Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry 2024-2025 Al-Maaref University PDF

Al -Maaref University College of Pharmacy Assist. Prof Dr.Sameerah Fenjan Hasan Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Al -Maaref University College of Pharmacy Al-...

Al -Maaref University College of Pharmacy Assist. Prof Dr.Sameerah Fenjan Hasan Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Al -Maaref University College of Pharmacy Al-Anbar, Iraq The name of the course Inorganic. Pharmaceutical Chemistry. 2024—2025 Introduction, Course Coverage & Atomic Structure PREPARED BY: Assist. Prof. Dr. Sameerah Fenjan Hasan, B.Pharm., Ph.D. 1  Al -Maaref University College of Pharmacy Assist. Prof Dr.Sameerah Fenjan Hasan Introduction Course Description To present a review of the principles of inorganic chemistry that applied to medicinal and /or pharmaceutical chemistry. It includes understanding atomic and molecular structures, explanation of atomic structures and the relationship with binding forces and complexation. It also describes inorganic products used as pharmaceutical preparations or diagnostic tools and also understand the application of radiopharmaceutical. preparations Course Outcome To understand the application of inorganic products used as pharmaceutical preparations, diagnostic tools and radiopharmaceutical preparations. As a result of this knowledge, it will help in the development of new drugs and dosage forms 2 Al -Maaref University College of Pharmacy Assist. Prof Dr.Sameerah Fenjan Hasan 3 Al -Maaref University College of Pharmacy Assist. Prof Dr.Sameerah Fenjan Hasan 4 Al -Maaref University College of Pharmacy Assist. Prof Dr.Sameerah Fenjan Hasan 5 Al -Maaref University College of Pharmacy Assist. Prof Dr.Sameerah Fenjan Hasan 6 Al -Maaref University College of Pharmacy Assist. Prof Dr.Sameerah Fenjan Hasan 7 Al -Maaref University College of Pharmacy Assist. Prof Dr.Sameerah Fenjan Hasan 8 Al -Maaref University College of Pharmacy Assist. Prof Dr.Sameerah Fenjan Hasan 9 Al -Maaref University College of Pharmacy Assist. Prof Dr.Sameerah Fenjan Hasan The atomic number is tied to the position of the element in the Periodic Table and therefore the number of protons defines what sort of element you are talking about. So if an atom has 8 protons (atomic number = 8), it must be oxygen. If an atom has 12 protons (atomic number = 12), it must be magnesium. Similarly, every chlorine atom (atomic number = 17) has 17 protons;every uranium atom (atomic number = 92) has 92 protons. An atom can gain or lose electrons, becoming what is known as an ion. An ion is nothing more than an electrically charged atom. Adding or removing electrons from an atom does not change which element it is, just itsnet charge. For example, removing an electron from an atom of krypton forms a krypton ion, which is usually wri en as Kr+. The plus sign means that this is a posi vely charged ion. It is posi vely charged because a nega vely charged electron was removed from the atom. The 35 remaining electrons were outnumbered by the 36 posi vely charged protons, resul ng in a charge of +1. The atomic weight is basically a measurement of the total number of par cles in an atom's nucleus. 10 Al -Maaref University College of Pharmacy Assist. Prof Dr.Sameerah Fenjan Hasan The mass number isn't listed on the Periodic Table of Elements. To find the mass number, all you need to do is round the atomic weight to the nearest whole number. In our example, krypton's mass number is 84 since its atomic weight, 83.80, rounds up to 84. The mass number is a count of the number of particles in an atom's nucleus. Remember that the nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons. So, if we want, we can write: Mass Number = (Number of Protons) + (Number of Neutrons) For krypton, this equation becomes: 84 = (Number of Protons) + (Number of Neutrons) The atomic number (36) is the number of protons in krypton. Putting this into the equation, we get: 84 = 36 + (Number of Neutrons) The interesting thing here is that adding or removing neutrons from an atom does not create a different element. Rather, it creates a heavier or lighter version of that element. These different versions are called isotopes and most elements are actually a mixture of different isotopes. krypton is a mixture of six isotopes. Most atoms of krypton would have 48 neutrons, others would have 47 neutrons, some would have 50 neutrons, someothers would have 46 neutrons a few would have 44 neutrons, would have 44 and a very few would have 42 neutrons. 11 Al -Maaref University College Department of Pharmacy Assoc. Prof Dr.Sameerah Fenjan Hasan 12 Al -Maaref University College Department of Pharmacy Assoc. Prof Dr.Sameerah Fenjan Hasan Ions and Isotopes So far, we have only talked about electrically neutral atoms, atoms with no positive or negative charge on them. Atoms, however, can have electrical charges. Some atoms can either gain or lose electrons (the number of protons never changes in an atom). If an atom gains electrons, the atom becomes negatively charged. If the atom loses electrons, the atom becomes positively charged (because the number of positively charged protons will exceed the number of electrons). An atom that carries an electrical charge is called an ion. Listed below are three forms of hydrogen; 2 ions and the electrically neutral form. H+ : a positively charged H : the hydrogen H- : a negatively charged hydrogen ion atom hydrogen ion Neither the number of protons nor neutrons changes in any of these ions, therefore both the atomic number and the atomic mass remain the same. While the number of protons for a given atom never changes, the number of neutrons can change. Two atoms with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. For example, an isotope of hydrogen exists in which the atom contains 1 neutron (commonly called deuterium). Since the atomic mass is the number of protons plus neutrons, two isotopes of an element will have different atomic masses (However, the atomic number, Z, will remain the same). 13 Al -Maaref University College Department of Pharmacy Assoc. Prof Dr.Sameerah Fenjan Hasan Three isotopes of hydrogen Hydrogen Deuterium Atomic Mass = 1 Atomic Mass = 2 Atomic Number = 1 Atomic Number = 1 Tritium Atomic Mass = 3 Atomic Number = 1 14