Plant Morphology Lecture Notes PDF

‫‪10/1/2024‬‬ ‫الس م عليكم ورحمة ﷲ وبركاته‬ ‫أه ً وسه ً بكم ‪..‬‬ ‫عوداً حميدا ‪...‬عودا يفيض بالهمة‬ ‫والنشاط ‪....‬ينبض بالعطاء والهمم‬ ‫العالية‪.‬‬...

‫‪10/1/2024‬‬ ‫الس م عليكم ورحمة ﷲ وبركاته‬ ‫أه ً وسه ً بكم ‪..‬‬ ‫عوداً حميدا ‪...‬عودا يفيض بالهمة‬ ‫والنشاط ‪....‬ينبض بالعطاء والهمم‬ ‫العالية‪.‬‬ ‫اللهم اجعله عاما دراسيا مبارك ًا‬ ‫بوﻗﺘه‬ ‫موفقاً بجهده‬ ‫مفعماً با نجازات‬ ‫حاف بالنجاحات ‪.‬‬ ‫ا‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ /‬محمد عويس بدري‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫علم الشكل الظاهرى للنبات‬ ‫‪1st Lecture‬‬ ‫أستاذ مساعد تصنيف النباتات‬ ‫الزهرية والفلورة‬ ‫‪2‬‬  10/1/2024 ‫رؤية ورسالة الكلية‬ ‫رؤية الكلية‬.‫التميز في تعليم العلوم اﻷساسية والبحث العلمي للمساهمة فى التنميه المستدامة‬ College Vision Excellence in basic science education and scientific research to contribute to sustainable development. ‫رسالة الكلية‬ ‫تقديم تعليم مميز في مجاﻻت العلوم اﻷساسية وإنتاج بحوث علمية تطبيقية للمساهمة في التنمية المستدامة من‬ ‫ وتوفير خدمات مجتمعية‬،‫ وتطوير مهارات وقدرات الموارد البشرية‬،‫خﻼل إعداد خريجين متميزين طبقا للمعايير اﻷكاديمية القومية‬.‫ وبناء الشراكات المجتمعية الفاعلة‬،‫وبيئية تلبي طموحات مجتمع جنوب الوادي‬ College Mission To provide distinguished education in the fields of basic sciences and the production of applied scientific research to contribute to sustainable development by preparing distinguished graduates according to the national academic standards, developing skills and capabilities of human resources, and providing community and environmental services that meet the aspirations of the South Valley community, and building effective community partnerships. 3 Course aims and learning outcomes  To provide learners with knowledge on the morphology of plants and its link to other aspects of plant science.  EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES  At the end of the course, the learner should be able to: 1. Explain morphological structures of plants. 2. Study the seeds and their germination. 3. Describe the roots, their types and forms. 4. Describe the morphological features of the stems, their functions and their modifications 5. Describe the leaves, their shapes, and their modifications. 4  10/1/2024 Plant Morphology  A plant is eukaryotic organism that relies on photosynthesis for acquiring food (also called autotrophs).  Plant morphology is a field of Botany that studies the external forms and features of different plant organs like roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits etc. In addition to their gross internal structures.  “Morphology" is from Greek Morphé = form + lógos = study 5 Importance of Morphology  Knowledge of morphology is essential for the recognition or identification of the organisms.  It gives information about the range of variations found in a species  Knowledge of plant morphology is required to study various aspects of plant life like anatomy, physiology, genetics, ecology, …etc. 6  10/1/2024 The study of angiospermic plant morphology begins with the seed (structure, germination, growing to seedlings and formation of a mature plant). The body of a typical angiospermic plant is differentiated into:  An underground root system  An aerial shoot system. The shoot system consists of stem (including branches), leaves, flowers and fruits. The roots, stems and leaves are vegetative parts, while flowers constitute the reproductive part. 7 8  ‫‪10/1/2024‬‬ ‫زهرة‬ ‫برعم ق‬ ‫عقدة‬ ‫سﻼم ة‬ ‫برعم ا‬ ‫برعم طر للف ع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫المجم ع الخ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫فعخ‬ ‫عنق‬ ‫‪ -----‬ورقة‬ ‫نصل‬ ‫ساق‬ ‫جذر ابتدا‬ ‫جذور ثان ة‬ ‫المجم ع الجذري‬ ‫‪9‬‬  ‫‪10/1/2024‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫تصنيف الممالك في علم اﻻحياء ‪Kingdom‬‬ ‫تم تقسيم الكائنات الحية الي خمس ممالك ‪Whittaker (1969) five kingdoms:‬‬ ‫‪ (Bacteria, prokaryotic:bacteria,‬مملكة الكائنات الدقيقة ‪1- Monera‬‬ ‫) ‪blue green algae‬‬ ‫)‪ (Algae, Protozoa, eukaryotic‬مملكة الطﻼئعيات ‪2- Protista‬‬ ‫مجموعة غير متجانسة من الكائنات الحية حقيقية النوى لكن ﻻ يمكن تصنيفها ﻻ كحيوانات وﻻ كنباتات وﻻ‬ ‫حتى كفطريات‬ ‫)‪ (absorb food in liquid form‬مملكة الفطريات ‪3- Fungi‬‬ ‫المملكة النباتية )‪4- Plantae (photosynthesis‬‬ ‫المملكة الحيوانية )‪5- Animalia (ingest food‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬  10/1/2024 13  Cavalier-Smith (2004) proposed a Six Kingdom System  Prokaryote Empire: 1. Bacterial Kingdom  Eukaryote Empire: 2. Plant Kingdom - all land plants as well as green and red algae 3. Animal Kingdom 4. Fungal Kingdom 5. Protozoan Kingdom- eukaryotic, motile unicells 6. Chromist Kingdom - includes brown algae, golden algae, yellow-green algae, diatoms, water molds. 14  10/1/2024 15 Plant Kingdom Classification On the basis of presence or absence of flowers and seeds, Eichler (1883) classified plant kingdom into two sub-kingdoms namely ‫قسم النباتات الثالوسية‬ Division: Thallophyta ‫تحت مملكة‬ ‫قسم الحزازيات‬ ‫النباتات الﻼزهرية‬ (mosses) ‫الحزازيات‬ (‫)الﻼبذرية‬ (absence of flowers and seed; Division: Bryophyta Subkingdom reproduction by spores) ‫قسم النباتات التيريدية او‬ Cryptogamae (ferns) ‫السرخسيات‬ ‫السرخسيات‬ Division: ‫المملكة النباتية‬ Pteridophyta Plant Kingdom ‫قسم النباتات البذرية‬ ‫تحت مملكة النباتات‬ (presence of flowers and seeds) Division: (‫الزهرية )البذرية‬ Spermatophyta Subkingdom Phanerogamae 16  10/1/2024 17 Phanerogamae 18  10/1/2024 Phanerogams ‫النباتات الوعائية‬ SPERMATOPHYTA (‫)النباتات البذرية‬ ANGIOSPERMAE GYMNOSPERMAE (‫مغطاة البذور )النباتات الزهرية‬ ‫معراة البذور‬ DICOTYLEDONEAE MONOCOTYLEDONEAE ‫ذوات الفلقتين‬ ‫ذوات الفلقة الواحدة‬ 19 The flowering plants ‫النباتــات الزهريــــة‬  The angiosperm plants (flowering plants) reproduce by flowers which intern produce seeds enclosed by the fruit wall.  They are divided into two classes: Dicotyledons & Monocotyledons 20  10/1/2024 21 Seed ‫ال ذرة‬  Seeds are the ripened ovules after fertilization.  All flowering plants bears seeds which encloses an inactive embryo.  Under suitable conditions the embryo becomes active and germinates to give rise an adult plant.  A seed is made up of an embryo (embryonic plant) and reserve food surrounded by a protective coat or seed coat. 22