Lab - Respiratory System PDF

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs 2 PARTS: UPPER RESPIRATORY NOSE, NASAL CAVITY, PHARYNX & ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES LOWER RESPIRATORY LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHI, LUNGS CONDUCTING ZONE (FILTER, WARM, AND MOISTEN AIR)...

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs 2 PARTS: UPPER RESPIRATORY NOSE, NASAL CAVITY, PHARYNX & ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES LOWER RESPIRATORY LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHI, LUNGS CONDUCTING ZONE (FILTER, WARM, AND MOISTEN AIR) Interconnecting cavities and tubes within and outside the lungs NOSE, NASAL CAVITY, PHARYNX, LARYNX, TRACHEA BRONCHI, BRONCHIOLES, TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES RESPIRATORY ZONE Tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs BRONCHIOLES, ALVEOLAR DUCTS, ALVEOLAR SACCULES (SACS) PULMONARY ALVEOLI  NOSE consists of external portion (external nose) and NASAL SEPTUM divides the nasal cavity into right nasal cavity (internal nose) and left sides BONY FRAMEWORK OF EXTERNAL NOSE - NOSTRILS – 2 openings on the undersurface of the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae external nose CARTILAGINOUS FRAMEWORK OF EXTERNAL NASAL VESTIBULE - anterior portion of the nasal NOSE – made of pliable hyaline cartilage, which cavity just inside the nostrils that is surrounded by makes if flexible. cartilage Nasal septal cartilage - which forms the Three shelves formed by projections of the anterior portion of the nasal septum conchae which extends out of each lateral wall of Lateral nasal cartilages - inferior to the the nasal cavity: nasal bones Superior nasal conchae, Middle nasal Alar cartilages - which form a portion of conchae, and Inferior nasal conchae the walls of the nostrils bones NASAL CAVITY - large space in the anterior aspect The conchae subdivide each side of the nasal cavity of the skull that lies inferior to the nasal bone and into a series of groovelike air passageways—the superior to the oral cavity superior, middle, and inferior nasal meatuses CHOANAE (internal nares) – 2 openings where  PHARYNX PHAYRNX funnel-shaped that starts at the choanae and extends to the level of the cricoid cartilage CRICOID CARTILAGE the most inferior cartilage of the larynx NASOPHARYNX superior portion of the pharynx, that lies posterior to the nasal cavity and extends to the soft palate. SOFT PALATE forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, is an arch-shaped muscular partition between the nasopharynx and oropharynx PHARYNGEAL TONSIL posterior wall OROPHARYNX intermediate portion of the pharynx lies posterior to the oral cavity and extends from the soft palate inferiorly to the level of the upper border of the epiglottis. FAUCES the opening from the mouth has both respiratory and digestive functions Note: Two pairs of tonsils, the palatine and lingual tonsils, are found in the oropharynx. LARYNGOPHARYNX inferior portion of the pharynx, that begins at the level of the hyoid bone. LARYN 9 CARTILAGE (3 unpaired/3 paired): THYROID CARTILAGE (laryngeal prominence or Adam’s apple) X connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea. anterior wall of the larynx and give it a triangular shape. THYROHYOID MEMBRANE ligament that connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone It lies in the midline of the neck anterior to the EPIGLOTTIC CARTILAGE esophagus and the fourth through sixth cervical is a large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage. (epiglottis) GLOTTIS vertebrae (C4–C6). consists of a pair of folds of mucous membrane, the vocal folds LARYNGEAL CAVITY (true vocal cords) in the larynx, and the space between them called the RIMA GLOTTIDIS is the space that extends from the entrance into the CRICOID CARTILAGE larynx down to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx. LARYNGEAL VESTIBULE CRICOTRACHEAL LIGAMENT the portion of the laryngeal cavity above the vestibular attaches the cricoid cartilage to the first ring of cartilage of the trachea folds (false vocal cords) CRICOTHYROID LIGAMENT INFRAGLOTTIC CAVITY connects the thyroid cartilage to the cricoid cartilage portion of the cavity of the larynx below the vocal folds ARYTENOID CARTILAGE (paired) triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior, superior border of the cricoid cartilage. CORNICULATE CARTILAGE (paired) horn-shaped pieces of elastic cartilage, are located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE (paired) club-shaped elastic cartilages anterior to the corniculate cartilages, support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis. Cont … Mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of folds: 1. superior pair called the vestibular folds (false vocal cords) 2. inferior pair called the vocal folds (true vocal cords) RIMA VESTIBULI the space between the vestibular folds LARYNGEAL VENTRICLE lateral expansion of the middle portion of the laryngeal cavity inferior to the vestibular folds and superior to the vocal folds TRACHEA a tubular passageway for air that is about 12 cm (5 in.) long and 2.5 cm (1 in.) in diameter. located anterior to the esophagus and extends from the larynx to the superior border of the fifth thoracic vertebra (T5), where it divides into right and left primary bronchi BRONCHI right main (primary) bronchus (more vertical, shorter, and wider), which goes into the right lung left main (primary) bronchus which goes into the left lung. CARINA an internal ridge, a point where the trachea divides into right and left main bronchi and is formed by a posterior and somewhat inferior projection of the last tracheal cartilage. On entering the lungs, the main bronchi divide to form smaller bronchi—the LOBAR (secondary) BRONCHI, one for each lobe of the lung. (The right lung has three lobes; the left lung has two.) The lobar bronchi continue to branch, forming still smaller bronchi, called SEGMENTAL (tertiary) BRONCHI that supply the specific bronchopulmonary segments within the lobes. The segmental bronchi then divide into BRONCHIOLES.  BASE - broad inferior portion of the lung, is concave LUNGS and fits over the convex area of the diaphragm. APEX - narrow superior portion of the lung. lightweights, because they float COSTAL SURFACE - surface of the lung lying against are paired cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity the ribs that matches the rounded curvature of the extend from the diaphragm to just slightly superior to ribs. the clavicles and lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly MEDIASTINAL (medial) SURFACE of each lung contains a region, the HILUM, through which bronchi, PLEURAL MEMBRANE/pleura - serous membrane pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and PARIETAL PLEURA – superficial layer that lines nerves enter and exit the wall of the thoracic cavity VISCERAL PLEURA - deep layer which covers These structures are held together by the pleura the lungs themselves and connective tissue and constitute the ROOT of the lung. PLEURAL CAVITY small space between the visceral and parietal Medially, the left lung also contains a concavity, which contains a small amount of lubricating fluid the CARDIAC NOTCH, in which the apex of the secreted by the membranes. heart lies.  LOBES, FISSURES, LOBULES One or two fissures divide each lung into sections called LOBES Both lungs have an OBLIQUE FISSURE, which extends inferiorly and anteriorly the right lung also has a HORIZONTAL FISSURE. The oblique fissure in the left lung separates the SUPERIOR LOBE from the INFERIOR LOBE In the right lung, the superior part of the oblique fissure separates the superior lobe from the inferior lobe; the inferior part of the oblique fissure separates the inferior lobe from the MIDDLE LOBE , which is bordered superiorly by the horizontal fissure. Each lobe receives its own lobar bronchus the right main bronchus gives rise to three lobar bronchi called the superior, middle, and inferior lobar bronchi, and the left main bronchus gives rise to two lobar bronchi called the superior and inferior lobar bronchi. Within the lung, the lobar bronchi give rise to the segmental bronchi, which are constant in both origin and distribution—there are 10 segmental bronchi in each lung. The portion of lung tissue that each segmental bronchus supplies is called a bronchopulmonary segment LOBULES – small compartments of each bronchopulmonary segment of the lungs RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES – microscopic branches of the terminal bronchioles in a lobule Respiratory bronchioles in turn subdivide into several (2–11) ALVEOLAR DUCTS which consist of simple squamous epithelium. ALVEOLAR SACCULES & PULMONARY ALVEOLI ALVEOLAR SACCULE/alveolar sac - analogous to a cluster of grapes, terminal dilation of an alveolar duct PULMONARY ALVEOLI – an out pouching that is composed of alveolar saccule, analogous to individual grapes