Health Informatics Lecture 5 PDF

Health Informatics Lecture-5 Table of Contents 02 01 Image sourse image 03 04 Digita image Medical image representation 05...

Health Informatics Lecture-5 Table of Contents 02 01 Image sourse image 03 04 Digita image Medical image representation 05 types of radiography 01 What is an image? An image is a single picture which represents something. A single image is called snapshot or frame. A sequence of images taken in continues interval is called video 02 Image Sources The images are classified according to the energy source:  Electromagnetic (EM) energy spectrum  Acoustic  Ultrasonic  Electronic (in the form of electron beams used in electron microscopy)  Computer (synthetic images used for modeling 02 Electromagnetic (EM) Energy Spectrum Major uses  Gamma-ray imaging: nuclear medicine and astronomical observations  X-rays: medical diagnostics, industry, and astronomy, etc.  Ultraviolet: lithography, industrial inspection, microscopy, lasers, biological imaging,  and astronomical observations  Visible and infrared bands: light microscopy, astronomy, remote sensing, industry,  and law enforcement  Microwave band: radar  Radio band: medicine (such as MRI) and astronomy  Electromagnetic (EM) Energy 02 Spectrum  Electromagnetic (EM) Energy 02 Spectrum  Electromagnetic (EM) Energy 02 Spectrum  Electromagnetic (EM) Energy 02 Spectrum 03 Digital Image Representation 03 Digital Image Representation 03 Digital Image Representation A digital image can be considered a matrix (or 2-D array) whose row and column indices identify a point in the image and the corresponding matrix element value identifies the gray level at that point. 03 Digital Image Representation Types of Digital Images: Binary Image 03 Digital Image Representation Types of Digital Images: Grayscale image(intensity image) 03 Digital Image Representation Types of Digital Images:True Color Image (RGB image) 03 Digital Image Representation Types of Digital Images:True Color Image (RGB image) 04 Medical image Imaging is an essential aspect of medical sciences for  visualization of anatomical structures  functional or metabolic information of the human body Structural and functional imaging of human body is important for understanding human body anatomy physiological processes function of organs behavior of whole or a part of organ under the influence of abnormal physiological conditions or a disease 04 Medical imaging The term medical diagnostic imaging describes techniques and treatments for obtaining images of the human body (or from it) for diagnostic, therapeutic or research purposes.medical terminology, medical imaging is equated with radiology in general, and the medical technician responsible for performing medical imaging operations is called a radiologist. It is the use of imaging methods and processes to obtain an image of the body, which helps in diagnosing the disease and treating the patient. It is also used to track ongoing diseases, which also helps in developing a good treatment plan. There are many imaging methods that use different techniques to produce different images, and artificial intelligence techniques can be added to get more accurate images for better diagnosis.  types of radiography 02 01 CT MRI 03 04 Ultrasound PET 05 X-ray  CT A computed tomography scan, commonly called a CT scan, can create a detailed picture of the inside of the body R. They are different from an X-ray because they produce a cross- sectional image of the body, similar to an MRI, which makes them better at looking at soft tissue and more precise parts of the image that an X-ray might not. They can be used to visualize bones, internal organs, and blood vessels. The upper body, such as the brain, neck, spine, chest, and sinuses, is examined.  CT They are often used in diagnosis, for example to find tumors, or to see broken bone The patient lies on his back on a board. This plate passes into the scanner, which rotates around the section of your body that is currently in the scanner. The patient needs to lie down so that the scan can get a clear picture. Usually, the radiologist who operates the device stands in another room to avoid radiation. The scan can take 10-20 minutes, but the results are available once the computer has analyzed the scans.  CT Advantages A CT scan is fairly short - it only takes about 10 to 20 minutes.The results are very fast compared to some other types of scanning.CT scans are painless, as they are non-surgical. Disadvantages As with many scans, your body is exposed to some radiation. The more closely the patient's body is examined, the more radiation he will be exposed to. However, they are designed to reduce radiation exposure. CT 03 MRI An MRI Magnetic resonance imaging scan is a detailed cross- sectional image of a part of the body. It is similar to a CT scan, but with a higher quality, so it is easier to see the differences in the tissues, as shown in the image.  MRI MRI can be used to obtain images of the brain, spinal cord, bones, heart, blood vessels, and various internal organs. What are its common uses? Uses similar to those of a CT scanner: Diagnosis, obtaining more details for treatment planning and monitoring ongoing treatment. MRI surrounds the whole body. The patient is pushed into a thin tube, about 24 inches in diameter, and powerful magnets and radio waves are used to create detailed images. Similarly back to the CT scanner, the radiographer will stand in another room to view the results, but the MRI is much louder than the CT scanner. It can take anywhere from 15 to 90 minutes.  MRI Advantages MRI scans are painless and safe, because magnetic fields and radio waves have no known negative effect on the patient.It does not involve any exposure to X-rays, so it can be used by pregnant women and children if necessary. Disadvantages An MRI surrounds a lot of the body, so make claustrophobic people uncomfortable.Metal cannot get inside the MRI scanner, so people with certain implants such as pacemakers cannot use them.  PET PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan can create a 3D image of the inside of the body. It can be combined with a CT scan and MRI to create a clearer picture to show what's going on. It can also focus on specific parts of the body, showing how well a part of the body is working  PET They are used to detect the progression of cancer, and they can be used to obtain high-resolution images of the brain.What are its common uses?They are most commonly used in people who have already been diagnosed with cancer, as they can clearly show how far the cancer has spread or is responding to treatments such as chemotherapy. It is also used in planning surgery, such as brain or heart operations The scan only takes about 30 minutes. PET  PET Advantages A PET scan can detect metabolic changes at the cell level that occur in an organ or tissue, which CT or MRI cannot. Disadvantages A PET scan exposes you to radiation, which can lead to cancerPatients should avoid people who should not be exposed to radiation, such as pregnant women, for a few hours after the examination  Ultrasound Ultrasound uses high-frequency waves to show what's inside a part of the body.Ultrasound can produce images of unborn babies in real time. The device contains a probe that emits high frequency sound waves. It bounces off different parts of the body, creates echoes, and when it bounces back to the probe, it can also detect it. This can create a live image on another scanner. The examination can last from 15 to 45 minutes. It can be performed externally, internally or endoscopically. Ultrasound  Ultrasound Advantages There are usually no after-effects from an ultrasound scan. This means that normal activity can be resumed immediately afterwards.Results appear in real time, so there is no need to wait. Disadvantages ultrasound can cause sore throat, bloating, or in extreme cases, internal bleeding.  X-ray X-rays are a very common procedure that is used to obtain images of the inside of the body. Radiation is used in the X- ray portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. They are used to produce pictures of the bones, usually to see if and where there are breaks. It is also used by dentists and orthodontists to look at teeth. Bone tumors can also be seen on an X-ray. it can also be used to detect broken bones and to plan the best course of treatment for it X-ray  X-ray Advantages The device does not surround the whole body, so it will not cause anxiety in people with claustrophobia.The procedure only takes a few minutes. Disadvantages Some contrast agents may cause unwanted side effects.X- rays expose the patient to unwanted radiation, which can lead to cancer, but the amount of radiation emitted is minimal. Thanks! any questions?