Lab 1 PPT- Directional Terms & Integumentary System.pptx

BIOL117: Human Anatomy & Physiology I for the Health Sciences Anatomical Directional Terminology Integumentary System Chapters 1 & 6, Atlas A and B Introduction to A&P I Review syllabus Overview of D2L ◦Lab Account ◦ Homework Assignments ◦ On D2L, due bef...

BIOL117: Human Anatomy & Physiology I for the Health Sciences Anatomical Directional Terminology Integumentary System Chapters 1 & 6, Atlas A and B Introduction to A&P I Review syllabus Overview of D2L ◦Lab Account ◦ Homework Assignments ◦ On D2L, due before next class ◦ 2 attempts given ◦ Quizzes ◦ In person at the beginning of each class ◦ 10 minute time limit (lateness not excused) ◦ Structure Lists ◦ All fair game for exams and quizzes ◦ PowerPoints  Reference positions Anatomical position Most widely used & accurate reference position for all aspects of the body Described as: Facing straight ahead Feet parallel and close together Palms facing forward Fundamental position Essentially the same as anatomical position except arms are at the sides & palms facing the body (our natural relaxed position) Anatomical directional terminology Anterior ◦In front or in the front part ◦Synonym: ventral Posterior ◦Toward the back or spine ◦In the rear ◦Synonym: dorsal  Anatomical directional terminology Dorsal Relating to the back Being or located near or on the back Ventral Relating to the belly or abdomen On or toward the front **These terms are generally used to describe animals, rather than humans Anatomical directional terminology Palmar ◦relating to the palm aspect of the hand Plantar ◦relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot Volar ◦relating to palm of the hand or sole of the foot  Anatomical directional terminology Lateral ◦ Away from the median of the body ◦ On or to the side, outer region ◦ The elbow is lateral to the belly Medial ◦ Toward the midline of the body ◦ Toward the median or mid-sagittal plane ◦ The inner thigh is medial to the outer thigh Median ◦ Relating to the middle or center of the body ◦ Think of the ‘median’ on a highway  Anatomical directional terminology Contralateral ◦ Pertaining or relating to the opposite side ◦ The patient fell on their (left) shoulder, but has pain on the contralateral side (right) Ipsilateral ◦ Pertaining or relating to the same side ◦ The patient has pain in their right shoulder, and their ipsilateral (right) elbow. Bilateral ◦ Relating to the right and left sides of the body ◦ Such as the right AND left extremities ◦ BOTH sides of the body together  Anatomical directional terminology Superior (supra) ◦ Above in relation to another structure ◦ Higher region ◦ The chest is superior to the belly Inferior (infra) ◦ Below in relation to another structure ◦ Lower region ◦ The leg is inferior to the belly  Anatomical directional terminology *These are used when describing things relative to the limbs Distal ◦Away from the point of origin ◦The fingers are distal to the elbow Proximal ◦Nearest the trunk or the point of origin ◦The knee is proximal to the **Notice how proximal and distal are referring more to the limbs and in relation anklepoint, while superior and inferior refers to the trunk or as a to a reference general description of above and below points on the body. Anatomical directional terminology Superficial ◦ Closest to the skin ◦ Muscles are superficial to bone Deep ◦ Closer to the organs and inner body ◦ Muscles are deep to the skin Anatomical Terms Review Distal/proximal is only used when referencing the limbs. True/false Which term references the opposite side of the body? A. Contralteral B. Ipsilateral C. Bilateral Which term references both sides of the body? D. Contralteral E. Ipsilateral F. Bilateral BREAK TIME- 5 min  Body Regions Cranial Relative to the skull and brain Cervical Relative to the neck area Acromial Relative to the shoulder Brachial Relative to the upper arm Carpal Relative to the hands Scapular Relative to the scapula (shoulder blades) Axillary Relative to the underarm (armpit) Pectoral Relative to the chest  Body Regions Thoracic Relative to the upper back, scapula and ribs Lumbar Relative to the lower back Sacral Relative to the sacrum (lower back between buttocks) Abdominal Relative to the abdomen Umbilical Relative to the umbilicus (belly button)  Body Regions Coxal Relative to the outer hips Gluteal Relative to buttocks/glutes Femoral Relative to upper thigh Patellar Relative to the patella (kneecap) Crural Relative to the lower leg and ankle Popliteal Relative to the posterior knee Calcaneal Relative to the heel Tarsal Relative to the foot Divisions of Skeletal System Axial Appendicular ◦ Skull ◦ Pectoral girdle ◦ Hyoid bone ◦ Upper extremity ◦ Vertebral column ◦ Pelvic girdle ◦ Ribs ◦ Lower extremity ◦ Sternum  Characteristics of Bone Articulating Joint Projections for attachment Surfaces sites Crest Condyle Epicondyle Facet Line Head Process Trochlea Ramus Spine Trochanter Tuberosity Tubercle Table with definitions on the next slide*  Characteristics of Bone Depressions Openings/Spaces Alveolus Canal Fossa Fissure Sulcus Foramen Meatus Sinus Table with definitions on the next slide* Bone Classification “Bone Shapes” ◦Long ◦Short ◦Flat ◦Irregular ◦Sesamoid  Integumentary System Skin structure: 3 primary layers Epidermis – superficial layer Dermis – deep layer Hypodermis – deepest layer ○ Fatty Layer  Skin Structure Hypodermis- Deepest Layer ◦ Dense with fat (adipose) ◦ Shock Absorption ◦ Insulator- prevent heat loss ◦ Contains major blood vessels that supply skin ◦ Highly vascular ◦ Anchors skin to underlying organs ◦ Allows skin to move and be manipulated  Skin Structure Dermis- Middle Layer ◦ Strong but flexible & elastic ◦ Composed of loose & dense irregular CT ◦ Mostly collagen – tensile strength ◦ Some elastic fibers – restore shape when stretched ◦ Carries blood vessels from Hypo→ epi ◦ Important role in temperature regulation ◦ Many nerves ◦ Sensory receptors for pain and pressure ◦ Major portion of hair follicles ◦ Oil & Sweat glands  Skin Structure Epidermis- Top/Superficial Layer ◦Contains pores ◦ Avascular ◦ Ability to “shed” and regenerate Review... Which skeletal division term refers to the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sacrum? A. Axial B. Appendicular Which of the following doesn’t fit? (is not a projection of a bone) C. Trochanter D. Tuberosity E. Tubercle F. Fossa Review... Which skin layer is the most superficial? A. Hypodermis B. Epidermis C. Dermis Which skin layer has the most fat (adipose)? D. Epidermis E. Dermis F. Hypodermis Which skin layer contains nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands? G. Dermis H. Hypodermis I. Epidermis  Before Next Class... Complete HW assignment “quiz” Study for in class quiz next week Consider making flash cards for this unit 