil, life. Humans are impacted by Earth processes, and by their activities have an impact on Earth. 2. CLIMATE. Climate is the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area. Weather can change from hour-to-hour, day-to-day, month-to- month or even year-to-year. A region's weather patterns, usually tracked for at least 30 years, are considered its climate. Climate System. Different parts of the world have different climates. 3. TOPOGRAPHY. Topography is the study and description of the physical features of an area, for example, its hills, valleys, or rivers, or The study of the shape of the surface of the land, with all its ups and downs, is known as topography. The word topography derives from the Greek word “topo” that’s meaning place, and graphia, its meaning to write or to record. Maps that represent topography are known as topographic map. 4. BIOLOGICAL PROCESS. A process means any of the various biological activities occurring within an organism. These processes are essential for survival and the interactions between organisms and their environment Biological processes can be either aerobic or anaerobic, based upon the environmental requirements of the microbial consortia. The organic compounds in wastewater serve as source of food for the microbial cell synthesis (growth) and energy for cell maintenance. Some examples of biological processes are metabolism, digestion, cell growth, photosynthesis, and reproduction. In the case of aerobic systems, it require oxygen, while anaerobic systems do not required oxygen.. CHEMISTRY OF SOME HYDROSPHERE COMPONENTS. According to Zabed et al. (2014). LAKE. Lakes also have an intermediate concentration when compared to river and sea water. Lake waters constitute a reservoir of freshwater OR The water in lakes comes from rain, snow, melting ice, streams, and groundwater seepage. Most lakes contain freshwater. All lakes are either open or closed. If water leaves a lake by a river or other outlet, it is said to be open. or If water only leaves a lake by evaporation, the lake is closed. In some instances, evaporation of water from lakes formed in closed basins may result in high concentration of salts, as opposed to areas with high rainfall. SEA AND OCEAN WATERS. Seawater, or salt water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/L) This means that seawater has approximately 35 g/l of dissolved salt such as sodium, magnesium and chloride ions. Surface sea water is alkaline, with an average pH of about 8. Sea water tends to have a more or less uniform composition in the major elements. But concentrations of minor constituents, including trace and heavy meals and nutrients vary with depth and location, resulting in marked differences in biological productivity. Organisms living on the surface of the sea water are also involved in changes in the composition of sea water, via removal of nutrients and breakdown of organic matter at different depths. GROUNDWATER. Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. It is stored in and moves slowly through geologic formations of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. Groundwater can be found almost everywhere. The water table may be deep or shallow; and may rise or fall depending on many factors. Heavy rains or melting snow may cause the water table to rise, or heavy pumping of groundwater supplies may cause the water table to fall. AQUIFERS. Aquifers are typically made up of gravel, sand, sandstone, or fractured rock, like limestone. Water can move through these materials because they have large connected spaces that make them permeable. The speed at which groundwater flows depends on the size of the spaces in the soil or rock and how well the spaces are connected. The area where water fills the aquifer is called the saturated zone (or saturation zone). The top of this zone is called the water table. The water table may be located only a foot below the ground’s surface, or it can sit hundreds of feet down. Moreover, anthropogenic contaminants like excess fertilizers and heavy metals may also affect the composition of ground water. ICE:- Ice consists a pure solid and has thus only few impurities in its structure. But particulate matter and gases may be trapped within it. Analysis of successively trapped gases or other anthropogenic substances like carbon dioxide in polar ice caps, has been used to study consecutive changes in atmospheric composition of the past times. WETLAND. A wetland is an area where water covers the soil or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. Water largely determines how the soil develops and the types of plant and animal communities living in and on the soil. Wetlands may support both aquatic and land species. TYPE OF WET LAND. There are different type of wet land. Each wetland differs due to variations in soils, landscape, climate, water, vegetation, and human disturbance. 1. MARSHES. Marshes are wetlands dominated by soft-stemmed vegetation. They are sometimes saturated, flooded, or ponded with water and characterized by grasses adapted to wet soil conditions. Marshes are further characterized as tidal marshes and non-tidal marshes. TIDAL MARSHES OR COASTAL MARSHES. A tidal marsh also known as a type of tidal wetland or coastal marsh is a marsh found along rivers, coasts and estuaries which floods and drains by the tidal movement of the adjacent estuary, sea or ocean. Salt marshes are the most common types of tidal marshes and are characterized by salt tolerant plants. Salt marshes have one of the highest rates of productivity among wetland ecosystems because of the inflow of nutrients from surface water. Tidal freshwater marshes are located upstream of estuaries. Tides influence water levels, but the water is fresh. The lack of salt stress allows a greater diversity of plants to grow. NON-TIDAL (INLAND) MARSHES. They are mostly freshwater marshes, although some are alkaline. They frequently occur along streams in poorly drained depressions and in the shallow water along the boundaries of lakes, ponds and rivers. SWAMPS. Swamps are wetlands dominated by trees and other woody plants. Swamps occur in either freshwater or saltwater floodplains. They are characterized by very wet soils during the growing season and standing water during certain times of the year. Swamps are classified as forested, shrub, or mangrove. Forested swamps are found in broad floodplains of the northeast, southeast, and south-central United States and receive floodwater from nearby rivers and streams. Commonly deciduous trees (lose their leaves in autumn) are found in these areas. Shrub swamps are like forested swamps except that shrubby species like buttonbush and swamp rose dominate. Mangrove swamps are coastal wetlands characterized by salt-tolerant trees, shrubs, and other plants growing in brackish to saline tidal waters. BOGS. Bogs are freshwater wetlands characterized by spongy peat deposits, evergreen trees and shrubs, and a floor covered by a thick carpet of sphagnum moss (any moss of the genus Sphagnum, of temperate bogs, having leaves capable of holding much water). These systems, whose only water source is rainwater, are usually found in glaciated areas, often in old glacial lakes, commonly in the northern United States. Sphagnum is a genus of moss that is also commonly known as peat moss, sphagnum moss and bog moss. They are of ecological importance as they form peat that serve as carbon sinks in the ecosystem. FENS. Fens are freshwater peat-forming wetlands covered mostly by grasses and wildflowers. Like bogs, most fens formed when glaciers retreated. Unlike bogs, fens receive water from streams and groundwater in addition to precipitation. With an increased rate of water exchange, fens are less acidic than bogs and thus more nutrient-rich. Fens are often near bogs and over time will likely become bogs. Bogs Fens VERNAL POOL OR VERNAL PONDS. A vernal pool is a temporary body of water that is cut off from all flowing water sources such as streams and rivers. They are usually filled by snowmelt and spring rains toward the beginning of the growing season. Vernal pools have either bedrock or a hard clay layer in the soil that helps hold water in the depression. Generally drying up in late summer, these ponds are only temporary woodland reservoirs. PRAIRIE POTHOLES. Prairie potholes develop when snowmelt, rain and groundwater fill the pockmarks left on the landscape by glaciers. Some prairie pothole marshes are temporary, while others may be essentially permanent. VERNAL POOL PRAIRIE POTHOLES DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SWAMP & MARSH. 1. A swamp has a bigger area covered with water than a marsh. 2. Swamp is in general deeper than a marsh and makes. 3. Swamp form in forested areas and marshes form on open landscape. 3.The swamp is used for a wetland that has many more trees than a marsh that is characterized by the presence of grasses or low shrub. 4. The wetland covered with woody plants is called a swamps and the small trees or shrubs or soft wood tree like mangroves called marsh. 5. Mostly swamp have destroyed than marshes. WATER:- Water is a colorless, odorless and tasteless substance that is present in the nature in the three form of state like gaseous, liquid and solid. The water is a molecule that is composed by two atom of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen (H2O). Boiling Point of water = 100 0C Melting Point of water= 0 0C TYPE OF WATER:- There are two type of water such as, 1. Soft Water 2. Hard Water 1. SOFT WATER. Soft water is a water that contains low concentration of ions and in is low in ions of calcium and magnesium Na = 200 mg / l Ca= 75 mg / l Mg = 50 mg / l TDS= 500 mg / l 2. HARD WATER. Hard water is a water that has a high mineral contents, commonly calcium and magnesium The degree of hardness is measured in parts per million (ppm). HARDNESS OF WATER:- water hardness is a measure of the amount of calcium and magnesium salt in water. Generally, calcium and magnesium enter the water through the weathering of rock. WEATHERING:- weathering is a physical breakdown (disintegration) and chemical alteration (decomposition) of rock and mineral at or near the surface  Physical Weathering Chemical Weathering Hard water that does not produce lather (foam) with soap solution but produce white precipitation (scum). TYPE OF HARD WATER. There are two type of hardness such as, 1. Temporary Hardness 2. Permanent Hardness 1. TEMPORARY HARDNESS. Temporary hardness is the type of hardness due to the presence of calcium and magnesium carbonates and bicarbonates, which can be precipitated by the heating of water. Temporary hardness are also known as alkaline hardness. Temporary hardness can also be removed by Clark's methods in which hard water treat with slaked lime [ Ca (OH)2]. 2. PERMANENT HARDNESS. Permanent hardness refers to the mineral content in water that is not possible to remove through boiling. The hardness is typically caused by the presence in water of magnesium sulfate and calcium sulfate that do not undergo precipitation at increased temperature. Permanent hardness can be removed by using three type of method such as, 1. By using washing soda or caustic soda [ Na2CO3]. 2. By Using Calgon,s method in which treated with Sodium hexa meta phosphate [ Na6P6O18]. 3. Ion Exchange Method in which treated with Hydrate sod aluminum silicate. SALINITY. The concentration of salt (i.e., the mass of salt by unit of volume) in water. It's measured in grams per liter (g/l). OR The term salinity refers to the concentrations of salts in water or soils. Salinity can take three forms, classified by their causes: primary salinity (also called natural salinity); secondary salinity (also called dryland salinity), and tertiary salinity (also called irrigation salinity). Primary salinity occurs naturally in soils and waters. Examples of naturally occurring saline areas include salt lakes, salt pans, salt marshes and salt flats. Secondary salinity is caused where groundwater levels rise, bringing salt accumulated through primary salinity processes to the surface. Irrigation salinity therefore refers to an accumulation of salt in the plant root zone or on the soil surface, commonly as a result of saline groundwater rising within two meters of the ground surface.. WATER SALINITY. SALT WATER. water in sea and ocean has an average salinity of 35 g/l or more. This concentration of salt make it not drinking water (not suitable for consumption). FRESH WATER. Water in river, lake, and underground water is called fresh water. Its salinity is less than 5 g/l. drinking water should be less than 1 g/l.