Science, Technology & Society Past Paper - ACT Asian College of Technology - 1st Semester 2023-2024 PDF

**SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY** **[LESSON 2: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY: WORLD HISTORY]** **1^st^ Semester** **A.Y. 2023-2024** **Course Code**: SCITECH **Outline:** - **Science and Technology in different Periods** - **Ancient Period (ca. 3000 B.C.- 500 A.D.)** - **Medieval Pe...

**SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY** **[LESSON 2: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY: WORLD HISTORY]** **1^st^ Semester** **A.Y. 2023-2024** **Course Code**: SCITECH **Outline:** - **Science and Technology in different Periods** - **Ancient Period (ca. 3000 B.C.- 500 A.D.)** - **Medieval Period (ca. 500- 1500)** - **Renaissance Period (14^TH^-17^TH^ Century)** - **Industrial Revolution (18^TH^ Century)** - **In the 19^th^ Century** - **In 20^th^ Century** **Learning Outcomes:** - **Explain the historical timeline of science and technology;** - **Analyze the difference between the different periods involved in the development of Science and Technology; and** - **Synthesize and create their own definition of Science and Technology based on the discussion on this unit.** **[Content]** [ ] **To know what we know, and to know that we do not know what we do not know, that is true Knowledge.** **-Nicolaus Copernicus** **[SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT PERIODS]** **Ancient Period (ca. 3,500 B.C. - 500 A D.)** Accumulation of knowledge and passing it from generation to generation has begun when the modern humans evolved from their hominid ancestors. They used stones as tools, and then learned how to shape stones co make more efficient tools. As the tools improved, so people were able to use them to fashion weapons and other artifacts from bone, antler, and wood. They also learned how to capture fire from natural sources such as wild fires, and later to make fire for themselves by using the heat generated by friction or sparks from stones, or by concentrating the sun\'s heat. Here are some of the developments in science and technology during the ancient period (Goddard, 2010): EUROPE - **ca 750,000 Fire is used by Homo erectus.** - **ca 45,000 Stone-headed spears are used in Europe.** - **ca 20,000 The wooden bow and arrow are used in Spain and Saharan Africa. People in Southern Europe use sewing needles made from bone.** - **ca 2000 The Minoans build palaces in Crete.** - **ca 1000 Ironworking is introduced in Greece.** - **ca 1000 Etruscan craftsmen make false teeth from gold.** **THE AMERICAS** - **ca 8,500 North Americans make stone arrowheads.** - **ca 8,000 The Folsom people living on eastern side of the Rocky Mountains develop sophisticated tools.** - **ca 6000 Pottery is made in South America.** - **ca 2500 People in the Arctic makes flint tools.** - **ca 1750 Peruvians build a long canal to irrigate their crops. ca 1200 Fishermen in Peru makes rafts and boats from reeds.** - **ca 1200 Olmec sculptors carve figurines and giant human heads.** **ASIA AND OCEANIA** - **ca 11,000 The earliest-known clay pots are made in Japan. ca 5200 People in Iran make wine.** - **ca 4000 Bronze is first made in Thailand.** - **ca 3500 The plow is invented in both China and Mesopotamia.** - **ca 3000 Boats in China are equipped with anchors. ca 2950 A lunar calendar is developed in China** - **ca 2500 Clay pipes are used as drains in Pakistan ca 2500 Chinese doctors begin using acupuncture.** - **ca 2296 Chinese astronomers record the sighting of a comet. ca 1361 Chinese astronomers record a solar eclipse.** - **ca 1000 The Chinese begin writing on bamboo or paper made from bark.** - **ca 1000 The Hindu calendar of 360 days is introduced in India.** - **ca 850 The Chinese use natural gas for lighting.** **AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST** - **ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus uses stone tools.** - **ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus begins chipping flakes off stone: to sharpen for tools.** - **ca 1,000,000 Homo erectus uses antlers to create tools for cutting and** - **ca 15,000 In Africa, bone harpoons (barbed spears) are used for** - **ca 10,000 People in Palestine build houses from sun-dried bricks ca 7500 Clay tokens are used for record keeping in Mesopotamia.** - **ca 6000 The world\'s first known city is built by the people of Catal Huyuk in Anatolia (modern Turkey).** - **ca 4236 Ancient Egyptians devise a 365-day calendar.** - **ca 3500 The wheel is invented in Mesopotamia. ca 3100 Egyptians begin using hieroglyphics.** - **ca 3000 The Sumerians introduce a 360-day calendar.** - **ca 3000 Egyptians dam the Garawi River. ca 2630 Egyptians begin building pyramids. ca 2600 Mesopotamians make glass.** - **ca 2300 Babylonian astronomers study comets.** - **ca 2300 The earliest known maps are produced in Mesopotamia.** - **ca 2000 Babylonian mathematicians introduce a positional number system.** - **ca 2000 Medicine becomes an important science in Syria and Babylon.** - **ca 1800 Mesopotamian mathematicians discover the \"Pythagorean Theorem\".** - **ca 1750 Babylonian astronomers compile lists of planets and stars. ca 1550 Egyptians are using about 700 drugs and medications. ca 1350 The symptoms of leprosy are described in Egyptian text.** - **ca 1200 The Egyptians dig a canal to join the Nile River to the Red Sea.** - **ca 1000 The Phoenicians develop an alphabet.** - **ca 900 Farmers in Mesopotamia use an irrigation system to water crops.** **Medieval Period (ca. 500-1500)** **The Medieval Period also known as \"Dark Ages\" is considered to be one of the creative periods in the history of humans and said to be the start of the first industrial revolution. The term \"Dark Ages\" came up because there are few written records remained from the said era. There are very little evidence that will support that there was progress in the society during the periods 500 to 1500.**  **In the years immediately after the fall of Rome, there was a period of readjustment, where medieval society was more concerned with keeping peace and empire building than nurturing centers of learning. Despite this Charlemagne (742-814) a medieval emperor who ruled Western Europe in 800-814, tried to establish a scholastic tradition. The later Middle Ages (around 1250-1500 A.D.) saw advancements in the philosophy of science and the refinement of the scientific method. Far from being a backwards-medieval society, overshadowed by Islam and Byzantium, scholasticism acted as a nucleus for the Renaissance and the Enlightenment.** **This was the time for discovering great new inventions in science and technology. There were greater advancement in technology and adaptation of Eastern technologies in the west, including the invention of vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, greatly improved water mills, building techniques like the Gothic style, and three-field crop rotation.** **One of the greatest inventions during, the Middle Ages the printing press of Johannes Gutenberg (ca. 1395-1468) in the 15th century. It was Gutenberg who made printing mechanized. The invention of the printing press itself obviously owed** **much to the medieval paper press, in turn modeled after the ancient wine-and-olive Press of the Mediterranean area. A long handle was used to turn heavy wooden screw, exerting downward pressure against the paper, which was laid over the type mounted on a wooden platen. In its essentials, the wooden press reigned supreme for more than 300 years, with a hardly varying rate of 250 sheets per hour printed on one side.** **Renaissance Period (14th-17th Century)**  **The term Renaissance is used to refer to the period of rebirth as age of preparation for the 17th century scientific development and achievements. One of the greatest achievements in Western Europe during this period was the technology of printing books and other documents which** **helped the rapid spread of knowledge and information as well as the preservation of culture. The technology of the Chinese in preparing printed materials was followed and used by the Muslims and later introduced in Europe.** **Renaissance connects the period of Middle Ages to modern history. It is closely connected with Italy, where it began in the 14th century, although some European countries also went into same cultural changes and phenomena.** **Many historians prefer to think of the Renaissance as primarily an intellectual and cultural movement rather than a historical period. Robert Wilde, U.K. based historian born April 30, 1977 said that interpreting the Renaissance as a time period, though convenient for historians, \"masks the long roots of the Renaissance (para. 2).\"** **According to Wilde in his interview with livescience.com, the demand for perfect reproductions of texts and the renewed focus on studying them helped trigger one of the biggest discoveries in the whole of human history: printing with movable type. It allowed Bibles, secular books, printed music and more to be made in larger amounts and reach more people. On the other hand, people and a lot of steps were involved. Wood printing first came to the West from China in 12501350, papermaking originated from China has reached 12th century Spain\' and the new printers\' ink originated from Flemish oil painting. In Mainz, Germany,** **Gutenberg made final steps in wooden press by casting a metal type and locking into it. The invention spread fast, reaching European countries from 1467-1483. By 1500, Europe had already produced SIX million copies of books. Without the printing press, communications revolution would not happen and it would not transform the condition of life. The communications revolution greatly made an impact in human opportunities for enlightenment and pleasure and created unimaginable possibilities tor manipulation and control on the other. The consideration of these contradictory effects may shield us against a ready acceptance of triumphalist conceptions of the Renaissance or historical change in general.** **Also, Polish mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) made one of science\'s greatest achievement. He presented the theory of heliocentric where he said that the sun is the center of the solar system instead of the earth. It was a major breakthrough in the history of science, though the Catholic Church banned Copernicus\' book.** **Galileo Galilei (1664-1642) was also a major Renaissance scientist persecuted for his scientific experiments. Galileo improved the telescope, discovered new celestial bodies, and found support for a heliocentric solar system. He conducted motion experiments on pendulums and falling objects that paved the way for Isaac Newton\'s (1643-1727) discoveries about gravity.** **Industrial Revolution (18^th^ Century)** **People rely on their hands in doing labor works even before the machines have emerged after a century that significantly increases of production output. The phenomenal process in the transfer of doing work by human hands and feet to the use of machines was called The Industrial Revolution.**  **It began in Great Britain and spread across Europe, America, and even Asia from 1760 to 1840. It was a** **fundamental change in the way goods were produced and altered the way people lived. The Industrial Revolution was a time of scientific and technological advancement which spanned the period during late 18th century to early 19th century. Partly through good fortune and partly through conscious effort.** **Britain by the early 18th century came to possess the combination of social needs and social resources that provided the necessary preconditions for a commercially successful innovation and a social system capable of sustaining a rid institutionalizing the processes of rapid technological change.** **One of the major setbacks of the Industrial Revolution was skilled workers were set aside because operation 01 new machines were used. The companies also hired women and children increasingly which cost lower than of +he skilled workers. Manual/physical labor was changed into machine-operated devices, even tradesperson replaced the craftsmen and the applied scientists replaced the amateur inventors.** **Aside from these, three important technologies formed the foundations of the first Industrial revolution, namely, iron production, steam engine, and textiles.** **The steam engine has been around but on improved by Scottish James watt (1736-1819) and other investors after 1778. It was used to run machines and made a major contribution to the first Industrial Revolution. The steam-powered machine was improved gradually and was adapted for many uses and the use of more complex machinery was made possible. The development and refinement of machine tools by British engineers Henry Maudsley (1771-1831) and Joseph Whit (1803-1887) played a key and crucial part in the later phase of the first Industrial Revolution as machine tool technology enabled standardized manufacturing machines to be fabricated.** **Some of the greatest inventions were introduced by American scientist, such as during this period Was Robert Fulton\'s (1765-1815) steamboat that used one of Watt\'s engines. Thomas Edison (1847-1931) who invented the light bulb.** **Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) who Invented the telephone. English engineer** **George Stephenson (1781-1848) developed the first steam-powered locomotive.** **In the 19th Century** **In the 19th century, witnessed the rise of modern industry, from agriculture to industrial manufacturing and technology-intensive services. An unending stream of new products turned out by factories employing radically new technologies, skills, and organization drove this emerging modern world.** **Based on the Gregorian calendar, 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900. The invention of useable electricity, steel, and petroleum products led into a second Industrial Revolution during the 19th century. This century was considered to be the age of machine tools. Tools were made for tools; machines were made for other parts of another machine.** **During the 19th century, science also made great progress.** - **John Dalton (1766-1844) published his atomic theory in 1803. Dalton also studied color blindness.** - **Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) formulated the Periodic Table.** - **Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) formulated the law of the Conservation of Energy in 1847. In 1851, he invented the ophthalmoscope.** **In the late 19th century, physics made great strides.** - **James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) showed that light is an electromagnetic wave in 1873 and was later on proved by Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) in 1888. Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) discovered radioactivity in 1896.** - **Marie Curie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (!859-1906) discovered radium in 1898.** - **Joseph Thomson discovered the electron in 1897.** **In the 19th century, people mastered electricity.** - **Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) discovered that electric current in a wire caused a nearby compass needle to move in 1819.** - **Michael Faraday (1791-1867) showed that a magnet can produce electricity and in 1831 he invented the dynamo.** - **Samuel F.B. Morse (J 791-1872) invented the electric telegraph in 1837.** **In the 19th century, machines in factories were usually operated by steam engines. At the end of the 19th century, they began to convert to electricity. In the mid-19th century, railways revolutionized travelling and made travel much faster. Steam locomotives pulled the carriages.** - **Karl Benz (1844-1929) and Gottlieb Daimler (1834-19()0) made the first cars in 1885 and 1886.** **Meanwhile, the steamship revolutionized travelling at sea. By 1815, steamships were crossing the English Channel. Furthermore, it took several weeks to cross the Atlantic. Then In 1838, a steamship called the, Sirius made the journey across the Atlantic in 19 days. However, steam did not completely replace sail until the end of the 19th century when the steam turbine was used on ships.** **In the 20^th^ Century**  **It is not skeptical that the 20th century is one of the most noticeable in the history of humans for its incomparable technological advances and scientific discoveries. There were a lot of new technologies made and science discoveries.** **Technology was rapidly developed in the 20th century. With the use of scientific methods and funding for research, it helped achieve the advancement of modern science and technology. With the ascension of new technology, it enhanced the communication and transportation system of humans and brought it closer to people. Military research and development brought about the rise of electronic computing and jet engines. Radio and telephone enriched greatly and reached a wider population of users, though near-universal access was impossible until mobile phones became affordable for the people in the late 2000s and early 2010s.** **The relationship between science and technology has become more problematic on several levels in the 20th century. In the face of an ever-growing complexity, technology has become more scientific and the natural sciences more technological, as the social scientific concept of \"techno science\" indicates. At the same time, many technological innovations since the 1970s have only slowly resulted in job-creating new products.** **Some of the greatest technological advancement during this period was the creation of personal computer. In 1971, Intel developed a microprocessor that computer smaller, easier to use, and cheaper which replaced the early hat were bulky and had a tube-powered behemoths. Computer has become dominant tool in the global economy and as a necessity in many homes that until today we greatly rely on them. Steve Jobs (1955-2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950) have redefined the meaning of computer by introducing Apple in 1976. While in connection with the invention of personal computers, the Internet was also created in for defense-related research known as ARPANet or Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. It helped us in terms of global communication, gathering formation through searching, conducting business matters and on our everyday affairs through the Wide web which was created in 1989.** **Another one is the automobiles or cars, which were considered to be one of** **most revolutionary technological advancements in the century. Exploitation of the said technology was made possible because of Henry Ford (1863-1947) \'oy devising a system of mass production for the Model T in 1908. It made cars affordable for the people and also made a dramatic change in the society. Us; ng automobiles as a form of transportation have connected people together including in c-he rural areas to urban centers.** **One of the breakthroughs during the century was the invention of Artificial Intelligence that has the capacity for a computer to perform humanlike intellectual processes and it was later on developed during the 1940\'s. Modern A.l. features specially designed computers that can \"think\" similarly to humans. A.1. is also being used to assist doctors in making medical diagnoses. While there are no any program or computer existing today that can match the man\'s full intellectual capacity.**