Learning and Memory MCQs PDF

**1.** **Which of the following best describes the process of learning?** A\) The conscious recall of information B\) The process by which humans store and retrieve learned information C\) The acquisition of new information or modification of existing knowledge and behaviours D\) The weakening o...

**1.** **Which of the following best describes the process of learning?** A\) The conscious recall of information B\) The process by which humans store and retrieve learned information C\) The acquisition of new information or modification of existing knowledge and behaviours D\) The weakening of synaptic connections in the brain **2.** **Memory is the process by which humans:** A\) Acquire new information B\) Modify behaviours C\) Store, retrieve, and use information that has been learned D\) Strengthen synaptic connections **3.** **Which of the following is NOT a type of declarative memory?** A\) Semantic memory B\) Procedural memory C\) Episodic memory D\) Explicit memory **4.** **Which brain region is primarily involved in motor learning?** A\) Hippocampus B\) Amygdala C\) Cerebellum D\) Prefrontal cortex **5.** **What type of memory involves the conscious recall of facts and events?** A\) Procedural memory B\) Declarative memory C\) Implicit memory D\) Non-declarative memory **6.** **Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?** A\) Knowing the capital of France B\) Remembering your first day at school C\) Understanding the concept of memory D\) Performing a learned motor task like riding a bike **7.** **What form of learning involves the connection between a stimulus and a response?** A\) Non-associative learning B\) Sensitization C\) Associative learning D\) Habituation **8.** **Which brain structure helps form new declarative memories, such as facts and events?** A\) Amygdala B\) Hippocampus C\) Prefrontal cortex D\) Thalamus **9.** **In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus is paired with:** A\) A conditioned response B\) A neutral response C\) An unconditioned stimulus D\) A negative reinforcement **10.** **What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?** A\) A process that weakens synaptic connections over time B\) A process by which synaptic connections become stronger with frequent activation C\) A form of non-declarative memory D\) The mechanism underlying the forgetting of unimportant information **11.** **Which of the following types of memory is NOT part of non-declarative memory?** A\) Procedural memory B\) Priming C\) Conditioning D\) Semantic memory **12.** **Priming is best described as:** A\) The learning of motor skills B\) Learning through associations C\) The unconscious influence of a stimulus on response to another stimulus D\) The process of forgetting unnecessary information **13.** **What brain region is primarily involved in emotional learning and memory?** A\) Hippocampus B\) Prefrontal cortex C\) Amygdala D\) Cerebellum **14.** **In long-term potentiation (LTP), which ion is key to triggering the signalling cascade in the postsynaptic neuron?** A\) Magnesium B\) Sodium C\) Calcium D\) Potassium **15.** **Which of the following describes the process of long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus?** A\) Strengthening synaptic connections in the hippocampus B\) Weakening synaptic connections through low-frequency stimulation C\) Activation of NMDA receptors to allow Ca2+ influx D\) Insertion of more AMPA receptors into the synaptic membrane **16.** **Which brain structure is critical for error correction during motor learning?** A\) Amygdala B\) Hippocampus C\) Cerebellum D\) Prefrontal cortex **17.** **Which of the following best describes declarative memory?** A\) Memory that influences behaviour without conscious awareness B\) Memory involving the learning of motor skills C\) Conscious recall of facts and events D\) Automatic memory for sensory stimuli **18.** **What role does the prefrontal cortex play in learning and memory?** A\) Motor learning and error correction B\) Emotional memory encoding C\) Working memory and decision-making D\) Storing long-term declarative memories **19.** **Which of the following is true about procedural memory?** A\) It involves the conscious recall of information B\) It is a form of non-declarative memory C\) It is related to emotional memory D\) It primarily occurs in the hippocampus **20.** **Which brain structure is responsible for storing emotional memories, particularly those related to fear?** A\) Hippocampus B\) Cerebellum C\) Amygdala D\) Prefrontal cortex **21.** **Which of the following neurotransmitters is released during long-term potentiation in the hippocampus?** A\) Glutamate B\) Dopamine C\) Serotonin D\) GABA **22.** **Which of the following best describes anterograde amnesia?** A\) Loss of ability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia B\) Loss of memories formed before the onset of amnesia C\) Inability to recall procedural memories D\) Inability to retrieve non-declarative memories **23.** **What type of non-declarative memory involves the learning of motor skills and habits?** A\) Episodic memory B\) Procedural memory C\) Priming D\) Semantic memory **24.** **Which of the following occurs during long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus?** A\) Insertion of AMPA receptors B\) Activation of CaMKII protein kinase C\) Removal of AMPA receptors from the synaptic membrane D\) Strengthening of synaptic connections **25.** **The basolateral complex of the amygdala plays a key role in:** A\) Processing olfactory information B\) Controlling motor learning C\) Processing emotional stimuli, particularly fear and reward D\) Fine-tuning movement accuracy **26.** **Which of the following best describes habituation in non-associative learning?** A\) An increased response to repeated exposure of a stimulus B\) A decreased response to repeated exposure of a stimulus C\) Forming a connection between two stimuli D\) Learning through reinforcement and punishment **27.** **In long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus, what receptor is blocked by Mg2+ ions before repeated stimulation?** A\) AMPA receptor B\) NMDA receptor C\) GABA receptor D\) Serotonin receptor **28.** **Which type of memory is responsible for storing general knowledge such as facts about the world?** A\) Episodic memory B\) Procedural memory C\) Semantic memory D\) Working memory **29.** **Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of working memory?** A\) Capacity-limited B\) Long-term storage of information C\) Attention-dependent D\) Maintains and manipulates information **30.** **Which ion's influx triggers a cascade of intracellular signalling events that strengthen synapses during LTP?** A\) Sodium (Na+) B\) Magnesium (Mg2+) C\) Calcium (Ca2+) D\) Potassium (K+) **31.** **What is the main output region of the amygdala, which sends projections to the hypothalamus and brainstem?** A\) Medial nucleus B\) Basolateral complex C\) Central nucleus D\) Dentate gyrus **32.** **In the cerebellum, which neurons are responsible for refining motor skills and correcting movement errors?** A\) Granule cells B\) Purkinje cells C\) Parallel fibres D\) Climbing fibres **33.** **In associative learning, classical conditioning involves linking a neutral stimulus with:** A\) A conditioned response B\) An unconditioned stimulus C\) A neutral response D\) Negative reinforcement **34.** **Which form of memory involves subconscious learning of habits and skills like typing or riding a bike?** A\) Episodic memory B\) Procedural memory C\) Semantic memory D\) Explicit memory **35.** **Which of the following brain regions plays a key role in forming long-term declarative memories?** A\) Amygdala B\) Hippocampus C\) Thalamus D\) Cerebellum **36.** **What is the role of the mossy fibres in cerebellar long-term potentiation (LTP)?** A\) They inhibit Purkinje cells during motor learning B\) They synapse onto granule cells, releasing glutamate to strengthen synapses C\) They carry error signals related to motor tasks D\) They release serotonin, helping with procedural memory formation **37.** **Which of the following brain regions is critical for working memory and decision-making?** A\) Hippocampus B\) Cerebellum C\) Prefrontal cortex D\) Amygdala **38.** **Long-term depression (LTD) in the cerebellum primarily involves the removal of which receptor from the synapse?** A\) NMDA receptor B\) GABA receptor C\) AMPA receptor D\) Dopamine receptor **39.** **Which of the following is required for long-term depression (LTD) to occur in Purkinje cells?** A\) Simultaneous activation of climbing and parallel fibres B\) Insertion of AMPA receptors into the synaptic membrane C\) Activation of NMDA receptors D\) Increased calcium influx into the presynaptic neuron **40.** **Which of the following describes the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in long-term depression (LTD) in the cerebellum?** A\) It promotes the insertion of AMPA receptors into the membrane B\) It triggers the removal of AMPA receptors from the membrane C\) It activates NMDA receptors D\) It blocks the influx of calcium into the cell **41.** **Which of the following best describes sensitization in non-associative learning?** A\) Increased response to repeated exposure of a stimulus B\) Decreased response to repeated exposure of a stimulus C\) Formation of a connection between two stimuli D\) Learning through reinforcement and punishment **42.** **Which of the following is a function of the medial nucleus of the amygdala?** A\) It controls motor learning and error correction B\) It processes olfactory information and associates it with emotional responses C\) It sends projections to the hypothalamus and controls physiological responses D\) It helps with the formation of declarative memories **43.** **Which brain region integrates and organizes information before passing it on to the hippocampus for memory processing?** A\) Entorhinal cortex B\) Prefrontal cortex C\) Amygdala D\) Thalamus **44.** **Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?** A\) Taking pain medication to relieve a headache B\) Learning to ride a bicycle C\) Associating the sound of a bell with the arrival of food D\) Memorizing historical facts for a test **45.** **Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in long-term potentiation (LTP) at CA3-CA1 synapses in the hippocampus?** A\) Serotonin B\) Glutamate C\) Dopamine D\) Acetylcholine **46.** **What is the role of the central nucleus of the amygdala?** A\) It processes emotional stimuli related to fear and reward B\) It integrates sensory information for emotional memory encoding C\) It sends projections to various parts of the brain, mediating physiological stress responses D\) It processes motor learning and fine-tunes movements **47.** **What happens to AMPA receptors during long-term depression (LTD) in the cerebellum?** A\) They are removed from the synapse B\) They are inserted into the synapse C\) They are blocked by magnesium ions D\) They are activated by calcium influx **48.** **Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?** A\) Salivating when hearing a bell B\) Recalling your first day at school C\) Taking medication to avoid pain in the future D\) Learning a new motor skill **49.** **In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus?** A\) A stimulus that elicits a response before any conditioning B\) A stimulus that is paired with the conditioned stimulus C\) A stimulus that has no effect until after conditioning D\) A stimulus that is used for negative reinforcement **50.** **What happens to dendritic spines in long-term depression (LTD) over time?** A\) They increase in size B\) They shrink in size C\) They grow new connections D\) They strengthen their synaptic connections **51.** **Which of the following best describes the process of neuroplasticity?** A\) The formation of new neurons in the adult brain B\) The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections C\) The weakening of synaptic connections in the brain over time D\) The process of storing short-term memories **52.** **Which of the following is an example of non-associative learning?** A\) Classical conditioning B\) Operant conditioning C\) Habituation D\) Memory recall **53.** **What role does calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) play in long-term potentiation (LTP)?** A\) It removes AMPA receptors from the synaptic membrane B\) It prevents the release of neurotransmitters C\) It promotes the insertion of additional AMPA receptors into the synaptic membrane D\) It blocks NMDA receptors **54.** **What is the function of the entorhinal cortex in memory formation?** A\) It encodes emotional memories, especially those related to fear B\) It is responsible for motor learning and fine-tuning movements C\) It integrates sensory and cognitive information before passing it to the hippocampus D\) It stores long-term declarative memories **55.** **Which brain structure is primarily involved in processing fear-related emotional stimuli?** A\) Hippocampus B\) Prefrontal cortex C\) Amygdala D\) Cerebellum **56.** **Which of the following memory processes is most closely associated with synaptic plasticity?** A\) Memory consolidation B\) Memory retrieval C\) Memory rehearsal D\) Forgetting **57.** **What happens to synaptic strength in long-term potentiation (LTP)?** A\) It decreases B\) It remains the same C\) It increases D\) It fluctuates randomly **58.** **In long-term depression (LTD), what enzyme is activated that leads to the removal of AMPA receptors from the synapse?** A\) CaMKII B\) Protein kinase C (PKC) C\) Calcineurin D\) Adenylate cyclase **59.** **Which of the following is a key difference between long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus?** A\) LTP weakens synapses while LTD strengthens them B\) LTP involves high-frequency stimulation, whereas LTD involves low-frequency stimulation C\) LTP activates protein phosphatases, while LTD activates kinases D\) LTP relies on metabotropic glutamate receptors, whereas LTD relies on ionotropic receptors **60.** **Which type of memory is responsible for recalling personal experiences and events tied to specific times and places?** A\) Semantic memory B\) Procedural memory C\) Episodic memory D\) Working memory **61.** **Which brain region is involved in coordinating motor learning and adjusting movement commands during practice?** A\) Hippocampus B\) Amygdala C\) Prefrontal cortex D\) Cerebellum **62.** **Which of the following best describes the role of protein phosphatases in long-term depression (LTD)?** A\) They insert AMPA receptors into the synaptic membrane B\) They remove AMPA receptors from the synaptic membrane C\) They activate NMDA receptors D\) They promote synaptic strengthening **63.** **What is the primary role of the hippocampus in memory?** A\) Storing emotional memories B\) Converting short-term memories into long-term memories C\) Refining motor skills D\) Processing sensory information **64.** **In long-term potentiation (LTP), what triggers the removal of magnesium ions (Mg2+) from NMDA receptors?** A\) High-frequency stimulation B\) Activation of protein phosphatases C\) Weak depolarization of the post-synaptic neuron D\) Increased sodium influx **65.** **Which form of memory involves recalling information without conscious awareness?** A\) Declarative memory B\) Semantic memory C\) Procedural memory D\) Episodic memory **66.** **In long-term potentiation (LTP), what happens when NMDA receptors are activated?** A\) Calcium influx into the postsynaptic neuron B\) Sodium influx into the presynaptic neuron C\) Removal of AMPA receptors from the synaptic membrane D\) Decreased synaptic strength **67.** **Which of the following is true about priming?** A\) It is a type of associative learning B\) It requires conscious recall of information C\) It alters behaviour or thoughts based on prior experiences D\) It weakens synaptic connections **68.** **Which of the following best describes the difference between associative and non-associative learning?** A\) Associative learning involves forming a connection between stimuli, while non-associative learning involves changes in response to a single stimulus B\) Associative learning involves only emotional stimuli, while non-associative learning involves motor tasks C\) Associative learning weakens synapses, while non-associative learning strengthens them D\) Associative learning occurs without memory, while non-associative learning requires conscious effort **69.** **Which brain region receives sensory information from the thalamus and cortex and processes emotional stimuli?** A\) Medial nucleus of the amygdala B\) Central nucleus of the amygdala C\) Basolateral complex of the amygdala D\) Dentate gyrus of the hippocampus **70.** **What happens when low-frequency stimulation occurs at a CA3-CA1 synapse in the hippocampus?** A\) LTP is induced, strengthening the synapse B\) LTD is induced, weakening the synapse C\) More AMPA receptors are inserted into the synapse D\) NMDA receptors are blocked by magnesium ions **71.** **Which brain structure plays a role in converting short-term memories into long-term ones?** A\) Cerebellum B\) Hippocampus C\) Amygdala D\) Prefrontal cortex **72.** **In operant conditioning, what is negative reinforcement?** A\) Giving a reward after a behaviour to increase the likelihood of repeating the behaviour B\) Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a behaviour to increase the likelihood of repeating the behaviour C\) Giving a punishment after a behaviour to decrease the likelihood of repeating the behaviour D\) Removing a reward after a behaviour to decrease the likelihood of repeating the behaviour **73.** **Which brain region is primarily responsible for motor coordination and procedural learning?** A\) Hippocampus B\) Cerebellum C\) Amygdala D\) Prefrontal cortex **74.** **What is the function of the Schaffer collateral pathway in the hippocampus?** A\) It connects the CA3 and CA1 regions, facilitating LTP B\) It carries sensory information to the amygdala C\) It transmits motor commands from the cerebellum D\) It regulates emotional memory encoding in the prefrontal cortex **75.** **Which process weakens synaptic connections in the cerebellum, allowing for the refinement of motor skills?** A\) Long-term potentiation (LTP) B\) Sensitization C\) Long-term depression (LTD) D\) Habituation **ANSWERS TO LEARNING AND MEMORY QUESTIONS:** **1.** C) The acquisition of new information or modification of existing knowledge and behaviours **2.** C) Store, retrieve, and use information that has been learned **3.** B) Procedural memory **4.** C) Cerebellum **5.** B) Declarative memory **6.** B) Remembering your first day at school **7.** C) Associative learning **8.** B) Hippocampus **9.** C) An unconditioned stimulus **10.** B) A process by which synaptic connections become stronger with frequent activation **11.** D) Semantic memory **12.** C) The unconscious influence of a stimulus on response to another stimulus **13.** C) Amygdala **14.** C) Calcium **15.** B) Weakening synaptic connections through low-frequency stimulation **16.** C) Cerebellum **17.** C) Conscious recall of facts and events **18.** C) Working memory and decision-making **19.** B) It is a form of non-declarative memory **20.** C) Amygdala **21.** A) Glutamate **22.** A) Loss of ability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia **23.** B) Procedural memory **24.** C) Removal of AMPA receptors from the synaptic membrane **25.** C) Processing emotional stimuli, particularly fear and reward **26.** B) A decreased response to repeated exposure of a stimulus **27.** B) NMDA receptor **28.** C) Semantic memory **29.** B) Long-term storage of information **30.** C) Calcium (Ca2+) **31.** C) Central nucleus **32.** B) Purkinje cells **33.** B) An unconditioned stimulus **34.** B) Procedural memory **35.** B) Hippocampus **36.** B) They synapse onto granule cells, releasing glutamate to strengthen synapses **37.** C) Prefrontal cortex **38.** C) AMPA receptor **39.** A) Simultaneous activation of climbing and parallel fibres **40.** B) It triggers the removal of AMPA receptors from the membrane **41.** A) Increased response to repeated exposure of a stimulus **42.** B) It processes olfactory information and associates it with emotional responses **43.** A) Entorhinal cortex **44.** C) Associating the sound of a bell with the arrival of food **45.** B) Glutamate **46.** C) It sends projections to various parts of the brain, mediating physiological stress responses **47.** A) They are removed from the synapse **48.** C) Taking medication to avoid pain in the future **49.** A) A stimulus that elicits a response before any conditioning **50.** B) They shrink in size **51.** B) The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections **52.** C) Habituation **53.** C) It promotes the insertion of additional AMPA receptors into the synaptic membrane **54.** C) It integrates sensory and cognitive information before passing it to the hippocampus **55.** C) Amygdala **56.** A) Memory consolidation **57.** C) It increases **58.** C) Calcineurin **59.** B) LTP involves high-frequency stimulation, whereas LTD involves low-frequency stimulation **60.** C) Episodic memory **61.** D) Cerebellum **62.** B) They remove AMPA receptors from the synaptic membrane **63.** B) Converting short-term memories into long-term memories **64.** A) High-frequency stimulation **65.** C) Procedural memory **66.** A) Calcium influx into the postsynaptic neuron **67.** C) It alters behaviour or thoughts based on prior experiences **68.** A) Associative learning involves forming a connection between stimuli, while non-associative learning involves changes in response to a single stimulus **69.** C) Basolateral complex of the amygdala **70.** B) LTD is induced, weakening the synapse **71.** B) Hippocampus **72.** B) Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a behaviour to increase the likelihood of repeating the behaviour **73.** B) Cerebellum **74.** A) It connects the CA3 and CA1 regions, facilitating LTP **75.** C) Long-term depression (LTD)