Lect_1_CS002.pdf

Course GEN-C 002 Introduction for Computers By Prof. Dr. Saied M. Abd El-atty The Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Communications, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, 32952, Menouf, Egypt....

Course GEN-C 002 Introduction for Computers By Prof. Dr. Saied M. Abd El-atty The Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Communications, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, 32952, Menouf, Egypt. [email protected] [email protected] © Saied M. Abd EL-atty EARLY HISTORY (before 1800’s) SLIDE RULE 1600’s A brief History of development of ABACUS Computer System BLAISE PASCAL adding machine LEIBNITS adding machine 1642 early 1700’s  BABBAGE difference engine Jacquard loom  The first was developed by a French textile manufacturer called Joseph Jacquard. In the 1820’s Charles Babbage  He invented a punch card designed a mechanical machine system for programming the called the Difference engine. The purpose of this machine was to designs on a carpet making loom. calculate and print out tables for the Admiralty. (i.e., tides, tables and planetary positions for navigation). The machine consisted of cog wheels that could be set in keyed positions, these turned as the computations were performed.  Due to the limitations of mechanical engineering in this period, and lack of money, the machine was never completed. BABBAGE’S analytical engine A mechanical computer that can solve any BABBAGE’S analytical engine mathematical problem. Mechanical Computer It used punch-cards similar to those used by the Jacquard loom and can perform simple conditional operations. According to Babbage ,an automatic Computing machine must have:-  A store for the numbers. - Referred to as memory.  A device for performing arithmetic operations, he called this a mill. -Referred to as the arithmetic unit or central processor unit (CPU).  A device for causing the operations of the machine, for example transferring numbers from one place to another. -Referred to as the control unit.  An input and output device. Such as card reader or printer.  - Includes screen, mouse & Keyboard.  COMPUTER MATHEMATICS AND PHILOSOPHY HARVARD MARK I and II The modern computer era commenced with the first large-scale automatic digital computer, which was developed between 1939 and 1944. George Boole The Harvard Mark I and II was the invention of Howard Aiken. (1815 to 1864) The machines were constructed out of switches, relays and rotating shafts. Bertrand Russell (1872 to 1970) In 1945, LTJG Grace Murray was working on the Harvard University Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator. Kurt Godel While testing Mark II due to a malfunction, a moth was (1906 to 1978) found trapped between the points of a Relay. 1718 medallion The operators removed and affixed the moth to the computer log, with the entry: "First Showing binary actual case of bug being found." numbers They put out the word that they had "debugged" the machine, thus introducing the term "debugging a computer program." THE MANCHESTER COMPUTER DECODING MACHINES (first generation) COLOSSUS Bletchley park’s bombe The world's first stored-program electronic digital computer successfully executed its first program on 21st June 1948. It was designed and constructed at Manchester University. Later that year Ferranti Ltd. Was given the rights to manufacture and sell a commercial version of the machine (Manchester mark I) The worlds first electronic computer (ie, using valves) called Colossus was built in 1943. It became operational on February 1944 at Dollis Hill in North London and was designed help decode German messages during the war. It read data at 5000 characters per second, had a clock speed of 5KHz and used 4. Electronic 1946: Williams Tube 5 KWatts of power. valve The computers program had to be “patched” in (ie, hardware re-wired) every time CRT Memory a new program was needed, this could take many hours. Storage Unit  FERRITE CORE MEMORY THE TRANSISTOR Transistor Logic Gate Current passing through The core flips the magnetic field direction, this is detected by a “sense wire” Computing in the 1960’s First Transistor (second generation) Large main frame computers discrete transistor circuit boards Uses Silicon developed in 1948 Second Generation modem Computers used Transistors Teletype Computer room  INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (third generation) Integrated Circuits Digital Logic Families Mini computers made from logic gates on IC chips Digital Logic Families Small scale integrated circuits (RTL, DTL, TTL, CMOS) 1. Diode Logic (DL) · 2. Resistor Transistor Logic (RTL) · 3. Diode Transistor Logic (DTL) · 4. Transistor- Transistor Logic (TTL) · 5. Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL)... CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) MICROPROCESSOR (fourth generation) The First Microprocessor 1971 The 4004 had 2,250 transistors four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s) 108Khz,Called “Microchip” Name date Transistors Microns Clock speed Data bits MIPS 8080 1974 6000 6 2MHz 8 bit 0.64 (first home computers) 8088 1979 29000 3 5MHz 16 bit 0.33 (first IBM PC) 80286 1982 134000 1.5 6MHz 16 bit 1 (12 MHz AT version) 80386 1985 275000 1.5 16MHZ 32 bit 5 (eventually 33MHz) 80486 1989 1200000 1.0 25MHz 32 bit 20 (eventually 50MHz) Pentium 1993 3100000 0.8 60MHz 32 bit 100 (eventually 200MHz) Pentium II 1997 7500000 0.35 233MHz 32 bit 400 (eventually 450MHz) Pentium III 1999 9500000 0.25 450MHz 32 bit 1000 ?  Computer architectures Brief history of computers (fifth generation) Computer Architecture is the science and art of selecting and Year Invented by Name of the computer interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet 1791-1871 Charles Babbage Analytical Engine- Father of computers functional, performance and cost goals 1823 Lady Lovelace Punch cards – Mother of computers Augusta Ada King First computer programmer 1939 Konrad Zuse General Purpose digital computer 1939 John Atanasoff Atanasoff- Berry computer (ABC) 1943 Alan Turing and his team Colossus 1944 Aiken Mark I 1945 Von Neumann Stored Program concept 1946 Mauchly & Eckert ENIAC Harvard:- Separate data paths exist for the transfer of instructions and data Von Neumann:- Uses the same storage device for both instructions and data COMPUTER CONCEPTS  Block diagram of a digital computer Computer A device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. Central processing unit (CPU) Data The main processing unit in a computer, In the context of computing and data consisting of circuitry that executes management, data refers to the symbols instructions to process data. that a computer uses to represent facts and ideas.  Input Memory As a noun, "input" means the information The computer circuitry that holds (stores) data that is conveyed to a computer. waiting to be processed. As a verb, "input" means to enter data into a computer. Output Process The results produced by a computer A systematic series of actions that a (for example, reports, graphs, and music). computer performs to manipulate data; typically represented on a DFD(Data Flow diagram) by a rounded rectangle.  Storage Hardware The area in a computer where data is Electronic and mechanical devices used retained on a permanent basis. for input, output, processing, and storing data. Peripheral devices Software Components and equipment that expand The instructions that set up a computer a computer's input, output, and storage to do a task, indicate how to interact with Capabilities. a user, and specify how to process data. Examples: Printer or scanner.  Different types of computers. Types of Digital Computer computers Based on technology Analog Computer Hybrid computer Main frames Super Portable Servers Workstations PCs computers computers TYPES OF COMPUTERS Micro computer Handheld Notebooks computers Laptop PDAs Mini computer Computers for Main frame computer organization Super computer Desktop microcomputer Microcomputer A computer that is built around a single A category of computer that is built microprocessor chip and is small enough around a single microprocessor chip. The to fit on a desk. computers typically used in homes and small businesses (also called a personal computer).  Personal digital assistant Notebook computer (PDA) A small lightweight portable computer A computer that is smaller and more that usually runs on battery power. portable than a notebook computer Sometimes called a laptop. (also called a palm-top computer). Minicomputer Terminal A midrange computer, somewhat larger A device with a keyboard and a monitor, than a microcomputer, that can carry out used for input and output, but not for processing tasks for many simultaneous processing. users.  Mainframe Supercomputer A large, fast, and expensive computer The fastest and most expensive type of generally used by businesses or the computer, capable of processing more government to provide centralized than one trillion instructions per second. storage processing and management for large amounts of data. CD-ROM disk CD-ROM drive A high capacity read-only optical disk that A storage device that uses laser can store up to 700 MB of data. An technology to read data from a CD-ROM. acronym for compact disc read-only memory.  Disk drive DVD A computer storage device that records An optical storage medium similar in and retrieves data on disks. appearance and technology to a CD-ROM Drive types include floppy, Zip, hard disk drives. but with higher storage capacity. The acronym stands for "digital video disc" or "digital versatile disc." Floppy disk Mouse A removable magnetic storage medium, An input device that typically 3.5" in size with a capacity of allows the user to manipulate objects on 1.44 MB. the screen by moving the mouse on the surface of a desk.  Computer platform PC A hardware and software configuration A microcomputer that uses the Windows shared by a group of computers that use software and contains an Intel-compatible the same software and peripheral micro-processor. devices. A personal computer. Computer network A collection of computers and related devices, connected in a way that allows them to share data, hardware, and software.