Lecture 02_Evolution Of Computer II PDF

ITEC 1132 Computer Fundamentals L E C T U R E S BY: D I L A K S H I K A P U B U D U N E E Lecture 02: Evolution J U LY 2 0 2of 4 Computers II Lesson Content I. Generations II. Classification of computers 2 2. C...

ITEC 1132 Computer Fundamentals L E C T U R E S BY: D I L A K S H I K A P U B U D U N E E Lecture 02: Evolution J U LY 2 0 2of 4 Computers II Lesson Content I. Generations II. Classification of computers 2 2. Classification of Computers Computers are available in different shapes and weights, due to these different shapes and sizes they perform different sorts of jobs form one another. Computers can be divided in to different types on following basis;  Purpose  Data handling  Size & performance  User interface  Functionality  Generation 3  2. Classification of Computers Purpose General Purpose Computers Special Purpose Computers 4  2. Classification of Computers General Purpose Computers These are computing devices designed to perform a wide range of tasks and applications. General-purpose computers are versatile and can execute various types of software to handle diverse computational needs. These computers typically include personal computers (PCs), laptops, tablets, and smartphones. They are characterized by their ability to run different types of programs and software, making them suitable for activities such as word processing, browsing the internet, gaming, multimedia processing, and more 5  2. Classification of Computers Special Purpose Computers These are computing devices designed to perform specific, predefined tasks or functions. Unlike general-purpose computers, they are optimized for particular applications and cannot easily be reprogrammed to perform different tasks. These computers are often embedded in larger systems to control specific functions. Examples include:  Embedded Systems: Used in appliances like washing machines, microwaves, and televisions.  Automotive Computers: Control various functions in vehicles, such as engine management and navigation.  Medical Devices: Used in equipment like MRI machines and heart rate monitors.6  2. Classification of Computers Data Handling Analog Computers Digital Computers Hybrid Computers 7  2. Classification of Computers Analog Computers These are computing devices that process data represented by continuous physical quantities, such as electrical voltage, mechanical motion, or fluid pressure. Analog computers solve problems by simulating physical systems and utilizing continuous mathematical operations. Examples: Fuel pump station meters Car Speedometer Electric current meter 8  2. Classification of Computers Digital Computers These are computing devices that process data in binary form, using discrete values represented by 0s and 1s (bits). Unlike analog computers, which handle continuous data, digital computers perform calculations and operations based on binary arithmetic. These computers can run a wide variety of software applications, making them versatile and essential for modern computing tasks. Examples of digital computers include personal computers, laptops, smartphones, tablets, servers, and embedded systems in various electronic devices. Digital computers are used in numerous applications, from word processing and internet browsing to complex scientific simulations and industrial automation. 9  2. Classification of Computers Digital Computers Key characteristics of digital computers include: Binary Processing: Operations are performed using binary numbers. Programmability: Can be programmed to perform a wide range of tasks by executing different software. Storage: Utilize digital memory to store data and instructions. Accuracy: Provide precise and repeatable results. 10  2. Classification of Computers Hybrid Computers These are computing devices that combine the features of both analog and digital computers. They integrate the continuous data processing capabilities of analog computers with the precise and programmable functions of digital computers. This combination allows hybrid computers to handle complex computations efficiently and accurately. Examples: Space vehicle simulation and training of astronauts Passenger flight radar system Used to control robots ECG machine 11 CNG pump  2. Classification of Computers Size and Performance Supper Computers Mainframe Computers Mini Computers Micro Computers 12  2. Classification of Computers Supercomputers These are highly advanced computing systems designed to perform extremely complex and large-scale computations at incredibly high speeds. They are used for tasks that require immense processing power and can handle vast amounts of data. Supercomputers are typically utilized in specialized applications that involve scientific research, simulations, and complex data analysis. Examples: Climate and Weather Modeling: Simulating and predicting weather patterns and climate changes. Astronomy: Analyzing astronomical data and simulating cosmic events. Cryptography: Performing complex encryption and decryption tasks. 13  2. Classification of Computers Supper Computers Key characteristics of supercomputers include: High Performance: Capable of executing billions or trillions of calculations per second (measured in FLOPS – Floating Point Operations Per Second). Parallel Processing: Use multiple processors and cores to perform many calculations simultaneously. Large Memory: Equipped with significant amounts of RAM and storage to handle extensive datasets. Advanced Cooling Systems: Implement sophisticated cooling techniques to manage the heat generated by intense computational processes. 14  2. Classification of Computers Mainframe Computers These are large, powerful, and highly reliable computing systems designed to handle vast amounts of data and support numerous simultaneous users and applications. They are primarily used by large organizations for critical applications, such as bulk data processing, enterprise resource planning, and large-scale transaction processing. Applications of mainframe computers include: Banking and Finance: Managing transactions, account information, and financial data processing. Healthcare: Processing patient records, billing information, and administrative tasks. 15  2. Classification of Computers Mainframe Computers High Reliability: Designed to operate continuously with minimal downtime, providing robust fault tolerance and recovery capabilities. Large-Scale Processing: Capable of processing millions of transactions per second, making them suitable for high-volume data processing tasks. Extensive Storage: Equipped with large amounts of memory and storage to manage extensive datasets and support large databases. Support for Multiple Operating Systems: Able to run multiple operating systems simultaneously, allowing diverse applications to operate concurrently. 16  2. Classification of Computers Mini Computers Minicomputers, also known as midrange computers, are intermediate-sized computers that bridge the gap between mainframe computers and microcomputers (personal computers). They are designed to handle tasks that require more processing power than personal computers but less than what is required by mainframes. Minicomputers are typically used in environments that require moderate computing capabilities and support multiple users simultaneously. Applications of minicomputers include: Business Applications: Managing business operations such as accounting, inventory, and payroll. Manufacturing: Controlling industrial processes and managing production data. Educational Institutions: Supporting administrative tasks, research projects, and 17  2. Classification of Computers Micro Computers Microcomputers are small, relatively inexpensive computers with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). They are designed for individual use and typically include a microprocessor, memory, input/output (I/O) ports, and storage. Microcomputers are versatile and capable of performing a wide range of tasks, from basic word processing and internet browsing to more complex applications like gaming and software development. Example; Personal Computers (Desktop/laptops) Gaming Consoles Single Board Computers (Raspberry pi, Arduino, ) 18  2. Classification of Computers Functionality Servers Workstations Embedded Systems 19  2. Classification of Computers Servers Servers are powerful computing systems designed to provide services, manage network resources, and handle requests from client computers over a network. They are optimized for reliability, scalability, and continuous operation, and are capable of managing a wide range of tasks such as hosting websites, managing databases, running enterprise applications, and handling email services. Examples of Server Types: Web Servers: (Apache, Nginx, Microsoft IIS). Database Servers: (MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle Database). Mail Servers: (Microsoft Exchange, Postfix). 20  2. Classification of Computers Workstations Workstations, are high-performance computing systems designed for technical or scientific applications that require more power than typical personal computers. They are optimized for tasks such as computer-aided design (CAD), digital content creation, software development, and scientific simulations, providing enhanced processing power, memory, storage, and graphics capabilities. Examples: Computer-Aided Design (CAD): Used by engineers and architects to create precise drawings and models. Digital Content Creation: Ideal for video editing, 3D animation, and graphic design. Software Development: Provides the necessary power for compiling code, running virtual machines, and testing applications. 21  2. Classification of Computers Embedded Systems Embedded Systems are specialized computing systems designed to perform dedicated functions or tasks within a larger system. Unlike general-purpose computers, embedded systems are typically optimized for specific applications and are integrated into the hardware they control. They often operate in real-time, providing precise control over processes and tasks. Examples: Smartphones Digital cameras Microwave ovens 22  2. Classification of Computers User Interface Desktop Computers Laptop Computers Tablets & smartphones 23 Thank You… 24