Introduction To Theories Of Personality PDF

PSYCH05X INTRODUCTION TO THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Revised by: Mr. Lucky Nine R. Perez, MA Lesson Objectives At the end of this lecture, you are expected to: 1.To have deeper understanding of what a theory is, its use, and limitations. 2.To stimulate thoughts using probing questions...

PSYCH05X INTRODUCTION TO THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Revised by: Mr. Lucky Nine R. Perez, MA Lesson Objectives At the end of this lecture, you are expected to: 1.To have deeper understanding of what a theory is, its use, and limitations. 2.To stimulate thoughts using probing questions that generates ideas related to the topic. 3.To gain appreciation of the practical application of a theory, relating it into the real-world scenarios. 4.To develop critical and analytical thinking skills. HUMANS ARE COMPLICATED... Yet, we remain as interesting beings. HOW COMPLICATED ARE YOU? To better understand our personality, share some of your quirks that you may find contradicting, confusing, or difficult to understand.  Why do people behave as they do? Do people have some choice in shaping their own QUESTIONS personality? What accounts for similarities and differences among people? WE MAY ASK What makes people act in predictable ways? Why are they unpredictable? OURSELVES Do hidden, unconscious forces control people’s behavior?. What causes mental disturbances? Is human behavior shaped more by heredity or by environment? Psychologists differ among themselves as to the originated from the Latin persona, means theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas. meaning of wore a mask (persona) to project a role or false appearance, though psychologist that the term personality. “personality,” they are referring to something more than the role people play.  A pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior. Traits contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, and Personality. stability of behavior across situations. Although no single It may be unique, common to some group, or shared by the definition is acceptable to entire species, but their pattern is different for each individual. all personality theorists it Thus, each person, though like others in some ways, has a still follows a definition.. unique personality. Characteristics are unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique, and intelligence. What is the difference between PERSONALITY AND ATTITUDE? THEORIES IN PERSONALITY? In everyday use, the word "theory" often means an untested hunch, or a guess without supporting evidence. But for scientists, a theory has nearly the opposite meaning. A theory is a well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can incorporate laws, hypotheses and facts. THEORIES IN PERSONALITY? A theory is a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses. Additionally, Never becomes facts but explains facts. Gives us a framework for asking questions about reality. It should lead us to predictions of what we might expect to see. Testable: Theories can be supported through a series of scientific research projects or experiments. Replicable: This means that enough information and data must be available in the theory so that others can test the theory and get similar results. Simple: We don't mean that the concept must be basic. We mean that only useful, relevant information should be presented in the theory. Consistent: A theory should agree with other theories. However, some differences may be evident because the new theory may provide additional evidence.  In studying Theories of Personality... CONTEXT IS KEY.  THEORY LANG NAMAN YAN... Theory lang ba talaga? UNDERSTANDING B THEORY AND ITS RELATIVES THEORY AND ITS RELATIVES Philosophy encompasses several branches, one of which is epistemology, or the nature of knowledge. (1) Theory and Philosophy Theories do not deal with “oughts” and “shoulds.” Therefore, a set of principles about how one should live First, theory is related to one’s life cannot be a theory. Such principles involve philosophy, but it is a much values and are the proper concern of philosophy. narrower term. Philosophy means love of wisdom, and philosophers are people who Theory deals with broad sets of if-then statements, but the pursue wisdom through goodness or badness of the outcomes of these statements thinking and reasoning. is beyond the realm of theory. THEORY AND ITS RELATIVES Theories are not useless fantasies fabricated by impractical scholars fearful of soiling their hands in the machinery of (2) Theory and scientific investigation. Speculation In fact, theories themselves are quite practical and are Second, theories rely on essential to the advancement of any science. speculation, but they are Speculation and empirical observation are the two much more than mere essential cornerstones of theory building, but armchair speculation. speculation must not run rampantly in advance of It is the branch of study controlled observation. concerned with observation and classification of data and In addition, theories provide fertile ground for producing with the verification of testable hypotheses. Without some kind of theory to hold general laws through the observations together and to point to directions of testing of hypotheses. possible research, science would be greatly handicapped. THEORY AND ITS RELATIVES A theory is too general to lend itself to direct verification, but a single comprehensive theory is (3) Theory and capable of generating thousands of hypotheses. Hypothesis Hypotheses, then, are more specific than the theories that give them birth. An educated, intelligent guess. Close relationship between a theory and a hypothesis: (1) A hypothesis is an educated deductive reasoning and (2) inductive reasoning. guess or prediction specific Deductive reasoning (going from the general to the specific), a enough for its validity to be scientific investigator can derive testable hypotheses from a tested through the use of the useful theory and then test these hypotheses. scientific method. Inductive reasoning (going from the specific to the general), the investigator then alters the theory to reflect these results. THEORY AND ITS RELATIVES (4) Theory and Taxonomy A taxonomy is a classification of things according to their Taxonomy serves as a beacon of knowledge, guiding us natural relationships. Taxonomies are essential to toward a deeper understanding of things in the natural the development of a science world. because without classification of data science could not grow. THEORY AND ITS RELATIVES First, a theory generates a number of hypotheses that can be investigated through research, thus yielding research A USEFUL THEORY data. Second, a useful theory organizes research data into a meaningful structure and provides an explanation for the results of scientific research. has a mutual and dynamic interaction with research data. must lend itself to confirmation or disconfirmation, provide the practitioner with a guide to action, be consistent with itself, and be as simple as possible. It should posses the 6 criteria: (1) generates research, (2) is falsifiable, (3) organizes data, (4) guides action, (5) is internally consistent, and (6) is parsimonious.  Why different theories? If theories of personality are truly scientific, why do we have so many different ones? PERSPECTIVES IN THEORIES OF PERSONALITY  PERSPECTIVES IN THEORIES OF PERSONALITY One of the primary functions of scientific theory is to describe and explain how the world works. Psychologists attempt to explain how human thought, emotion, motivation, and behavior work. (1) PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE Beginning with Freud, psychoanalytic and then the more general psychodynamic approaches have focused on the importance of early childhood experience and on relationships with parents as guiding forces that shape personality development.  PERSPECTIVES IN THEORIES OF PERSONALITY One of the primary functions of scientific theory is to describe and explain how the world works. Psychologists attempt to explain how human thought, emotion, motivation, and behavior work. (2) HUMANISTIC – EXISTENTIAL PERSPECTIVE The primary assumption of the humanistic (currently known as “positive psychology”) approach is that people strive toward meaning, growth, well-being, happiness, and psychological health.  PERSPECTIVES IN THEORIES OF PERSONALITY One of the primary functions of scientific theory is to describe and explain how the world works. Psychologists attempt to explain how human thought, emotion, motivation, and behavior work. (3) DISPOSITIONAL PERSPECTIVE Dispositional theorists argue that the unique and long-term tendencies to behave in particular ways are the essence of our personality. These unique dispositions, such as extraversion or anxiety, are called traits.  PERSPECTIVES IN THEORIES OF PERSONALITY One of the primary functions of scientific theory is to describe and explain how the world works. Psychologists attempt to explain how human thought, emotion, motivation, and behavior work. (4) BIOLOGICAL - EVOLUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE Behavior, thought, feelings, and personality are influenced by differences in basic genetic, epigenetic, and neurological systems between individuals. The reason some people have different traits, dispositions, and ways of thinking stems from differences in their genotype and central nervous system (brain structures and neurochemistry).  PERSPECTIVES IN THEORIES OF PERSONALITY One of the primary functions of scientific theory is to describe and explain how the world works. Psychologists attempt to explain how human thought, emotion, motivation, and behavior work. (5) LEARNING – COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE If you want to understand behavior, then focus only on behavior, not on hypothetical and unobservable internal states such as thoughts, feelings, drives, or motives. The cognitive perspective argues that how we think about ourselves and other people, as well as the assumptions we make and the strategies we use for solving problems, are the keys to understanding differences between people. Thank you End of discussion QUESTIONS? for listening BS Psychology GEUTS01X - Understanding the Self REFERENCE Feist, J, Feist, G F., Roberts, T. (2018). Theories of Personality, 9th ed (9). : McGraw-Hill International Editions.