Lab 05: Determination of Water Alkalinity PDF
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Dr. M. T. Amin
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Summary
This document provides a lab procedure for determining water alkalinity. It includes the theory behind alkalinity, significance in water treatment, a description of the principle, and instructions on how to conduct the experiment, as well as required materials. The results and calculations are also mentioned, offering insights on the process involved.
Full Transcript
10/29/2024 Environmental Engineering (CEE 350) LAB# 05 Determination of Water Alkalinity Instructor: Dr. M. T. Amin Email: [email protected], Office#2075, Building#11 To deTermine The alkaliniTy of Given waTer sample...
10/29/2024 Environmental Engineering (CEE 350) LAB# 05 Determination of Water Alkalinity Instructor: Dr. M. T. Amin Email: [email protected], Office#2075, Building#11 To deTermine The alkaliniTy of Given waTer sample 2 1 10/29/2024 THEORY The alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids or resist changes that cause acidity, maintaining a stable pH. Alkalinity is usually imparted by bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxide. Expressed as mg/L of CaCO3 3 Total Alkalinity = (HCO3 + (CO3 -) 2-)+ (OH-) - (H+) SIGNIFICANCE To determine capacity of streams/rivers to neutralize acid pollution (acid rain, discharge of acid impurities from industries etc). Alkalinity values provide guidance in applying proper doses of coagulants in water and wastewater treatment processes particularly in coagulation, softening and 4 operational control of anaerobic digestion. 2 10/29/2024 PRINCIPLE Alkalinity can be measured by titrating sample with standard HCl or H2SO4. Titration to pH 8.3 will result in decolorization of Phenolphthalein indicator and will be complete neutralization of hydroxides and half of carbonates, while to pH 4.5 a sharp change from yellow to pink or orange will indicate neutralization of total 5 alkalinity i.e., OH-, CO32- and HCO3-. Ions contributing for Alkalinity 6 3 10/29/2024 Alkalinity in Water due to what types of Ions All 3 ions can’t be present together or OH- and HCO3- can’t be together since OH- + HCO3- → CO32- + H2O 5 possibilities of alkalinities of which 3 due to each ion, 4th due to hydroxide and carbonate & 5th due to carbonate and bicarbonate P = OH-+1/2 CO32- (1) M = OH-+CO32-+HCO3- (2) 7 M-P = 1/2CO32-+HCO3- (3) Identification of Ions present and Volume of Acid to Neutralize them P & M in mL consumed at end-points When Hydroxide Carbonate Bicarbonate P=0 0 0 M P=M M 0 0 P=M/2 or 2P=M 0 2P 0 P>M/2 or 2P>M 2P-M 2(M-P) 0 8 P
