Pathophysiology Lab 2: Cell Degeneration and Adaptation PDF

3rd year Pathophysiology Lab 2 Cell Degeneration and Adaptation Done by: M.Sc. Douha Nadhim Jasim.Cells actively maintain a stable surrounding and intracellular environment (“homeostasis”), by adjustment to their structure and function to adapt changes t...

3rd year Pathophysiology Lab 2 Cell Degeneration and Adaptation Done by: M.Sc. Douha Nadhim Jasim.Cells actively maintain a stable surrounding and intracellular environment (“homeostasis”), by adjustment to their structure and function to adapt changes to their altered environment.. Inability to adapt will compromise the cell and result in cell damage and possibly death. Cell And Tissue Damage: 1- Degeneration : In most cases are reversible 2- Cell death : a. Apoptosis, physiological death b. Necrosis, pathological death required causative or injurious agents (etiology) that cause changing in the structure and function of the tissue Principles adaptive response: 1 Atrophy Normal VS Atrophic cells 2. Hypertrophy Normal VS Hypertrophy of Myocardium 3. Hyperplasia Normal VS Hyperplasia of Endometrium 4. Metaplasia Metaplasia of Esophageal epithelium. If the adaptive capability of the cell is exceeded or the stress inherently harmful, cell injury will occurs, which may be: Reversible –return to baseline( cellular swelling and fatty change) Irreversible--- causing cell death  Necrosis Degradative action of enzymes on lethally injured cells Membrane integrity is lost and contents leak out causing inflammation Types of Necrosis 1. Coagulative –tissue necrosis in which component cells are dead but basic architecture is preserved for a short while(Tissue structure and out line of the cells are visible but the cells themselves are dead), it typically seen after ischemia to solid organs like in myocardial infarction. 2. Liquefactive –complete digestion of the cell(Cell outline and differential staining are lost), commonly associated with ischemic injury of brain or bacterial infection. 3. Caseous-friable yellow-white appearance (cheese-like appearance ), architecture is lost, found in tuberculus infection. 4.. Fat necrosis, results from the action of lipases released into adipose tissue like in pancreatitis.. Free fatty acids accumulate and precipitate as calcium soaps (saponification).. Microscopically, the digested fat loses its cellular outlines. There is often local inflammation. Coagulative Necrosis of heart muscles Organ: Heart Lesion: The left side of the slide :The outline or the architecture of the cells is preserved but the cell details are lost The cytoplasm is more eosinophilic (red) and darker staining of nucleus with abnormal shape, size and distribution, the whole tissue is disorganized with increase gap between cells The right side of the slide : normal cardiac muscle Liquefactive Necrosis of brain : the tissue more pale and soft with foamy cytoplasm Caseous Necrosis of lungs with oozing blood from capillaries and ingested by macrophage in alevioli leading to “golden brown appearance” Normal liver VS fatty degeneration. Thank you