Introduction to Drug Discovery and Development PDF

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EntrancedAstronomy

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University of Babylon

Dr. Dhulfiqar Ali Abed

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drug discovery drug development pharmacology medicine

Summary

This document presents an introduction to drug discovery and development. It outlines the process of discovering and developing new drugs, including target identification, lead identification, and clinical trials. The document also includes information about the cost and time required for drug development.

Full Transcript

By: Dr. Dhulfiqar Ali Abed Introduction to Drug Discovery and Development Flow Chart of the Drug Discovery and Development Process Target Identification Proteomics...

By: Dr. Dhulfiqar Ali Abed Introduction to Drug Discovery and Development Flow Chart of the Drug Discovery and Development Process Target Identification Proteomics Pharmacogenomics Target Validation Through biological assays to check whether this Target + Ligand target is critical for treatment of the disease or not 3-D Structure/Computational Design and synthesis of new cpds A lead compound is a Structure based drug design structure which shows a Combinatorial chemistry Lead Identification SAR studies useful pharmacological Lead Characterization activity and can act as the Lead Optimization starting point for drug design. Drug Candidate (ECN, SAC, etc.) Formulation Preclinical Studies Animal pharmacology studies Pharmacokinetic and safety studies in animals Investigational New Drug Application ( IND ) Clinical trials Phase I 1 yr, 20-100 , healthy volunteers , safety & PK study ( ADME) Phase II 2 yrs, 100-500, patients, effectiveness & side effects Phase III 3 yrs, 1000-5000 patients, confirm effectiveness & identify adverse effects New Drug Application Phase IV clinical trial Post marketing surveillance How much does it take to put one new drug in the market? From initiation of preclinical development to first marketing, it is estimated to take $230 million (Tufts University, 1987) $802 million (Tufts University, 2001) ‫كم يستغرق وضع دواء جديد في السوق؟‬ $897 million (Tufts University, 2003, incl post approval R&D) ‫ مليون دوالر‬230 ‫ يقدر أن يستغرق‬،‫من بدء التطوير قبل السريري إلى التسويق األول‬ (1987 ،‫)جامعة تافتس‬ $1.7 billion (Bain & Co., 2003) (2001 ،‫ مليون دوالر )جامعة تافتس‬802 $2.6 billion (Tufts, 2014) (‫ بما في ذلك البحث والتطوير بعد املوافقة‬،2003 ،‫ مليون دوالر )جامعة تافتس‬897 (2003 ،‫ مليار دوالر )باين وشركاه‬1.7 (2014 ،‫ مليار دوالر )تافتس‬2.6 Average 12 years ‫ عاما‬12 ‫متوسط‬ Drug development is a high risk business. Of each 5,000-10,000 compounds synthesized,.‫تطوير األدوية هو عمل تجاري عالي املخاطر‬ 250 will reach animal testing ،‫ مركب تم تصنيعه‬10000 ‫ إلى‬5000 ‫من بني كل‬ ‫ مركبا إلى التجارب على الحيوانات‬250 ‫سيصل‬ 5 will reach clinical testing ‫ سيصلون إلى االختبارات السريرية‬5 1 will reach the market place ‫ سيصل إلى السوق‬1 Introduction to Drug Discovery and Development Source of Drugs  Drugs from natural sources (50%)  Plants (25%)  Animals (6%)  Minerals (7%)  Microorganisms (12%)  Drugs from chemical synthesis (50%) ‫مقدمة الكتشاف وتطوير األدوية‬ ‫مصدر املخدرات‬ (٪50) ‫أدوية من مصادر طبيعية‬ (٪25) ‫النباتات‬ (%6) ‫الحيوانات‬ (٪7) ‫املعادن‬ (٪12) ‫الكائنات الحية الدقيقة‬ (٪50) ‫أدوية من التخليق الكيميائي‬ ‫مقدمة الكتشاف وتطوير األدوية‬ (‫ثالوميد® )ثاليدوميد‬ ‫ من‬1:1 ‫يحتوي على مركز مراوان وكان يستخدم كخليط‬ Dextrorotatory (R)- ‫و‬levorotatory (S)-thalidomide. Introduction to Drug Discovery and Development.‫النساء الحوامل للمساعدة في مكافحة غثيان الصباح‬.‫ يسبب التأثيرات املسخة‬S-enantiomer ‫ له الخصائص املهدئة واملحفزة للنوم املرغوبة في حني أن‬R-enantiomer ‫فقط‬ Thalomid® (Thalidomide) ‫خنق إمدادات الدم إلى أطراف الجنني‬  Has a chiral centre and was used as a racemate (1:1 mixture) of dextrorotatory (R)- and levorotatory (S)-thalidomide.  Pregnant women to help combat morning sickness.  Only the R-enantiomer has the desired calming and sleep-inducing properties whereas the S-enantiomer causes the teratogenic effects.  Strangulating the blood supply to the embryo's limbs. ‫مقدمة الكتشاف وتطوير األدوية‬ (‫ثالوميد® )ثاليدوميد‬ ‫يحول هذا التأثير املضاد لألوعية الدموية الثاليدوميد إلى عامل مثير لالهتمام ملكافحة السرطان حيث يمكن أن يتأثر نمو‬.‫الورم بتثبيط تكوين األوعية الدموية‬.‫هناك أيضا تقارير واعدة عن اآلثار اإليجابية للثاليدوميد في عالج فيروس نقص املناعة البشرية والجذام‬ Introduction to Drug Discovery and Development Thalomid® (Thalidomide) This antiangiogenic effect turns Thalidomide into an interesting agent for fighting cancer as the tumor growth can be affected by inhibition of its vasculogenesis.  There are also promising reports on positive effects of thalidomide in treatment of HIV and leprosy.

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