Motivation Lecture Notes PDF

School of psychology 2nd Year Lec 1. Motivation Prepared by:Uz. Eman Farah Ahmed Brain Storming What Motivates You To Come To Class? Study Question 1: What is motivation? Motivation: Is a need or desire energizes behaviour and direct it toward a goal....

School of psychology 2nd Year Lec 1. Motivation Prepared by:Uz. Eman Farah Ahmed Brain Storming What Motivates You To Come To Class? Study Question 1: What is motivation? Motivation: Is a need or desire energizes behaviour and direct it toward a goal. Motivation by Eman Farah Ahmed 3  Behavior is purposive rather than random - People exhibit both positive (work done on time) and negative (arrive late for work) behavior for a reason  Motivation arouses people to do something - People are unlikely to change a behavior or do something different unless they are motivated to do so  Motivation causes people to focus on a desired end-result or goal  Motivation fuels the persistence needed to exhibit sustained effort on a task Motivation by Eman Farah Ahmed 4 Motivation  It is what makes our behavior more energetic.  Energy comes from the same word as motion.  Its is something that “moves” a person.  Is what changes one’s preferences or choices. Motivation by Eman Farah Ahmed 5 Four perspectives to understand motivated behavior:  Instinct theory: Focus on genetically predisposed behavior.  Drive reduction theory: Focus on how our inner pushes and external pulls interact.  Arousal theory: focus on finding the right level of stimulation.  Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of need Describe how some of our needs take priority over others. Motivation by Eman Farah Ahmed 6 Question 2: Motivation by Eman Farah Ahmed 7  Intrinsic motivation is something within the person that energizes behavior; Interest, curiosity, personal challenge and improvement Motivation by Eman Farah Ahmed 8  Extrinsic motivation is something outside the person that energizes behavior; Money, fame, power. (Most behavior follow a combination of both kinds of motivation). Ex. A boy paints for the joy of creation (intrinsic) and for the course demand (extrinsic). Motivation by Eman Farah Ahmed 9 Basic Motivational Concepts – Reward: A work outcome of positive value to the individual – Extrinsic rewards: Valued outcomes given to someone by another person. – Intrinsic rewards: Valued outcomes that occur naturally as a person works on a task. (innate) 10 Motivation by Eman Farah Ahmed  Con.  Need: Is an internal deficiency that may energaize behaviour.  Drive: Is the psychological expression of internal needs or valued goals, for example hunger, thirst or drive to success.  Response: Is any action, glandular activity, or other identifiable behaviour.  Goal: The target or objective of motivated behaviour. 11 Model of Motivation Motivation by Eman Farah Ahmed 12 Types of Motives  Primary Motives  General (stimulus)Motives  Secondary Motives Motivation by Eman Farah Ahmed 13 Primary Motives  Primary motives ( Intrinsic or innate motives) are automatic, built-in processes (e.g., food and water) based on biological needs. Example include:  Hunger  Thirst  Pain avoidance  Needs for air  Sleep  Regulation of body temperature Motivation by Eman Farah Ahmed 14 Stimulus (general) Motives  Express our needs for stimulation and information.  Example include: Activity, curiosity, exploration, manipulation and physical contact.  Although such motives also appear to be innate they are not strictly necessary for survival. Motivation by Eman Farah Ahmed 15 Secondary Motives  Secondary motivations (Extrinsic motivation) develop as a result of specific learning experiences. You learn to perform these behaviors to achieve an external consequence, such as a reward.  Example include:  Making music  Blogging  Trying to win in the skateboarding finals in X Gamed. Motivation by Eman Farah Ahmed 16 Secondary Motives  Many secondary motives are related to learned needs for power, affiliation (the need to be with others), approval, status, security and achievement.  Fear and aggression also appear to be greatly affected by learning. Motivation by Eman Farah Ahmed 17 Those motives can arise either from:  Conscious Motivation: Having the desire to engage in an activity and being aware of the desire. Or  Unconscious Motivation: Having the desire to engage in an activity but being consciously unaware of the desire. Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasized unconscious motivation. Motivation by Eman Farah Ahmed 18 Factors affect motivation  External motivating factors: Factors originating outside the body that regulate behaviour.  Internal motivating forces: Factors originating inside the body that regulate behaviour Motivation by Eman Farah Ahmed 19 Motivation by Eman Farah Ahmed 20