Lecture 8: Skeletal System I Student Notes PDF

Lecture 8: Skeletal System I (A) General functions & Organization of the skeletal system LO1-2 (B) Axial skeleton LO3-6 (C) Appendicul...

Lecture 8: Skeletal System I (A) General functions & Organization of the skeletal system LO1-2 (B) Axial skeleton LO3-6 (C) Appendicular skeleton LO7-8 FPPT.com (D) Gross anatomy of bones LO9-12 (E) Microscopic anatomy of Osseus tissue LO13 Other references: https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anatomy_and_Physiology/Human_Anatomy_%28Lange_et_al.%29/06%3A_Axial_and_Appendicular_Skeleton/6.03%3A_The_Skull https://teachmeanatomy.info/the-basics/ultrastructure/bone/  LO1: State the major functions of the skeletal system. The human skeletal system e.g. the skull protects the brain, and the rib consists of bones, cartilage, cage protects the heart and lungs. ligaments and tendons and accounts for about 20% of the body weight. hematopoiesis (occurs in bone marrow) phosphorus The muscles attach to the bones at tendons, and when the muscles contract, they pull on the bones, causing movement. body --allowing us to stand upright. body organs https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/skeletal/ LO2: Indicate the two major divisions of the skeletal system (axial and appendicular) and list the general bone structures contained within each. About 206 bones (adult) 2 Main Divisions It forms the longitudinal axis of the body. It consists of the bones of the pectoral Its principal subdivisions and pelvic girdles and the limbs. are the skull, It allows mobility for manipulation and vertebral column, and locomotion. thoracic cage. These bones serve as the base for the It provides support and muscles to attach to create movement. protection (by enclosure). https://www.scientistcindy.com/the-appendicular-skeleton.html Axial Skeleton It is formed by 22 bones. Except for the temporomandibular joints, all bones of the adult skull are joined by sutures (immovable joint) (thoracic cage) 12 pairs of ribs protects the heart, lungs, and other vital 33 vertebrae organs in the chest cavity. provides structural support, houses the spinal cord LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz Villarreal  LO3: Identify the skull bones (22) protect the brain (8) Parietal (2) Temporal (2) frontal, occipital, (14) ethmoid, sphenoid provides openings for the respiratory and digestive passages and attachment points for facial muscles. (Image credit: "Lateral View of the Skull" by Mark Schaeffer is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, modification of images from Anatomy Standard under CC BY-NC 4.0.) (Image credit: "Bones of the Skull - Lateral View" by Jennifer Lange is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, modification of image from Anatomy Standard under CC BY-NC 4.0.) )  form the external superior surface of Palatine bones (2): These the nose contribute to the hard 2 palate Lacrimal bones (2) -- contribute to the formation of the tear duct. Vomer: flat, triangular cheekbones bone, forms the back of the nasal cavity and inferior portion of the nasal septum (the partition separating the Inferior nasal conchae (2) nostrils). (turbinates): located within the nasal cavity; help warm, (2) humidify, and filter inhaled air. These bones form the upper jaw and house the upper teeth The lower jawbone the only movable bone in the facial skeleton--responsible for chewing and speaking. (Image credits: "Cranial Bones" and "Facial Bones" by Mark Schaeffer are licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, modification of images from Anatomy Standard under CC BY-NC 4.0.)  LO4: Identify bone markings (anatomical landmarks) in the skull They reveal sites of muscle attachment, points of articulation, and sites of blood vessel and nerve passage. supraorbital foramen infraorbital foramen Air-filled space in bone Sinus (pl. foramina) International Journal of Morphology. 40. 181-187. 10.4067/S0717-95022022000100181. mental foramen Foramen Hole through bone through which nerves and blood vessels pass. Canal Fissure Slit through bone Passage in bone usually houses nerves and blood vessels. e.g. e.g. superior and inferior orbital fissure. optic canal OC optic canal, SOF superior orbital fissure, IOF inferior orbital fissure https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/7-2-bone-markings/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00276-020-02573-w  Process A bulging bony outgrowth of a larger bone Mastoid process --it's a bony projection that arises from the temporal bone many head muscles are attached to it Fossa A shallow depression in the bone surface. Here it may receive another articulating bone or act to support brain structures. Bandovic, I., Holme, M. R., Black, A. C., & Futterman, B. (2023). Anatomy, Bone Markings. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.  Curvatures 7 LO5: Discuss the anatomy of the vertebral column and ↑ spine vertebrae. Identify bone markings in the vertebrae flexibility includes 24 12 movable vertebrae fibrocartilage intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers and provide flexibility https://www.sci-info-pages.com/anatomy-of-the-spine/ LO6: Discuss the anatomy of the thoracic cage It is the bony structure of the chest-- manubrium protects the organs of the thoracic cavity. The bones of the thoracic cage include: 12 rib pairs, body the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae. Xiphoid process The first seven rib pairs are called true ribs false ribs floating ribs https://humanbodylearning.com/rib-cage-anatomy-function/  LO7: Name the bones that form each Pectoral component of the appendicular skeleton clavicle scapula Humerus- articulate with clavicle and humerus Radius & -forearm ulna attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton Hip bone: Thigh--femur. Leg- tibia & fibula A heavy structure specialized for weight bearing, It secures the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. https://www.albert.io/blog/an-overview-of-the-appendicular-skeleton/ https://www.sawanonlinebookstore.com/pelvic-girdle-bony-pelvis/  LO8: Compare and contrast the adult male and female skeletons. The pelvis is the deep, basin-like structure formed by the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. larger, heavier bones forms the birth canal Quadriceps angle the angle formed between the quadriceps muscles and the patella tendon. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218387  LO9: Relate the shapes of bones to their functions. Protection sternum ribs skulls Support weight; movement Protect organs Reinforce tendons Stability, movement (kneecap) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. tarsals  LO10: State the components of a flat bone Flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone. dense connective tissue membrane Compact bone enveloping most bones Outer table diploë Inner table Compact bone Trabeculae thin plates or rods of bone that form a honeycomb-like network compact bone Spongy bone Short and irregular bones resemble flat bones structurally.  LO11: Identify the structural components of a long bone makes up the outer layer of the bone =shaft The bone's articulating segment, usually at the Spongy bone bone's proximal and distal poles. =Cancellous tissue =trabecular bone the remnant of a growth plate (physis) in a mature bone BONE Soft, gelatinous tissue. Fills the cavities of long bones and occupies the spaces of spongy bone. 2 Types: red and yellow. https://www.visiblebody.com/blog/3d-skeletal-system-compact-bone-spongy-bone-and-osteons https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/bone-marrow  Made mostly of fat. Contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells. Found in the central cavities of long bones. (membrane that covers entire bone) thin vascular membrane that lines the inner surfaces of bones Contains blood stem cells. Found in articular ends of long bones (also in medullary cavities of flat and short bones, vertebral bodies, spongy bone of the cranium, sternum, ribs, and scapulae). https://www.visiblebody.com/ https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/bone-marrow  LO12: Identify bone Fovea capitis markings in long bones Small pit head * Tubercle =Small, rounded process Examples of processes formed where tendons or ligaments attach: sulcus (Groove) Head= rounded, prominent, bony extension that forms part of a joint. It is usually covered in hyaline cartilage and a synovial capsule. Rough surface * Examples of processes formed to Fossa A shallow depression on the bone surface articulate with adjacent bones: Condyle = large rounded prominence that articulates with a complementary Facet condyle on another bone. Flat surface It provides structural support to the overlying hyaline cartilage. https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/7-2-bone-markings/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513259/  LO13: Identify the internal structural components of compact and spongy bones. 2 Types of bone tissue: compact (dense or cortical) and spongy (cancellous)-names imply that the two types differ in density Compact bone consists of closely packed osteons or haversian systems. mature bone cells Extracellular Matrix Calcium & phosphate These crystals associate with the collagen fibers, making bone hard and strong. The osteon consists of a central canal called the osteonic The structural unit houses blood vessels (haversian) canal, which is surrounded by concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix. Fan, Jingzhi & Abedi Dorcheh, Keyvan & Vaziri, Asma & Kazemi-Aghdam, Fereshteh & Rafieyan, Saeed & Sohrabinejad, Masoume & Ghorbani, Mina & Rastegar Adib, Fatemeh & Ghasemi, Zahra & Klavins, Kristaps & Jahed, Vahid. (2022). A Review of Recent Advances in Natural Polymer-Based Scaffolds for Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering. Polymers. 14. 10.3390/polym14102097. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/skeletal/tissue.html  Between the rings of matrix (lamellae), the bone cells (osteocytes) are located in spaces called lacunae (singular: lacuna) Small channels (canaliculi) radiate from the lacunae to the haversian canal to provide passageways through the hard matrix. Sketchfab https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/skeletal/tissue.html  Spongy (cancellous) bone Spongy bone doesn't have osteons or Haversian canals. Instead, the lamellae are organized into thin plates or rods called trabeculae. These trabeculae form a branching network throughout the spongy bone. ↓weight of skeleton housed in lacunae--not arranged in a specific pattern STEVE GSCHMEISSNER / Science Photo Library / Getty Images connect to the adjacent cavities filled with red bone marrow instead of a central canal.