Chemistry Laboratory Apparatus/Instruments PDF

Chemistry Laboratory Apparatus/Instruments and Their Uses  Volumetric Flask used for precise dilutions and preparation of standard solutions more accurate than common measuring cups or flasks. Calibrated to contain a precise volume at a certain temperature. Bunsen Burner Smal...

Chemistry Laboratory Apparatus/Instruments and Their Uses  Volumetric Flask used for precise dilutions and preparation of standard solutions more accurate than common measuring cups or flasks. Calibrated to contain a precise volume at a certain temperature. Bunsen Burner Small gas burners that produce a single open flame Help students observe chemical reactions The heat from a Bunsen burner can sterilize equipment, heat chemicals to produce specific reactions or facilitate combustion Test Tube Not all test tubes help with measuring Many test tubes, which are usually around 3 to 6 inches long, are completely unmarked, and help with viewing, holding or transporting chemicals from one vessel or location to another. Beakers Common container Used for mixing, stirring and heating chemicals Most beakers have spouts on their rims to aid in pouring Not a precise way to measure liquids Because of the lip that runs around the rim, a lid for a beaker does not exist. However, a watch glass can be used to cover the opening to prevent contamination or splashing. Erlenmeyer flask/Conical Flask It has a narrow neck and expands toward its base. This allows easy mixing and swirling of the flask without too much risk of spilling. The narrow opening also allows for the use of a rubber or glass stopper. It can easily be clamped to a ring stand as well as heated or shaken mechanically. the marks on the side are meant primarily for estimation rather than precision. Florence flask/ boiling flask It can be used as a container to hold solutions of chemicals. Has a round body with a single long neck and with either a round or a flat bottom. A Florence flask with a flat bottom may stand upright alone on a flat surface; flasks with round bottoms need support to stand upright. It is designed for uniform heating and ease of swirling; it is produced in a number of different glass thicknesses to stand different types of use. Watch Glasses a round piece of glass that is slightly concave/convex It can hold a small amount of liquid or solid. They can be used for evaporation purposes and can function as a lid for a beaker. Crucibles is a small clay cup made of a material that can withstand extreme temperatures. They are used for heating substances and come with lids. Funnel just like any other funnel except that it was designed to be used in a laboratory setting. They can be made of plastic or glass and can have either a short stem or a long stem, depending on what they are needed for. There are several sizes that can be chosen from based on the amount of liquid that needs to go through them quickly. Graduated Cylinder a primary measuring tool for the volume of a liquid Graduated cylinders come in many sizes. The smaller they are in diameter, the more specific the volume measurements will be.  Droppers and Pasteur Pipettes These are small glass tubes with narrow tips on one end and a rubber bulb on the other. They suck up liquid that can then be squeezed out in small drops. These can be used to add an indicator to a solution about to be titrated.  Pipette There are a large variety of pipettes designed to accomplish specific goals. However, they are all for measuring an exact volume of liquid and placing it into another container. Graduated pipettes can generally allow for different measurements of liquid to be transferred from one place to another. A volumetric pipette allows for only a specific (or fixed) amount of solution to be transferred. Aspirator an apparatus for producing suction or moving or collecting materials by suction especially Buret/Burette used for extremely accurate addition of liquid. By adjusting the stopcock, the amount of liquid that is released can be slowed to a drop every few seconds. Burets are one of the most accurate tools in the lab. To determine how much liquid is added, write down how much is initially in the buret. Then when you're finished adding, write down how much is left. Subtract the final amount from the initial amount and you have the volume of liquid added. Again, remember to measure from the bottom of the meniscus! Ring/iron stand, rings and clamps The ring stand is used to suspend burets, beakers, flasks, crucibles, etc. above other containers or, in some cases, a heat source. Always make sure everything is clamped to the stand tightly. When clamping glass, be careful not to shatter the glass. Only tighten until snug.  are for grabbing things that should not be touched by hand. Some tongs are specially made to hold beakers, others to hold test tubes, and so on. There are also general tongs. Tongs and Forceps Forceps are used to grab small things like solid chemicals that are broken into chunks, so they can be safely handled and added to containers. Spatula and scoopula Spatulas and scoopulas are for scooping solid chemicals. They are typically used to scoop a chemical out of its original container onto a weigh boat so that it can be weighed on a balance. Balance used to weigh chemicals. The chemicals are always in some form of container and never placed directly on the balance. It is important not to move a balance because they have been calibrated for the exact position they are in. Some balances have plastic housing with small doors to keep air currents from affecting the measurement. Close these doors whenever the balance is in use. Mechanical Balance Precise, non-electronic, analog laboratory balances for weighing and comparative weighing of powders, solids, and liquids; typically include spring, counter balance, and arm component designs. Top Loading Balance is among the most common types of weight measuring scales used in the laboratory. Top loading balances are available in a variety of sizes and weight capacities, from 20 g to 64.1 kg are used primarily for weighing solid material when an accuracy of 0.1 g is satisfactory Analytical Balance An analytical balance is a class of balance designed to measure small mass in the sub-milligram range. The measuring pan of an analytical balance is inside a transparent enclosure with doors so that dust does not collect and so any air currents in the room do not affect the balance's operation. Thermometer a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient Tripod used to support and hold various flasks, beakers and other glass ware when not in use and during experiments. Mortar and pestle A mortar is a vessel in which substances are ground or crushed with a pestle. A pestle is a tool used to crush, mash or grind materials in a mortar. In solid state chemistry a mortar and pestle is often used to prepare reactants for a solid state synthesis (the ceramic method). Stirring Rod a piece of laboratory equipment used to mix chemicals and liquids for laboratory purposes. Wash bottle A wash bottle is a squeeze bottle with a nozzle, used to rinse various pieces of laboratory glassware, such as test tubes and round bottom flasks.  shallow cylindrical glass or plastic lidded dish that biologists Petri Dish use to culture cells – such as bacteria, small mosses and molds. Test tube brush Used to clean test tubes and other glassware  Glassware should not be heated with a direct flame. Wire gauze, when placed between glassware and a heat source, diffuses the heat somewhat and Wire Gauze is therefore safer than a direct flame. a sheet of thin metal that has net-like patterns or a wire mesh. Wire gauze is placed on the support ring that is attached to the iron stand between the Bunsen burner and the glassware to support the beakers, flasks, or other glassware during heating. Test tube rack used to hold upright multiple test tubes at the same time. They are most commonly used when various different solutions are needed to work with simultaneously, for safety reasons, for safe storage of test tubes, and to ease the transport of multiple tubes Test tube holder used to hold test tubes. It is used for holding a test tube in place when the tube is hot or should not be touched. For example, a test tube holder can be used to hold a test tube while it is being heated Evaporating dish is a piece of laboratory glassware used for the evaporation of solutions and supernatant liquids, and sometimes to their melting point  is a piece of laboratory equipment used in the process of heating Clay substances. It is used in conjunction with other lab equipment to create a stable framework in which to place a substance -- usually a solid chemical -- Triangle while it is heated to a high temperature is a wire and ceramic triangle used to support a crucible while it is heated over a Bunsen burner Separatory Funnel is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid- liquid extractions to separate the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities. Desiccator are sealable enclosures containing desiccants used for preserving moisture-sensitive items for another use. A common use for desiccators is to protect chemicals which are hygroscopic or which react with water from humidity.  Desiccants are commonly used to keep products dry and stable. Dry desiccants can absorb moisture Desiccant from air either by physical adsorption or by chemical reaction, and thus reduce the humidity in the headspace of sealed containers. pH meter an instrument used to measure hydrogen ion activity in solutions. This instrument measures acidity/alkalinity of a solution. The degree of hydrogen ion activity is ultimately expressed as pH level, which generally ranges from 1 to 14. Oven can be used for various tasks, from simple heating to complex reactions. Laboratory ovens are employed in various processes in biotech, pharmaceuticals, and materials production industries, including baking, curing, annealing, and drying multiple chemical and physical compositions. Centrifuge used for the separation of fluids, gas or liquid, based on density. Separation is achieved by spinning a vessel containing material at high speed; the centrifugal force pushes heavier materials to the outside of the vessel.