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# History of Ancient Egypt ## c. Historical Development Ancient Egypt's state emerged around the late 4th millennium BCE. Based on various scholarly classifications, its history spans five periods: * **Early Dynastic Period** (approximately 3200-3000 BCE): The beginning of the nation. * **O...

# History of Ancient Egypt ## c. Historical Development Ancient Egypt's state emerged around the late 4th millennium BCE. Based on various scholarly classifications, its history spans five periods: * **Early Dynastic Period** (approximately 3200-3000 BCE): The beginning of the nation. * **Old Kingdom** (approximately 3000-2200 BCE): A pivotal era. * **Middle Kingdom** (approximately 2200-1570 BCE): Characterized by... * **New Kingdom** (approximately 1570-1100 BCE): Further details... * **Late Period** (tenth century BCE to the conquest by Alexander the Great):... ## 2.1.2. Key Achievements ### a. Writing Initially, Egyptian writing was pictorial. Over time, it evolved to include symbolic representations of sounds. Common materials for writing included stone, wood, pottery, and papyrus. ### b. Literature Ancient Egyptian literature was diverse and included proverbs, poems, stories, and religious texts. Notable works included tales like "The Story of Two Brothers" and religious teachings. ### c. Religion and Beliefs Egyptian beliefs encompassed a complex pantheon of gods and goddesses. They had a strong reverence for the dead and developed elaborate burial rituals, emphasizing the afterlife. Mummification was a prominent practice. ### d. Science and Mathematics Ancient Egyptians excelled in mathematics, astronomy and medicine. They understood basic geometry for land surveying and devised a numerical system. They possessed knowledge of astronomy, used to set calendars, and medical knowledge. ### e. Architecture and Sculpture Monumental structures like pyramids exemplify their architectural prowess, while sophisticated sculptures further highlight their artistic abilities. Materials used for construction included limestone and granite. Notable examples include the Great Pyramid and the Sphinx.