Lec 8, 9p1 & 10 Phytotherapy & Aromatherapy PDF

DR. ESRAA Phytotherapy & Aromatherapy DR. ABDULLAH AL-ANSARY LEVEL 5  Cardiovascular System CV drug Use Source Aspirin...

DR. ESRAA Phytotherapy & Aromatherapy DR. ABDULLAH AL-ANSARY LEVEL 5  Cardiovascular System CV drug Use Source Aspirin Antiplatelet salicin ❖ Common CV Drugs from Warfarin Anticoagulant dicoumarol Natural Sources: Verapamil CCB "HTN & Angina" opium alkaloid papaverine Nifedipine CCB Khellin "Ammi visnaga." Amiodarone Anti-arrhythmic khellin Procaine & lignocaine Anti-arrhythmics Cocaine Heart failure & arrhythmias ❖ These conditions can be treated with cardiac glycosides (cardenolides and bufadienolides) such as: Digoxin from the foxglove. Lily of the valley from Convallaria majalis: contains convallotoxin (mix. of cardenolides). Squill from Drimys maritima: contains the bufadienolides scillaren A and proscillaridin. ❖ Ouabain from Strophanthus spp. Ajmaline from Rauvolfia spp. ❖ Part used: Leaves ❖ A.Cs: cardenolides cardiac glycosides (digoxin & digitoxin) ❖ digoxin & digitoxin affect CHF through +ve inotropic effect but both have narrow TI. ❖ Part used: Flowers - Leaves – Berries ❖ A.Cs: Leaves: Flavonoids (hyperoside) Fruits: Flavonoids - Procyanidins (catechins & epicatechin dimers) ❖ The drug prepared from hawthorn standardized acc. to flavonoids (hyperoside) or procyanidins (epicatechin) Angina = Red Sage = Salvia ❖ Part used: Roots ❖ Its roots are highly valued as a super grade herb (herbs lacking observable toxicity) ❖ S. miltiorrhiza matches the heart called Chi (Red) Shen. It derives its name from its original color of the root. ❖ A.Cs: Lipophilic diterpenoids Hydrophilic phenolic compounds (such as salvianolic acids), ❖ Exerts a beneficial action by: Promoting blood circulation → remove blood stasis & relief pain Clearing heart heat → relieve restlessness Cooling blood → remove carbuncle ❖ Top-ranked in Beijing, Tianjin & Taiwan. Hypertension ❖ Part used: bulb – root ❖ All parts of the plant are poisonous and contain several toxic chemicals that can cause slow H.R, low B.P, paralysis, and seizures. Despite serious safety concerns, people use it in homeopathic products, but there is no good scientific evidence to support any use. ❖ Herb was used historically in Rome as a poison. Later, an extract was used as an arrow-tip poison. ❖ In manufacturing, it is used as an insecticide against flies & mosquitoes.  Stephania abyssinica Stephania tetrandra ❖ Part used: Leaves ❖ Part used: Roots ❖ exert effective vasorelaxant effect (↓ B.P) through: ❖ A.Cs: tetrandrine Endothelium-dependent mech.: prostacyclin pathway. ❖ ↓ H.R, Hypertrophy & Ca2+ Endothelium-independent mech.: induced muscle contraction direct activation of sGC/cGMP & K+ channels in vascular smooth muscle. Inhibition of Ca2+ influx ❖ should be taken with higher doses as they may induce kidney damage. III. = Lovage ❖ Part used: Root – seeds - leaves "Herb" ❖ A.Cs: Volatile oil (phthalides). Coumarins* ❖ Medicinal Actions & Uses: Lovage is a tonic & warming herb, its warming nature improves poor circulation. ❖ Cautions: Pregnancy, kidney disease. It increases the sensitivity to sunlight. ❖ Part used: Fruit ❖ A.Cs: Alkaloids ❖ Medicinal Actions & Uses: as lovage, Evodia has a marked warming effect on the body. In Chinese herbal medicine, Evodia is used mainly for weak pulse. Circulatory stimulants & tonics ❖ Native to India, coleus is used in Indian folk medicine. ❖ A.Cs: Forskolin ❖ Research by an Indian/German company showed that forskolin was a powerful medicine for heart failure. ❖ Medicinal Actions & Uses: Smooth muscle relaxation: ↓ B.P, Antispasmodic - Dilates the bronchioles & B.Vs ↑ release of hormones from the thyroid gland - stimulating digestive secretions - ↓ pressure within the eye. coleus is used to ttt CHF & poor coronary blood flow. It also improves the circulation of blood to the brain = Toothache Tree ❖ Traditional & Current Uses: It was used by Native North Americans for its medicinal properties, and both the bark and berries were chewed to alleviate rheumatism and toothache. Today, it is mainly given for arthritic & rheumatic conditions, but it is also helpful for certain digestive problems and for leg ulcers stimulates blood flow to painful and stiff joints improves circulation in intermittent claudication and Raynaud’s disease  Anti-Obesity Plant 2ry metabolites ❖ A.Cs: Alcoholic extract of Curcuma roots results in three types of curcumin (curcumin I, II & III). ❖ ↓obesity-induced inflammation by modulating release/migration of MCP-1 & TNF-α in adipocytes, to improve metabolic disorders like IR, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypercholesterolemia. interact with adipocytes, immune system macrophages, pancreatic cells, hepatic cells, & muscles, to reduce obesity-induced inflammatory markers. Anti-inflammatory & antioxidant Commercially, it’s being used by food industries as an additive, flavoring, and coloring agent ❖ non-flavonoid polyphenol occurring naturally in fresh grapes. ❖ Its anti-inflammatory activity is mediated by attenuating mRNA expression & secretion of adipokines (MCP-1) regulation of PPARγ thereby minimizing the activity of GLUT4 Counteract dilapidation Promotes secretion of adipokines to improve insulin sensitivity mediated by the modification in Ser/Thr Phosphorylation Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant & anticancer inhibits adipogenic differentiation in SIRT1 that promotes fat metabolism by repressing PPARγ. ❖ It is a flavonoid obtained from cocoa, green tea, grapes & red wines. ❖ limits differentiation & proliferation of adipocyte promotes expression of thermogenic genes regulating energy expenditure. Herbal Drugs ❖ A.Cs: Flavonoids (genkwanin and jaceosidin) Coumarins* (scopoletin & scopoline) ❖ Anti-allergic, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory & antioxidant activities. ↓ weight gain, visceral and hypertrophy adiposity. (Reduced visceral adiposity is directly correlated with leptin level) inhibiting adipogenesis. Suppression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, MCP I) anti-obesity activity of AI may be attributed to the presence of higher level of coumarin compounds ❖ S. miltiorrhiza → 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl lactic acid & diterpenoid quinines. improve lipid profile, reduce oxidant stress, inhibit inflammatory cytokine. G. jasminoidesis → iridoid glucosides (Geniposide & Genipin) anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity activity, enhance expression of gene related to lipid metabolism. ❖ Belongs to nettle family ❖ stimulates expression of PPARγ ❖ The 9-week-old mice feed with HFD + 0.5% EBN showed reduced body weight, decreased fat mass, total serum cholesterol ❖ A.Cs: Polysaccharides iodine ❖ Medicinal Actions & Uses: d.t. its iodine content, it is taken as an antigoiter remedy, raise the metabolic rate by increasing hormone production by the thyroid gland. ❖ Cautions: Do not take if pregnant or breastfeeding. If suffering from a thyroid illness or taking insulin. ❖ Edible varieties of rhubarb are considered a rich source of various types of dietary fiber (Its fiber content is higher than that of apple & carrot.) ❖ it has a hypolipidemic action ❖ A.Cs: Hydroxyanthraquinones (Rhein & emodin) " Rhein showed greater amelioration of obesity than emodin" ❖ Hydroxyanthraquinones suppressed cytokine upregulation in the liver and adipose tissues of obese rats. Rhein is a potential anti-obesity agent through its ability to regulate obesity-associated adipogenesis, lipolysis & inflammation = Malabar tamarind ❖ Part used: fruit's rind ❖ A.Cs: hydroxycitric acid block an enzyme called citrate lyase, which your body uses to make fat raises levels of the brain chemical serotonin, which may make you feel less hungry ❖ actual weight loss results aren't impressive. people who took Garcinia in studies lost about 2 Ib more than people who didn't take it. This wt. loss could have been from the lower-calorie diet and exercise programs the people in the studies typically followed. ❖ Safety concerns: Some people taking it got serious liver problems. may interact badly with: Diabetes medicines (pills and insulin) - Pain medicines – Prescriptions for psychiatric conditions " may cause manic symptoms" ❖ Cautions: don't use it when you're pregnant or nursing, or if you have liver problems. Insulin resistance ❖ Part used: Leaves ❖ ↓ Blood sugar & help the body use insulin more efficiently. has Glucose uptake stimulatory activity. Effective inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. prevention & ttt of hyperglycemia and obesity in T2DM. ❖ natural compound with antioxidant properties which has effects on the regulation of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. widely prescribed in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy prescribed in other insulin resistance conditions such as metabolic syndrome, PCOS & obesity. ❖ Found in high conc. in both animal & plant sources: Good animal sources: calf meat, with the highest amounts found in heart, liver & kidneys. Good plant sources: spinach, broccoli, tomatoes, peas, brussels sprouts & rice bran. The highest content is found in animal tissues with a high metabolic activity, such as the heart. Diuretics ❖ increase the volume of urine without retarding the resorption of Na+ and Cl-, Consequently these electrolytes are not excreted with the water and therefore such diuretics are not useful for the treatment of edema or HTN. contraindicated in the case of renal failure or diabetes. ❖ contains flavonoids, minerals, alkaloids & saponins ❖ contraindicated in edema due to impaired cardiac or renal function. ❖ contain high % of carbohydrates, facilitate the renal elimination of water and as an adjunct in weight loss diets. ❖ No specific side-effects have been reported. ❖ contains fixed oils, tannins, saponins and sterols. ❖ enhance the renal functions, to facilitate the renal elimination of water, and as an adjunct in weight loss diets. ❖ may cause allergic reactions, including contact dermatitis and urticaria Asthma Anti-inflammatory – Mucolytic - antispasmodic ❖ Wormwood’s name stems from its traditional use in treating parasites (pinworms, roundworms & tapeworms) ❖ A.Cs: Artemisinin: have potent anti-inflammatory effects. ❖ safe for short-term use. Toxic in long-term as it contains significant amounts of thujone, a psychoactive chemical that can be toxic even in small amounts. ❖ The hinged, spoon-shaped leaves edged with spines secrete a sticky fluid (“sundew”), which traps insects. They are digested when the leaf closes. ❖ Part used: Aerial parts. ❖ Medicinal Actions & Uses: ttt of spasmodic chest conditions such as whooping cough, bronchial asthma & asthma. Commonly mixed with thyme in a syrup, sundew is a helpful remedy for coughs in children. The herb is also prescribed for gastric problems = Asthma plant ❖ Part used: Aerial parts. ❖ traditionally used in Asia to treat asthma. ❖ A.Cs: shikimic acid & choline. Both are responsible for the antispasmodic action ❖ Medicinal Actions & Uses: ttt of bronchial asthma. Mildly sedative and expectorant. It relaxes the bronchial tubes and eases breathing. ❖ most often used along with other anti-asthmatic herbs, gumplant & lobelia = Indian Tobacco = puke weed ❖ A.Cs: Piperidine alkaloids (lobeline) ❖ Powerful antispasmodic ❖ was smoked as a substitute for tobacco used as a “puke weed” to induce vomiting, as a remedy for worms & venereal disease, and as an expectorant. ❖ (+ Capsicum); the heating, stimulant action helps to push blood into areas that lobelia has relaxed. ❖ Native to North America ❖ Part used: Inner bark. ❖ A.Cs: Prunasin → ↓ the cough reflex  Infectious diseases Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Umckaloabo = Pelargonium ❖ Umckaloabo means ‘useful for deep cough’ in Zulu ❖ Part used: Roots → decoction of the roots is used to treat chest infections (RTIs) ❖ A.Cs: Flavonoids Coumarins: scopoletin - umckalin Antiprotozoal ❖ Part used: bark ❖ A.Cs: Quinine: - the classical antiprotozoal drug, used to treat malaria. - the template for production of newer semi-synthetics such as chloroquine and mefloquine ❖ Both quinine & quinidine have antimalarial activity, although quinine is more widely used. Both are cardiac anti-arrhythmic agents, which limits their usefulness as antimalarials ❖ used traditionally: - for infectious diseases, including protozoal, bacterial, fungal and viral infections - to enhance immune function - for treating various cancers antiprotozoal against Leishmania, Trypanosoma and Schistosoma spp., as well as being anti-inflammatory. ❖ A.Cs: artemisinin ❖ highly effective for the ttt of malaria ❖ Nobel prize in medicine 2015 was given to the scientists who extract artemisinin Insecticides ❖ Part used: Flowers ❖ A.Cs: pyrethrins: pyrethrins I, II and cinerins I, II ❖ have a knock down effect on insects. ❖ non-toxic when applied externally ❖ A.Cs: quassinoids ❖ non-toxic when applied externally Convulsions Convulsion = seizure = fit ❖ A seizure is the physical changes in behavior that occurs during an episode of specific types of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. ❖ Febrile seizure: a convulsion in a child that's caused by a fever. ❖ Petit mal (Absence Seizures): a form of epilepsy with very brief, unannounced lapses in consciousness. take the form of a staring spell: the person suddenly seems to be "absent" happen suddenly without any warning signs and lasts > 15 sec. ❖ Part used: Stems, thorns. ❖ A.Cs: indole alkaloids ❖ Medicinal Actions & Uses: Sedative and antispasmodic, and is mainly used to ease symptoms such as tremors, seizure, spasms, headache, and dizziness. ❖ Its name comes from its beautiful flowers. ❖ The herb has valuable sedative & tranquilizing properties. ❖ Cautions: cause drowsiness. ❖ excellent food for convalescence in the form of porridge or barley water. ❖ Dioscorides in the 1st century called vervain the “sacred herb,” and for many centuries it was taken as a cure-all. ❖ A.Cs: Bitter iridoids (verbenin, verbenalin) ❖ restorative for the nervous system and is especially helpful for nervous tension. have a mild antidepressant action Diaper Rash ❖ Part used: Aerial parts. ❖ A.Cs: triterpenoid saponins → help reduce itchiness.