Law Enforcement Operation and Planning with Crime Mapping PDF

LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATION AND PLANNING one will be provided for you. Do you understand the WITH CRIME MAPPING these rights? * Be assisted by counsel at all times Preferabl...

LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATION AND PLANNING one will be provided for you. Do you understand the WITH CRIME MAPPING these rights? * Be assisted by counsel at all times Preferably of his CATEGORIES OF POLICE OPERATIONS own choice - If the person arrested, detained, or under custodial 1. Public Safety Operation – includes Search, Rescue investigation cannot afford the services of counsel, the and Retrieval Operations, Fire Drills, Earthquake Drills investigating officer must provide him with one. and similar operations that promote public safety. - Counsel shall at all times be allowed to confer privately with the person 2.Law Enforcement Operation – includes Service of Warrant of Arrest, Implementation of Search Warrant, *Be visited by or have conferences with: Any member of Enforcement of Visitorial Powers of the Chief, Philippine his immediate family, National Police and Unit Commanders, Anti-Illegal Drugs which INCLUDES – Operation, AntiIllegal Gambling Operations, Anti-Illegal - spouse, Logging Operations, Anti-Illegal Fishing Operations, - fiancée, Anti-Carnapping Operations, Anti-Kidnapping Operations, - parent or child, Anti-Cyber Crime Operations and similar operations that - brother or sister, are conducted to enforce laws, statutes, executive orders - grandparent or grandchild, and ordinances. - uncle or aunt, - nephew or niece, AND 3. Internal Security Operation – includes - guardian or ward Counter-Insurgency Operations, Counter Terrorist Any medical doctor OR priest OR religious minister Operations and similar operations that are conducted to - Chosen by him, or by any member of his immediate ensure internal security. family, or by his counsel Any national non-governmental organization duly accredited by the Commission on 4. Special Police Operation – includes Checkpoint Human Rights or the Office of the President. Operation, Roadblock Operation, Civil Disturbance Management Operation, Police Assistance in the *The custodial investigation report shall be reduced to Enforcement of Demolition Eviction Injunction and writing by the investigating officer. Similar Orders, Police Assistance in the Implementation - Its contents shall be read and adequately of Final Court Order and Order from Quasi-Judicial explained by the counsel to the person arrested or Bodies, Hostage Situation, Visit Board Search and detained BEFORE he signs or puts his thumb mark Seizure Onboard Marine Vessels and similar police thereto. operations that are conducted by police units with - Otherwise, such investigation report shall be null and specialized training on the peculiarity of the mission or void and of no effect whatsoever. purpose. *Any waiver by a person arrested or detained under the 5. Intelligence Operation – includes Surveillance provisions of Article125 of the Revised Penal Code, or Operation, Counter Intelligence, Intelligence Research, under custodial investigation, shall be in writing and Intelligence Assessment and similar police intelligence signed by such person in the presence of his counsel. operation conducted to gather information related to security, public safety and order. *Any extrajudicial confession made by a person arrested, detained or under custodial investigation shall be in 6. Investigation Operation – includes Investigation of writing. Crime or Incident, Administrative Investigation and - It shall be signed by the person in the presence of his similar investigative work necessary to determine facts counsel. and circumstances for filing of cases criminally or - In the absence of counsel AND upon a valid waiver, in administratively. the presence of any of the following: - Parents; 7. Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) – includes - Elder brothers and sisters; the processing of crime scene, technical and forensic - Spouse; examination of evidences and similar scientific - Municipal mayor, investigative assistance. - municipal judge, district school supervisor; OR - Priest or minister of the gospel as chosen by the person RA 7438 also known as “Rights of persons arrested, - Otherwise, such extra judicial confession shall be Detained or under Custodial Investigation” and Rule inadmissible as evidence in any proceeding. 113 of the Rules of Court known as “Arrest” ARREST- is the act of apprehending and taking a RA 7438 person into custody (legal protection or control), usually An Act Defining Certain Rights of Person Arrested, because the person has been suspected of or observed Detained or Under Custodial Investigation as Well as the committing a crime Duties of the Arresting, Detaining and Investigating General Guidelines of arrest Officers, and Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof. a. All arrests should be made only on the basis of a valid Warrant of Arrest Duties of Public Officers issued by a competent authority, except in instances *Be informed, in a language known to and understood by where the law allows warrantless arrest. him, of his rights to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel (Miranda Rights) b. No violence or unnecessary force shall be used in Miranda Rights/Doctrine making an arrest, and the You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can person to be arrested shall and will be used against you in a court of law. You have not be subjected to any greater restraint than what is the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, necessary under the circumstances. c. As a general rule, arrests can be made on any day of 13. Deliver the arrested person to jail/prison upon the the week and at any time of the day or night. issuance of a commitment order of the court. d. Only judges are authorized to issue Warrants of Effecting Warrantless Arrest Arrest. 1. Freeze or restrain the suspect/s; 2. Make proper introduction as to identity and authority to e. A Warrant of Arrest is no longer needed if the accused arrest; is already under detention. 3. Inform the arrested person of the circumstances of his arrest and recite the Miranda Warning and Anti-torture Warrant of Arrest - The warrant of arrest is the written Warning to him; authority of the arresting officer when making an arrest or 4. Secure the person to be arrested and use handcuffs taking of a person into custody in order that he may be for the protection of the arresting officer,other Individual bound to answer for the commission of an offense. or the arrested person himself; 5. Conduct thorough search for weapons and other Arrests without a Warrant - A peace officer or a private illegal materials on the person arrested and surroundings person may, without a warrant, arrest a person: within his immediate control; 6. Confiscated evidence shall be properly documented a. When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has with the chain of custody of evidence duly and Clearly committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to established; commit an offense; 7. No unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest; and b. When an offense has just been committed and he has 8. Bring the arrested person to the Police Station for probable cause to believe, based on personal knowledge further investigation and disposition. of facts or circumstances, that the person to be arrested has committed it; SEARCH AND SEIZURE - A search warrant shall be issued only upon probable cause in connection with one c. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has specific offense to be determined personally by the judge escaped from a penal establishment or place where he is after examination under oath or affirmation of the serving final judgment or temporarily confined while his complainant and the witnesses presented. The search case is pending, or has escaped while being transferred warrant shall particularly describe the place to be from one confinement area to another; searched and the things to be seized which may be anywhere in the Philippines. d. Where the accused released on bail attempts to leave the country without court permission; The following properties may be the objects of a search warrant: e. Violation of conditional pardon, punishable under (1) Properties which are the subject of the offense; Article 159 of the Revised Penal Code as a case of (2) Stolen, embezzled proceeds, or fruits of the offense; evasion of service of sentence; and and (3) Objects including weapons, equipment, and other f. Arrest following a Deportation Proceeding by the items used or intended to be used as the means of Immigration Commissioner against illegal and committing an offense. undesirable aliens VALIDITY OF SEARCH WARRANT Procedures in Serving of Warrant of Arrest a. The warrant shall be valid for ten (10) days from date 1. Verify the validity of the warrant and request for an of issuance and may be served at any day within the said authenticated copy from the issuing court; period. Thereafter, it shall be void. 2. In serving the warrant, the police officer should introduce himself and show proper identification; b. If, in the implementation of the search warrant, its 3. Make a manifestation of authority against the person object or purpose cannot be accomplished in one day, to be arrested; the search can be continued the following day, or days, 4. If refused entry, the police officer may break into any until completed, provided it is still within the ten (10)- day residence; office, building, and other structure where the validity period of the search warrant. person to be arrested is in or is reasonably believed to be in, after announcing his purpose; c. If the object or purpose of the search warrant cannot 5. The police officer need not have a copy of the warrant be accomplished within the ten (10)-day validity period, in his possession at the time of the arrest. If the person the responsible police officer conducting the search must arrested so requires, the warrant shall be shown to the file, before the issuing court, an application for the arrested person as soon as possible; extension of the validity period of said search warrant. 6. Secure the person to be arrested and use handcuffs for the protection of the arresting officer, other individual VALID SEARCH AND SEIZURES WITHOUT SEARCH or the arrested person himself; WARRANT 7. Conduct thorough search for weapons and other a. Search made incidental to a valid arrest illegal materials on the person arrested and surroundings A person lawfully arrested may be searched for within his immediate control; dangerous weapons or anything which may be used or 8. Inform the person to be arrested of his rights under the which may constitute proof in the commission of an law (i.e. Miranda Warning and Anti-torture Warning); offense, without a search warrant. The warrantless 9. No unnecessary force shall be used in making an search and seizure as an incident to a lawful arrest may arrest; extend beyond the person of the arrested to include the 10. Confiscated evidence shall be properly documented premises or surroundings under his immediate control. with the chain of custody of evidence duly and clearly b. Search of moving vehicles established; If the police officers who will conduct the search 11. Bring the arrested person to the Police Station for have reasonable or probable cause to believe, before the documentation; search, that either the motorist is a law offender or they 12. Make a Return of Warrant to the court of origin; and will find the instrumentality or evidence pertaining to a crime in the The Philippine Coast Guard is the country’s vanguard vehicle to be searched, the vehicle may be stopped and against the entry of unsafe foreign vessels into the subjected to an extensive search. country through its Port State Control. At present, the c. Seizure of evidence in plain view Philippine Coast Guard has seven (7) PSC Centers and Any object in the plain view is subject to seizure and fifteen (15) PSC Divisions all throughout the archipelago. may be introduced as evidence. The PSC Center in Manila has the bulk of all inspections Requirements under the Plain View Doctrine are: based on frequency of foreign ship calls. (1) The police officer must have prior justification for an intrusion or, otherwise, must be in a position from which PCG AND ITS OPERATIONAL UNITS he can view a particular area; (2) The discovery of the evidence in plain view is MARITIME SAFETY or MARSAF unintentional; or Function is designed to help prevent or minimize (3) It is immediately apparent to the police officer that the unnecessary loss of lives and properties at sea. The item he observes may be evidence of a crime, seaworthiness of every vessel leaving the port is contraband, or is a valid subject of seizure. ensured through the intensified Mandatory Pre-departure d. When there is waiver of the right or there is Inspection which include the compliance of vessels to consented search safety standards and prevention of vessels from sailing To constitute a waiver of this constitutional right, it for failure to comply with the standards. must appear, first, that the right exists; second, that the person involved had knowledge, either actual or MARITIME SECURITY OR MARSEC constructive, of the existence of such right; that said Considering the archipelagic character of the country, it person had an actual intention to relinquish the right. is vital to enhance the security of its different maritime e. Searches Under Stop and Frisk Rule zones to protect the integrity as a nation. In the The police officer has the right to stop a citizen on performance of this function, the PCG contributes to the street, interrogate him, and pat him for weapons maintain good order at sea by conducting regular patrols whenever he observes unusual conduct which convinces and surveillance for the safety of navigation of ships, to him that a criminal activity exists. safeguard ships from illegal acts and to promote freedom of navigation. The PCG is likewise mandated to secure f. Emergency and Exigent Circumstances exploration and resource utilization activities within the A search warrant could be validly dispensed with in country's maritime jurisdiction. cases of exigent and emergency situation, and the police officers have reasonable grounds to believe that a crime MARITIME SEARCH AND RESCUE OR MARSAR is being committed, and they have no opportunity to The Philippine Coast Guard, in accordance with the apply for a search warrant from the courts because the Convention of Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), is the latter were closed. national maritime search and rescue service of the g. Tipped Information country. The Coast Guard Action Center (CGAC) at the If the police officers have reasonable grounds to PCG Headquarters in Manila, by virtue of the current believe that the subjects are engaged in illegal activities, functions and facilities, serves as the coordinating the tipped information is sufficient to provide probable centers for all search and rescue operations. The twelve cause to effect a warrantless search and seizure. Coast Guard Districts are designated as Maritime Rescue Coordinating Council (MRCC) within their areas TIME OF SEARCH of responsibility while the 59 Coast Guard Stations are The warrant should be served during daytime, unless designated as Maritime Rescue Sub-Centers (MRSC). there is a provision in the warrant allowing service at any The detachments under these stations are designated as time of the day or night. SAR units. CRIMINAL ACTION - It is an action by which the State prosecutes a person MARITIME LAW ENFORCEMENT or MARLEN for an act or omission punishable by law. The PCG is likewise mandated to conduct MARITIME LAW ENFORCEMENT (MARLEN) and implement laws The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic on fisheries (and poaching), immigration, tariff and Resources (BFAR) customs, forestry, firearms and explosives, human - is the government agency responsible for the trafficking, dangerous drugs and controlled chemicals, development, improvement, management and and to implement the revised penal code and all other conservation of the country's fisheries and aquatic applicable laws within the country’s maritime jurisdiction Resources. It was reconstituted as a line bureau by and battle transnational crimes. The PCG is authorized virtue of Republic Act No. 8550 (Philippine Fisheries to board and inspect all watercrafts suspected to be Code of 1998). The bureau is under the Department of involved in or used in illegal trade. PCG personnel are Agriculture. also deemed agents of BFAR, Immigration, Customs, MANDATE DENR, PDEA, and INTERPOL in the performance of its The Bureau is responsible for the development, MARLEN function. improvement, management and conservation of the country`s fisheries and aquatic MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION or resources. MAREP VISION The Philippines is a signatory to IMO Conventions on An institution of excellence in sustainable fisheries Marine Pollution of 1973 and 1978 (MARPOL 73/78). management and services contributing to the nation`s The Philippine Coast Guard under RA 9993 is the sole food security by having 20% fish surplus and improving agency responsible for the Philippine implementation of fisher folk`s quality of life by 2030. the Conventions with regards to oil pollution, prevention, MISSION mitigation and control through the conduct of marine To protect fisheries and aquatic resources and empower pollution monitoring and control, enhancement of PCG stakeholders to improve productivity capability and oil spill response operations and enforcement of all marine environmental laws and Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) regulations. PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY License and Permit Issuance- The LTO is in charge of - it is the lead anti-drug law enforcement agency, the issuance, renewal and regulation of driver`s licenses. responsible for preventing, investigating and combating It can issue licenses to both citizens and foreigners any dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and provide that they meet the requirements for those essential chemicals within the Philippines. The agency is licenses. tasked with the enforcement of the penal and regulatory Motor Vehicle Registration provisions of Republic Act No. 9165, otherwise known as - The LTO is responsible for the registration of motor the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002. vehicles and renewals. PDEA - is the implementing arm of the Dangerous Drugs It can register brand new vehicles, including locally Board (DDB). The DDB is the policy-making and manufactured vehicles, imported vehicles, light electric strategy-formulating body in the planning and formulation vehicles, low speed vehicles, three wheeled vehicles, of policies and programs on drug prevention and control. and tax exempt vehicles. PDEA and DDB are both under the supervision of the Office of the President of the Philippines. Law Enforcement and Adjudication of Cases - shall be headed by a Director General with the rank of - One of the main functions of the LTO is to strictly Undersecretary, who shall be responsible for the general implement and enforce the laws regarding land administration and management of the Agency. The transportation. Necessary requirements and procedures Director General of the PDEA shall be appointed by the are to be followed in settlements of admitted cases and President of the Philippines and shall perform such other contested cases of motor vehicles, plates, and driver's duties that maybe assigned to him/her. licenses. The LTO also follows a strict procedure in settlements of impounded violations. It also allows ANTI-DRUG OPERATIONS private and for hire motor vehicles to apply for duplicate To achieve the desired output, the agency has identified plates. Furthermore, the LTO is in charge of ensuring the conduct of anti-drug operations as its main programs, that public land transportation services abide by the fares activities and projects. The conduct of anti-drug set by the LTFRB. It has sanctions for the overcharging operations is directly linked to the agency's major final and undercharging of fares, and for non-issuance of fare output (mfo). This shall encompass the following tickets. performance indicators of the agency: - ARREST OF HIGH-VALUE TARGETS Manufacturers, Assemblers, Importers, and Dealers - CONDUCT OF HIGH-IMPACT OPERATIONS Reporting (MAIDR) - DRUG-RELATED INFORMATIONACTED UPON - The LTO grants accreditation to certain manufacturers, WITHIN ONE (1)HOUR assemblers, importers, and dealers who wish to transact business with the LTO. A firm, person, or corporation Drug Courier or Drug Mules must file an application for accreditation with Assistant MALE - 37% Secretary of the Land Transportation Office containing FEMALE - 63% certain requirements and qualifications in order to - Drug mules or “drug couriers” are individuals who transact business with the LTO relative to Motor Vehicles transport dangerous drugs in exchange for a huge or its components. It also issues the Certificate of Stock amount of money, depending on the amount of drugs to Reported (CSR) which certifies that a motor vehicle or its be delivered and the route/distance to be travelled. component has already been - It has been a noticeable trend that more female Filipino reported by its manufacturer, assembler, or importer to drug couriers are being exploited by drug trafficking MAIDRS syndicates: Of the 710 arrested, 265 or 37% are males while 445 or 63% are females. Women are usually VISION targeted by syndicates since they generally generate -A front line government agency showcasing fast and mild suspicion from authorities and the female body has efficient public service for a progressive land transport more cavities possible to insert the drugs in, therefore sector. posing less detection risk. PLANNING AS A MANAGEMENT FUNCTION LTO (Land Transportation Office) Planning can be defined as the process by which - is an agency of the Philippine government under the managers set objectives, assess the future, and develop Department of Transportation and is responsible for all courses of action designed to accomplish objectives. It land transportation in the Philippines. Functions of the also includes determining appropriate objectives and the Land Transportation Office include the inspection and optimum timetable for achieving them. It is a continuous registration of motor vehicles, issuance of license and function that directs the organization through a permits, enforcement of land transportation rules and change-oriented environment in the pursuit of regulations, adjudication of traffic cases, and the established objectives. It also specifies the actions collection of revenues for the government of the needed to reach these objectives. Philippines. Management is defined as the use of people and other - Its primary mission is to rationalize the land resources to accomplish objectives. This definition is transportation services and facilities and to effectively applicable to all organizational structure, both implement the various transportation laws, rules, and profit-oriented and non-profit. The process of regulations. It believes that it is the responsibility of those management is involved in the public service to be more vigilant in their as important to the effective functioning of any part in the over-all development scheme of national organization. Management involves in the creation of an leadership. Hence, the promotion of safety and comfort environment in which people can most effectively use in land travel is one of LTO's continuing commitments. It other resources to reach stated goals. In involves the aims to be a frontline government agency that implementation of four basic functions which play a role showcases fast and efficient public service for a in the operations of all organizations. progressive land transport sector. Henry Fayol, a French management theorist and practitioner, is credited with identifying these four basic FUNCTIONS AND MANDATE functions of the managerial process. Four Basic Functions of Management Planning - can be defined as the process by which managers set objectives, assess the future, and develop Reactive Plans courses of action to accomplish these objectives. All -developed as a result of crisis. Reactive or past managers are involved in planning activities. oriented planning is an active attempt to turn back the Organizing - is the process of obtaining and arranging clock to the past. The past, no matter how bad, is people and physical resources to carry out plans and preferable to the present. And definitely better than the accomplish organizational objectives. It is a continuing future will be. These people seek to undo the change process in any organization. that has created the present, and they fear the future, Leading is a critical activity in all organizations. It can be which they attempt to prevent. defined as the act of motivating or causing people to perform certain tasks intended to achieve specific Proactive Plans objectives. It is the art of making things happen. -developed in anticipation of problems. Proactive or Controlling can be defined as the continual analysis and creating the future planning involves designing a desired measurement of actual operations against the future and then inventing ways to create that future state. established standards developed during the planning Not only is the future a preferred state, but the process. organization can actively control the outcome. Planners actively shape the future, rather than just trying to get PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING ahead of events outside of their control. The predicted changes of the proactive planner are seen not as Decision Making – is a process of identifying options absolute constraints, but as obstacles that can be and choosing those courses of actions necessary to addressed and overcome. perform a given task. It triggers actions designed to keep plans in motion. It is closely linked to planning, since all Visionary Plans planning involves decision making, not all decision -are essential statements that identify the role of the making is planning. police in the community and a future condition or state to which the department can aspire; this planning includes: Category of Plans 1. Envisioning the Ultimate Goal 2. Anticipating the Future Plans – are detailed expressions of actions necessary to 3. Growing and Expanding accomplish stated organizational objectives. Once plans 4. Focusing on Improvement are formulated and implemented, they are periodically evaluated to determine their success, in moving the Strategic Plans organization in the direction of its stated goals. -designed to meet the long-range, over-all goals of the organization. Strategic planning is the process of DIMENSIONS OF PLANNING determining overall objectives of the organization and the All organizations are involved in plans. These plans vary policies and strategies adopted to achieve those in degrees of importance, so it is a must for every objective. It is conducted by the top management, which organization to develop a method of classifying plans. include chief executive officer, president, vice-presidents, Plans can be classified in three dimensions: General Manger etc. It is a long range planning and may 1. Time cover a time period of up to 10 years. 2. Use 3. Scope or Breadth Operational Plans -designed to meet the specific tasks required to TIME implement strategic plans. Operational Plan DOES Short Range present highly detailed information specifically to direct -Covers a time period of 1 year or less people to perform the day-to- day tasks required in the Intermediate Range running the organization. Organization management and -Covers a time period of between 1 and 5 years staff should frequently refer to the operational plan in Long Range carrying out their everyday work. The Operational Plan -Covers a time period of 5 years above provides the what, who, when and how much: USE what - the strategies and tasks that must be undertaken Single- Use who - the persons who have responsibility of each of the -Predetermined course of action for unique, strategies/tasks when - the timeline in which non-recurring situations; includes program, projects, strategies/tasks must be completed how much - the budget amount of financial resources provided to complete each Standing strategy/task -Predetermined course of action for repetitive or long term activities, Strategic Plan Technologies procedures, rules and regulations 1. SWOT TECHNIQUE SCOPE AND BREADTH Strategic Strengths – refer to the elements in the organization -Establish over-all objectives; position the which gave advantage or make it strong and capable of organization in terms of its environment; can be short or accomplishing its mission. long term Weaknesses – refer to the elements which constraint Tactical the organization from effectively and efficiently attaining -Implementation of activities and resource its objective. allocations; typically short term Operational Opportunities – refer to the elements which can be -Use of quotas, standards, or schedules for tapped to allow the unit to move forward or progress. implementing tactical plans Threats – refer to the elements which pose serious TYPES OF PLAN challenges to the organization.  -Deciding in advance on what is to done and how it 2. VISION, MISSION & GOALS (VMG) STATEMENT is to be accomplished. It is in essence, preparations for Mission: the organization’s purpose actions. Vision: the dream or the aspiration of the organization Goals: the desired target FIVE MAJOR APPROACHES IN POLICE PLANNING KINDS OF POLICE PLANS POLICY AND PROCEDURAL PLAN SYNOPTIC APPROACH -to properly achieve the administrative planning -Also known as the rational comprehensive responsibility within the unit, the Commander shall approach. develop units plan relating to; policies and procedure; -It is the dominant approach to planning. Each step tactics and operations. is designed to provide managers with a logical course of action. Policies are also known as the mini-mission statement, -The most widely used approach in police that are formulated by the top management, for serving management. as guidelines to take quick and rational decision regarding the day to day operational activities of the TRANSACTIVE PLANNING company. Policies affect the internal structure and -Is carried out in face-to-face interaction with the routine activities of the entity which requires periodic people who are to be affected by the plan and not to an decision making. They are generally in the form of the anonymous target community beneficiary. concise statement. INCREMENTAL PLANNING Procedures are schedule of activities which needs to be -Incrementalism concludes that long range and performed, one after the other, in a fixed period, having a comprehensive planning are not only too difficult, but proper beginning and end is known as the procedure. inherently bad. The idea of procedure has been developed to avoid the -Is critical of the synoptic planning approach which overlapping of actions and haphazard manner of is rational in nature. performing activities. This saves a lot of time and a -It has a tendency toward centralization and often proper series of actions is framed, which will reduce criticized for “muddling through” chaos. Procedures are made for the successful -The method of change by which many small policy completion of a program. They are made for directing the changes are enacted lower level workers of the organization. overtime in order to create a larger broad based policy change. TACTICAL PLAN - these are the procedures for coping with specific ADVOCACY PLANNING situations at known locations. Tactical plans represent -Beneficial aspects of this approach include a the short-term efforts to achieve the strategic, greater sensitivity to the unintended and negative side longer-term goals." When managers develop tactical effects of plans. plans, they also develop a time line for completion. Each -Developed in the 1960`s based on adversarial actionable goal puts the organization closer to meeting procedures found in the its associated strategic goal. legal profession. -Usually associated with defending the interests of OPERATIONAL PLAN the weak against -these are plans for operations of special divisions strong. like the patrol, detective and juvenile control divisions; An Operational Plan is a highly detailed plan that provides a RADICAL PLANNING clear picture of how a team, section or department will -The first mainstream involves collective actions to contribute to the achievement of the organization goals. achieve concrete results in the immediate future. The operational plan maps out the day-to-day tasks required to run a business and cover. Guides to a Good Plan-SMART Method SMART is an acronym that you can use to guide your EXTRA-OFFICE PLAN goal setting. Its criteria are commonly attributed to Peter -these are plans made to organize the community to Drucker's Management by Objectives concept. The first assist in the accomplishment of objectives in the field of known use of the term occurs in the November 1981 traffic control, organized crime and juvenile delinquency issue of Management Review by George T. Doran. Since prevention; then, Professor Robert S. Rubin (Saint Louis University) wrote about SMART in an article for The Society for MANAGEMENT PLAN Industrial and Organizational Psychology. He stated that -Plans of management shall map out in advance all SMART has come to mean different things to different operations involved in the organization management of people, as shown below. personnel and material. POLICE PLANNING SMART METHOD -The process of combining all aspects of the public safety activity and the realistic anticipation of future 1. SPECIFIC (simple, sensible, significant) problems. -Your goal should be clear and specific, otherwise -The analysis of strategy and the correlation of you won't be able to focus your efforts or feel truly strategy to detail. motivated to achieve it. When drafting your goal, try to -The use of rational design or pattern for all the answer the five "W" questions: public safety undertakings. What do I want to accomplish? -The act of determining policies and guidelines for Why is this goal important? police activities and operations. Who is involved? -Providing controls and safeguards for such Where is it located? activities and operation in the police forces. Which resources or limits are involved?  -term used in policing to refer to the process of 2. MEASURABLE (meaningful, motivating) conducting spatial analysis -It's important to have measurable goals, so that you within crime analysis. can track your progress and stay motivated. Assessing -it is also the process of using a geographic progress helps you to stay focused, meet your deadlines, information system to conduct spatial analysis of crime and feel the excitement of getting closer to achieving problems and other police-related issues. your goal. A measurable goal should address questions such as: Importance of Crime Mapping. How much? How many? Crime mapping helps reassure the public. Crime How will I know when it is accomplished? mapping is important to the public because it helps the police meet their needs much easier. That is, the police 3. ATTAINABLE (agreed, achievable) are able to place locations where crimes occur. It also -Your goal also needs to be realistic and attainable helps them evaluate interventions, and recognize places to be successful. In other words, it should stretch your where there are many repeated calls for service. This abilities but still remain possible. When you set an allows the police to place special attention to those areas. achievable goal, you may be able to identify previously It helps inform the public on various changes in their overlooked opportunities or resources that can bring you community and about crime activities that arise in their closer to it. An attainable goal will usually answer locations. questions such as: How can I accomplish this goal? Crime maps are very useful and effective especially How realistic is the goal, based on other constraints, for large departments and agencies. The departments such as financial factors? that tend to continue their use of crime mapping are the ones located in places where crime is rampant. It helps 4. RELEVANT (reasonable, realistic and the public hold their leaders accountable for community resourced,results-based) policing. The Public is able to manage their own risks of -This step is about ensuring that your goal matters being victims of crime to you, and that it also aligns with other relevant goals. We all need support and assistance in achieving our Private companies benefit from crime maps. This is goals, but it's important to retain control over them. So, because they are able to find safe locations to place their make sure that your plans drive everyone forward, but branches and weigh their safety options in the relatively that you're still responsible for achieving your own goal. unsafe locations. The companies may use the statistics -A relevant goal can answer "yes" to these questions: in crime maps to advertise themselves and use safety as -Does this seem worthwhile? a key component to attract consumers. This is especially -Is this the right time? helpful for the merchants and hotel industries that must -Does this match our other efforts/needs? provide a safe and serene environment for their clients. -Am I the right person to reach this goal? -Is it applicable in the current socio-economic THEORITICAL EXPLANATIONS OF CRIME AND environment? PLACE -crime has been a part of life for as long as people 5. TIME BOUND (time-based, time limited, time/cost have gathered into social groups. A great deal of time limited, timely, time-sensitive) and effort has been invested in trying to understand -Every goal needs a target date, so that you have a crime, most notably examining why some engage in deadline to focus on and something to work toward. This criminal behaviour and others do not. As a result, there is part of the SMART goal criteria helps to prevent a plethora of theories under the larger heading everyday tasks from taking priority over your longer-term criminology (the study of crime and criminal behavior) goals. A time-bound goal will usually answer these that attempt to answer these questions. questions: When? BEGINNINGS OF CRIME MAPPING What can I do six months from now? In the 1800s, European researchers who adhered to the What can I do six weeks from now? school of thought known as the cartographic school of What can I do today? criminology examined the levels of crime within different areas (regions) and the relationship of these levels to CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD POLICE PLAN sociological factors, such as socioeconomic status. For 1) With clearly defined Objectives or Goals example, in 1829, Adriano Balbi, an ethnographer and 2) Simplicity, Directness and Clarity geographer, and André-Michel Guerry, a lawyer, created 3) Flexibility the first maps of crime using criminal statistics for the 4) Possibility of Attainment years 1825 to 1827 and demographic data from the 5) Must provide Standards of Operation census. They examined crimes against property, crimes 6) Economy in terms of Resources needed for against persons, and levels of education in France and implementation found that areas with high levels of crimes against property had a low incidence of crimes against people Introduction to Crime Mapping and that higher numbers of educated people lived in -Ever since maps have been available that depict areas with more property crime (Weisburd & McEwen, the geographic features of communities, such as streets 1997). Also during this period, the Belgian astronomer and city boundaries, police departments have used such and statistician Quételet used maps to examine maps to determine patrol areas and emergency routes correlations between crime and transportation routes, as well as to assist patrol officers in finding specific education levels, and ethnic and cultural addresses. Police departments have also mapped crime, variations(Weisburd & McEwen, 1997). a process that, until recently, involved the manual placement of pins on hand-drawn wall maps. There were many attempts to analyze and fight crime prior to the development of GIS technology Crime mapping (Geographical Information Systems) that created what we know today as crime mapping. As long as the 1800s, law enforcement official s realized that focusing their MACRO AND MICRO LEVEL THEORIES efforts on areas where crime happened in the past showed some impact on crime rates, including tracking Macro-level assumptions about societal-level variables, educational levels and unsupervised juveniles. Different including the structure of government and the economy trends in policing were created to address incidents of and how these variables impact crime rates within a crime, and these methods were adopted by communities society (which could be a city, state, country or even the of various sizes across the country. Among the trends world). were: Micro-level theories make assumptions about individual Community policing - emphasized police doing regular characteristics (such as IQ, mental state, temperament, patrols and getting to know their beat, including biological characteristics, and personal finances) and developing informants in order to preclude criminal how they influence a person`s decision to commit a activity. crime. Sometimes, what holds true at the macro level Psychological profiling of criminals to understand does not work at the micro level and vice-versa. intent and habits; and CompStat, a technological precursor of crime mapping, which gathered date on crime and allocated police resources accordingly. Routine Activities Theory Cohen and Felson’s (1979) To Cohen and Felson, crime is a predatory activity and, as such, can subsist only near patterns of legitimate Theories Related to Crime Mapping activity. Therefore, to understand crime patterns it is necessary to understand patterns of conventional routine RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY activities around which crime is organized. Criminal The rational choice perspective (Cornish & Clarke, 1986) victimization occurs where routine activities produce a is primarily concerned with understanding offender convergence in space and time of the three necessary decision making. This approach assumes that offenders conditions for crime to occur: (1) a suitable target, (2) a possess limited rationality, meaning that they make motivated offender, and (3) the absence of capable rational calculations of the costs and benefits associated guardians (Cohen & Felson, 1979). Felson (1998) with crime but are constrained in their decision making explained that suitable targets have value to the offender, by time, information, context, ability, and prior are visible to the offender, are easily moved or removed, experiences. This perspective seeks to understand the and are accessible by the offender. The concept of series of decisions made by the offender that result in a guardianship has also been extended and includes criminal event. Interestingly, unlike many other theories intimate handlers, who are responsible for monitoring the of offending, the rational choice perspective behavior of offenders; guardians, who are responsible for emphasizes that different decisions are involved in the protecting targets; and place managers, who are production of different types of crime. Rational choice responsible for monitoring and controlling access to explanations of criminal offending differ by crime type, particular spaces (see Eck, 2001). In applications of this instead of ignoring these differences in favor of a general theory to spatial crime analysis, structural features of the motivation toward engaging in crime, as is common in city, patterns of land use, and the routine activities many other criminological theories. Spatial applications associated with particular locations can concentrate of the rational choice perspective emphasize offender motivated offenders and suitable targets into areas with movement, search patterns and target selection limited guardianship. This, in turn, fosters opportunities processes that determine the spatial patterns observed for criminal victimization. in crime. CRIME ANALYSIS CRIME PATTERN THEORY -is the systematic study of crime and disorder Brantingham and Brantingham (1991b, 1993) developed problems as well as other police-related issues including a perspective referred to as crime pattern theory that socio-demographic, spatial and temporal factors to assist incorporates elements of the rational choice, routine the police in criminal apprehension, crime and disorder activities, and other spatial perspectives on crime. reduction, crime prevention and evaluation. According to According to this perspective, individuals create a The International Association of Crime Analysts (IACA, cognitive map of their spatial environment with which 2005) Criminal Analysis is a type of law enforcement they are familiar through their routine activities. The analysis that is focused on the study of criminal incidents; action space of an individual consists of (a) nodes, the the identification and analysis of patterns, trends and destinations of travel, such as work, home, and problems and the dissemination of information that helps entertainment locations, and (b) paths, the travel routes a police agency develop tactics and strategies to solve that individuals take to move from one node to another. patterns, trends and problems. Through repeated movement along paths to various nodes, individuals develop an awareness space Crime analysis includes tactical and strategic consisting of the areas in a city with which they are analysis (focused on criminal activity) and familiar. According to this theory, offenders search for administrative analysis (focused on police activity). suitable targets primarily within this awareness space by comparing potential targets against templates, or mental Tactical analysis focuses on specific information about conceptualizations of the characteristics of appropriate each crime such as method of entry, point of entry, targets. The likelihood of a particular target being suspect’s actions, victim`s characteristics, types of selected by an offender dramatically decreases as an weapons used and the date, time and location of the offender moves away from his or her awareness space, crime. It also considers information developed in the field a process often referred to as distance decay (Rengert, from patrol officers such as suspicious activity, calls for Piquero, & Jones, 1999). One interesting application of service, criminal trespass warnings, field this theory is geographic profiling, which attempts to interrogation cards and personal identifying marks such narrow the scope of police investigations by using as scars and tattoos. Usually, crimes examined under information on repeated crimes to identify the awareness tactical crime analysis are those in which the victim and space of a repeat criminal (Rossmo, 2000) offender are unknown to one another. The focus of tactical analysis is the daily examination of data to identify trends and patterns concerning recent criminal provided in GIS software and other programs, which activity. When a crime pattern, suspect or investigative expand the program`s capabilities to attempt to predict lead is identified, the information is compiled and an offender`s next target or areas where offenders might disseminated to patrol officers and detectives. live, work, play or retreat to after performing a criminal event. Strategic Crime Analysis involves the study of crime and other law enforcement issues to identify Geographic Information System (GIS) long-standing patterns of crime and other problems and It translates physical elements in the real world such to assess police responses to these problems. Typically, as roads, buildings, lakes,and mountains into forms that this analysis involves collecting a great deal of can be displayed, manipulated, and analyzed along with information about criminal events. In addition, “helping police information such as crime, arrest, and traffic agencies to identify root causes of crime problems and accident data. develop creative problem-solving strategies to reduce crime” is a key goal in strategic crime analysis. Strategic 4 Feature Types in a GIS analysis identifies problems and begins to work toward prevention strategies. 1. POINT FEATURES -A point feature is a discrete location that is usually Administrative Crime Analysis involves the depicted on a GIS-generated map by a symbol or label. presentation of key findings of crime research and A point feature is analogous to a pin placed on a paper analysis to audiences within law enforcement, local wall map. A GIS uses different symbols to depict the government, and citizenry based on legal, political and locations of data relevant to the analysis, such as crimes, practical concerns. According to Bruce there are several motor vehicle accidents, traffic signs, buildings, police examples of administrative crime analysis: beat stations, and cell phone towers. -A report on demographic changes in the jurisdiction -Miscellaneous crime statistics to support grant 2. LINE FEATURES applications -A line feature is a real-world element that can be -Preparation of Uniform Crime Reports (UCRs) or represented on a map by a line or set of lines. It might National Incident-Based represent streets and other types of line features include -Reporting System (NIBRS) reports rivers, streams, power lines, and bus routes. MAP INFORMATION 3. POLYGON FEATURES For our purposes, we will focus on Geographic -A polygon feature is a geographic area represented Information Systems (GIS) high-performance computer on a map by a multi-sided figure with a closed set of lines. software that allows users to process geographically Polygons can represent areas as large as continents or related data. This data (topography, political boundaries, as small as buildings; in GIS-generated maps they may population density, calls for service, crimes etc.) is store be used to depict county boundaries, city boundaries, as information in virtual layers (one layer for each parks, school campuses, or police districts. The five variable) to be displayed on the computer in the form of a polygons in. It might represent police districts in a city. multilayer, virtual map. A single layer may be displayed or several layers can be combined to show relationships among the layers (types of information or what is called geo-processing). 4. IMAGE FEATURES -An image feature on a GIS-generated map is a In crime mapping, the layers sit atop one another, vertical photograph taken from a satellite or an airplane resulting in an overall picture of crime and its spatial that is digitized and placed within the appropriate context. This is much like an anatomy textbook that coordinates. Such photos, which may appear in black contains different transparency sheets with drawings of and white or color, show the details of streets, buildings, the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, central nervous parking lots, and environmental features (landscaping). and digestive systems. You may choose to look at the An example of an image feature, an aerial photograph of systems individually or layer them atop one another to a residential neighborhood. see how they overlay and get a better picture of the entire human anatomy. In crime mapping, you may have MAPPING SOFTWARE AND RESOURCES a map with layers representing police boundaries, streets, -In today`s world of crime analysis, the beginner key landmarks and various crimes. Using GIS, you can analyst is fortunate to have a plethora of crime mapping select various layers to use in your analysis. The use of tools, software and resources at his or her disposal from GIS to analyze environmental and social phenomena a variety of sources. This section provides a brief such as crime is what crime analysis and mapping is all overview of some of the most known and wonderful about. resources available to analysts. The field is rapidly changing and growing and these changes bring new TYPES OF MAPS USED BY CRIME ANALYSTS software and resources o an almost daily basis. There are many different types of maps that might be constructed depending on what information the analyst SOFTWARE wants to present and what audience will receive the -The wide use of crime mapping and analysis has information. He or she might map a simple, single event greatly increased due to the development and availability such as that depicted by traditional pin maps or show the of relatively inexpensive computers, printers and distribution of crime across a particular area (a analysis software that are adequate to the task. Today choropleth map or shaded grid map, such as police beat there are many mapping and GIS programs available on or district or a census block), multiple hotspots located the market and more are being developed each year. across a jurisdiction that are related to multiple criminal There are five more common programs, three are events which typically include liquor stores , pawn shops, professional, commercial systems and two are programs high schools, drug houses, shopping malls, etc.) or a that were developed for special use under government series of connected criminal events such as crime funding and are available free online. committed by a child molester or serial murderer. An analyst might also utilize the statistical capabilities MAPPING RESOURCES  -There are also variety of online and other and the suspects found in their hiding places. A GIS can resources for beginning analysts to use in their quest for be linked to satellites that capture live images to track information about crime mapping. Many of these sites moving suspects who might be escaping from crime have links to free software, with accompanying scenes. Total coordination between police systems and workbooks and tutorials, and publications written about GIS are therefore of many advantages. topics pertinent to the analysis of crime and related social problems. New sources are always being 6. STORAGE OF CRIME INTERVIEW DATA- GIS developed and older sites might be abandoned. enable data collected from Sample Sites different crime victims by the different government`s 1. Mapping and Analysis for Public Safety (MAPS) security officers to be stored securely in remote program(www.nij.gov/topics/technology/maps/welcome. databases and be backed up for sampling and htm ) analysis. In cases where second party security agencies 2. Community Oriented Policing Service (COPS) office are involved, data involving security can be shared with ( www.cops.usdoj.gov/ ) permission and responsibly to any intelligence station for 3. Center for Problem-Oriented Policing further investigation. This pervasiveness of Data entry ( www.popcenter.org/about/?p=sara ) and access is enabled by cloud-based GIS platforms. List of Contributions of GIS in Crime 7. CRIME PATTERN ANALYSIS -For most places, it has been found that a given pattern of crime incidents is 1. CRIME IDENTIFICATION - GIS offers a broad identified. Some places also exhibit certain times of high platform for determining crime than others. In other places also, geographic location coordinates. In most cases, crime takes place in features around those areas are also seen to favor interior areas. One can send an alarm when involved in a criminal activities. Analysis and mapping of these crime situation. The signals generated by the device and patterns can be comfortable to see the relationship can be tracked using GIS as well as its location between crime, weather, and geographic features. coordinates located. Most intelligence services in various The ability to unmask these crime patterns is very helpful countries have a GIS to monitor crime occurrences. With as it can be used by security agencies to mitigate crime this Police and intelligence agencies can then get to accordingly. rescue fellow citizens who might be in critical conditions of crime. 8. CRIME PREDICTION- After pattern analysis is done, crime prediction can now be simple to realize. Past 2. CRIME AWARENESS - GIS is used to generate maps trends are a foundation of what might in the future. GIS and digital content on areas that are worst affected by can be feed with data involving crime at various crime. The information generated is issued to media geographical locations. This data undergoes processing houses for press releases and this creates awareness. and probabilistic statistics to try to unmask where the Were it not for GIS such a process would take longest to next crime incidence is to take place. The processes complete. Erroneous reports and information that would involved when GIS is used are accurate and fast. Having mislead the public can also prevail due to the manual information on where crime is to occur helps the way of doing crime analysis and this might hinder the governments have more security on the ground to fight against crime in our societies. prevent the crime. This sounds an effective way to control and minimize crime 3. EVACUATION- Some criminals like terrorists are usually very merciless. Such terrorists might be Terminologies used in Crime Mapping demanding a very large amount of ransom. Because Administrative Crime Analysis - involves the most governments do not negotiate with terrorists and representation of key findings of crime research and criminals, one of the only ways might be an evacuation. analysis to audiences within law enforcement, local These evacuations require government government, and citizenry based, on legal, political and agencies in the security sector to have ample information practical concerns. about the location of terrorists and hostages before making their plans. GIS would thus be of help as satellite Cartography - the science of map making visualization and images can contribute to a successful hostage evacuation. Drones that are integrated with GIS CompStat - includes accountability, crime mapping and are also applicable. For plane hijacking incidence, a real analysis, and problem solving processes by the police type tracking system that uses GIS to determine the department to reduce crime location of aircraft might be good for planning on helping CPTED(crime prevention through through environmental passengers design) - a strategy used to reduce crime that incorporate making changes to the physical environment 4. CRIME MAPPING- Crime mapping enables both to limit the opportunity for crime to occur. specialists and non-experts to picture and analyze crime hot spots. This can be done on a Crime analysis - is the study and analysis of crime and map or a suitable graphical representation object. To crime related factors in efforts to inform the developed map crime activities with relation to demographic strategies to reduce crime and fear of crime. features, complex statistical methods are executed on data sets relating to crime and one that arose from Criminal Intelligence analysis - typically looks at different locations. This is also very helpful in detailed organized criminal activity and seek to link people, crime analysis. events and property. 5. CRIME INVESTIGATION -Police and undercover Criminal Investigative analysis - in this analysis, the agencies own GIS for focus is on the serial criminals. Victim characteristics and crime investigation. Crime tracking is thus easily elements of crime scenes are studied to discover achieved with the help of small computer devices that patterns that link related crimes together. make use of GPS and GPRS and the geographic information system. All possible routes that could have Criminology - the study of crime and criminal behaviour. been taken by crime suspects are undoubtedly spotted Geocoding- in geocoding, street addresses and other geographic reference points are positioned into a map using latitude and longitude coordinates for computer mapping and analysis. Geographic profiling - a profile of the offender, based on the nature of the crime and the facts of case is developed. Hypothesis - a statement derived from a theory that can be tested to either support or disprove a theory or its assumptions. Police operational analysis - focuses on the operations of the police agencies, including staffing and resource deployment. Projection - the method used to transfer locations on the Earth’s surface to a flat map. Scale - the scale of a map indicates how miniature the representation is;the larger scale, the smaller the area shown on a map.