L2 Civi Anglais Past Paper PDF

L2 CIVI ANGLAISE 1- A « NEW WOLRD » The mount Rushmore Memorial, depicts 4 old amercian presi 1- George Washington (first president of the usa) « founding father » 2- Thomas Jefferson also « founding father » principal author of the 1776 declaration of independence. 3- Theodore Roosevelt, he ca...

L2 CIVI ANGLAISE 1- A « NEW WOLRD » The mount Rushmore Memorial, depicts 4 old amercian presi 1- George Washington (first president of the usa) « founding father » 2- Thomas Jefferson also « founding father » principal author of the 1776 declaration of independence. 3- Theodore Roosevelt, he campaigned to preserve natural resources, leading to establish many new national parks and forests. 4- Abraham Lincoln, he abolished slavery The mount is seen in many movies, such as North by Northwest in 1959 by Alfred Hitchcock's Because of the monument being composed of only White men, people feel it isnt an accurate representation of the USA's story. Before the monument was built the area was home place for Native americans. A new memorial is being built, « the crazy horse », in South Dakota, it began in 1948 and still ongoing. It is also being said that the Crazy Horse isnt totaly accurate too, cuz its still only ONE people, whereas america was conquished by a group of people. The mount Rushmore memorial encapsulates some specificities of American culture : -The creation of myths and great heroes, participating in a shared sense of patriotism and collective memory. -This narrative highlights landmark envents and famous characters that are the most often white male leaders ; what about ordinary people, minorities, women, children ? This led to the dev to development of a critical approach which looks at the people who seem to be left out of the main narrative. 2\. The declaration of independence 13 colonies grew in pop during the 18th century ; they were still rulled by the distant gov in britain. In the 1750s' the britains went on wars with frenchs, the american colonies were asked to pay for the war and for the development of the british empire, they faced increasing taxes, were angered even tho they were not politicaly represented, they did not participate in the decision made in London for them, they were not allowed to participate in the gov that taxes them. They started organising a resistance, some claimed that they should have the right to impose their own taxes. The more radical ones wanted independence from Britain, one of their leaders was Samuel Adams he organised a revolutionary movement Colonial traders were interested in these ideas, as they faced increasing taxes, which was bad for business → less profits they were angry in particular with the organisation of english tea trade, the british imposed a taxe on tea too 1773 → group of colonists boarded ships in boston harbor and threw tea they carried into the sea. This even is called the Boston tea party → this is obviously an ironic name cuz you dont make tea with salted water. This event is a milestone, it marks the begining of a radical opposition to London → In retaliation (représailles), the British closed the port and restricted local authority → Made the colonist even angrier, they were crossed cuz the British took away their rights. They called these laws the **intolerable acts** and started uniting to fight them. Diff groups : The loyalists wanted to remain under the British empire The moderates wanted a compromise with Britain The revolutionaries wanted independence. The american Revolution and the war for independence started in 1775 and lasted until 1783. The patriots, led by George Washington fought the royalists, those on the side of Britain France recognized the United states as an independent country in 1778 : it was a way for France to weaken Britain The marquis de Lafayette (french) helped and fought during the rev war and lobbied in france to increase support of the revo He then returned to france and became a key figure to the 1789 rev, he helped to write the Declaration of the rights of Man and of the citizen, with Thomas Jefferson who had participated in the writing of the US declaration of independce : the 2 texts share some important ideals (freedom, equality) Lafayette is still a famous figure in the US : cities and streets are named after him With the treaty of Versailles in 1783, Britain recognizes the independence of the United states of America. The Star-Spangled banner is the flag of the USA In 1776, the colonies had sent representatives to a meeting in Philadelphia to prepare a declaration outlining their complaints and explaining why they wanted to separate from britain : the declaration of independence. The declaration of independence condamns the tirany imposed by the British gov, it argues that the political rights such as freedom, and equality are basic human rights and are universal. It defines dicidence as a fundamental patriotic duty and the gov failed to meet its obligations. At the end of the war of inde, the thirteen colonies became the US but were they really united ? The connections between the 13 states were loose. Each state had its own army navy and money. They just had the Declaration of independence as a guiding text to start with. But they still had to answer many questions. Some important issues were debated and they are sometimes still debated today : → Did they want a strong federal gov or a weak gov where each individual states would have more power ? US is also called the federal gov → Who should have the right to vote ? Some delegates believed most people lacked the education to make the right decisions. Delegates from small states wanted each state to have eaqual representation in the Congress (2 senators per state for instance), while delegates from big states, with more inhabitants, wanted more influence, and one vote for each citizen (more senators a they had more inhabitants). → Slavery : some supported, some rejected it They created a Constitution, providing a framework to run the federal state. The federal gov is divided into three powers : → legislature (congress) → executive (president) → judicial system (supreme court) The executive consists of 14 departments headed by secretaries : the state department (affaires étrangères) the treasury (finances), the interior department, the Defence department (armée), theJustice department (headed by the Attorney General) The legislative power : The congress is made of 2 bodies: The house of representatives : proportional to the pop of each state. 435 members elected for 2 years. They represent the interests of individuals. The house is presided over by the speaker of the House, a member of the marjority party. The Senate : 100 elected senators (2 of each state). Elected for 6 years. They represent the interests of the states. → Congress puts forward laws and vote to pass them. It also controls the executive (in particular the budget) and it can impeach the President as well as override his veto of a bill. The judiciary power : The suprem Court : the highest court of justice. It checks that the laws are constitutional and it interprets acts of Congress. 9 members, appointed by the president for life (their nomination is approved by the Senate) Recently the supreme court overrode Roe vs Wade : it means that individual states can now make abortion illegal. Before, abortion was a right guaranteed at the federal level. 10 amendments were added in 1789 to the constitution : the bill of rights. They list the rights of individuals. They defend citizens against the excessive power of a centralized gov. → First amendment : freedom of speech, press and religion ; the right to protest, meet peacefully and demand changes (the press is sometimes called « the fourth estate » on top of the executive, the legislative and the judiciary), as it is a central component of democracy) → second amendment : guarantees the right to keep and bear arms → Fourth amendment : protects citizen against unreasonable searches and arrest → Fifth amendment : guarantees due process of law in criminal cases George Washington was the first president of the usa in 1789 In 1783, Britain recognized the inde of the US, that was the end of inde war ; but in 1812, The US were againt at war against Britain : some british soldiers reached the capital city, Washington D.C and set fire to the white house. Peace was signed in 1815. The US doubled in size after buying Louisiana from France in 1803 and Florida from Spain in 1819. Between 1812 and 1852, the population tripled. 3\. The civil war and slavery Lincoln was saying that slavery would naturaly disappear in the south, and that it was prohibited in the North. The south however threatened to leave the state if he became president. He did become president, which made the south leave the union The american civil War → 1861-1865 The North = The Union (lead by Lincoln) → They want to abolish slavery The South = The Confederacy → keep slavery and leave the USA North had more inhabitants, more materials to produce more war supplies. The South had more knowledge of the Battle fields as most of the war were fought on its grounds. 1862 : all slave were freed and allowed into the Union Army (By Lincoln) After that date the North vote to keep the Union together and to end slavery. Many former slaves joined the Union army. More enslaved persons escaped to North, joined the Union army, and went back to South to fight It ws a bloody war, it caused a lot of casualities, more american died in the Civil War than in any other US conflict. The North won the War and the South surrendered in April 1865 Each reforms lead progress for Afro americans in the South (state) granting all citizens an equal status regardless of race. When the North withdrew its army from the Southern states, in particular in the late 1870s, white Southerners regained political power and began to deprive Southern African Americans of their new rights. For instance, in theory African Americans had the right to vote, but the threat of violence made them afraid to use it. The southern states introduced segregation : « black » and « whites » were required to use separate public facilities, and the one made for « blacks » were not as good at those for whites Master lived in big houses and slaved lived on the plantation, and the majority was in Louisiana, they were born there too, they were called Creoles ; 19 men born in Africa The oldest enslaved person was a women, Marguerite, aged 66yo Enslaved persons lived with their childrens and families. The living and working conditions were bad, many were sick. 1823 → 1863 : 39 children died on the plantation Un cours que j'ai pas sur les cowboys What is the frontier ? Why did american go West ? Why was Chicago an important hub of the railway network ? What were the consequences for the Native Americans ? Capitalism and urban growth Railroads created the first great concentration of capital (eco ect). They permitted to the first business mans to make money, they were good for business as they gave industrialists access to remote markets (remote = lointain) As the company grew cities grew in size and numbers they were interconnected. And that had multiple consequences : Railroads impelled (entrainer/causer) the creation of uniform time zones across the country. Economic growth was boosted by tecnological progress Alexander Graham Bell → Patent (brevet) of the telephone in 1876 George Eastman invested in moving pictures and photography in the 1880s (Eastman Kodak company) Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. He invested in electrical light and power generation in the 1880s Edison was also a business man he invested in electrical light he sold generators to investers. By 1883 he had overseen (superviser) the construction of 330 plants (usine électrique) powering over 60 000 lamps in factories officies, printing houses around the world Electricity revolutionised the world it hurried the 2snd industrial rev. It enabled factories to opperate at any hour → increased productivity. Electricity changed the cityscape as it allowed the cities to be built up (argument de golmon elle a littéralement dit que grâce aux ascenseurs on peut monter en haut et qu'on en a profité frr??) It went on from the end of the cessecion jsp war to the begining of the 20 century Capitalist business man made large fortunes. Separate companies merged to become larger company, sometime called trust (groupement de plusieurs E) in particular in the steel, oil, rail and communications industries. Because they were bigger these businesses had more power, which also meant customers had less choices, fewer options. An anti-trust law was passed in 1890 to stop monopolies, but it was not very effective. Andrew Carnegie John Pierpont Morgan John D. Rockefeller Cornelius Vanderbilt are business mans that made their fortune during this period. Cours de la dernière fois The painting pay tribute to the inventions of modernity in particular, electricity (The voice of the City, un ensemble de peintures) Even at night the city is bustling, the 2 « White ways » are the great avenues of New York The painting « American Landscape » shares another vision of modernity, it depicts the revolution of the river rouge factory of the ford motor co. At the time this was the largest industrial complex of the world with about 75K employees, he used some of his photographs, to make this painting. He did it in order to celebrate the efficiency of this modern factory, incorporating tailorist and fordist principles of work management fordisme : ford comme l'usine → méthode indus pour construire une voiture he depicts the uselessness of our former tools in comparison of the huge factory behind. He obscures the exploitation of labor and doesnt show the working conditions inside the factory The tradition of landscape painting usualy features natural scenes such as moutain, forest. Here, Sheeler entitled his painting « American Landscape » inviting us to depart from these picturest convention, and discover the new modern identity of the nation in its industrial sites. BON en gros, le cours la c'est une accumulation de tableu + / - importants, globalement qui montrent par différente façon, différents mouvements artistiques, différents styles et différents décors, la modernisation de New York notamment mais globalement des USA, avec les découvertes, l'essort du tourisme, les entreprises, l'immigration... On parle Ellis Island pour les migrants To this day, many people try to find out if their fellow aunt, cousins, grandparents went throught Ellis Island The first immigrant that passed by Ellis Island was Annie Moore (1892) She has a big statue at the entrance of national immigration museum, at Ellis Island, celebrating her journey. She came to the USA to join her parents, died at 50 Usually statues commemorates influencial figures, like kings, presidents, this statue pays tribute an ordinary citizen and celebrates the rôle of anonymous people who trusted they could find a better future in the us and that shaped the country. After the great Irish famine in the 1814's there was a surge in immigration from Ireland. In 2013, 10 % of the US pop reported Irish ancestors The tenement Museum (musée de l'immeuble) depicts the history of the migrants that lived in these building. For instance you can visit the kitchen of the Baldizzi family and learn about them. The daughter wanted to become an actress before she was trained as a nurse. The father was a cabinet maker (menuisier). In the flat you can listen to recordings of Josephine (the daughter) telling stories about her family. Josephine is a normal citizen but she is one of the people that shared her history with USA. The tenement Museum is based on oral history. The studie is based on interviews made in order to learn about individuals and their family, this field developped in the us in collaboration with the interest in the lives and rôle of ordinary people. Who invented the electric bulb ? Who developed the telephone ? Why did immigrants move to the United States ? What is the VI\. The great Depression and the New Deal In october 1929 the stock market collapsed and an economic depression started, business and factories shut down, banks failed and farms suffered. In november 1932 20 % were unemployed. Rosevelt was elected and introduced « The new deal » a series of economic mesures to fix the economy (the crisis). Its based under 3 eras → Relief for the poor and unemployed → Recovery of the economy → Reform of the financial system He started with the launch of a social security system, farmers recieved helps (et d'autres exemples) He formed a financial system, new roles applied to the stock market, these programs helped but the country also regained its prosperity during the second world war. They entered later than european country, and war centered economy was great for them (selling weapons ect). In the US the great depression was very hard, one inconic photograph turned into a symbol of the difficulties encountered by the US citizens. Dorothea Lange, « Florence Owens Thompson » is a portrait of a women and her children that embodies the hardships of migratory agriculture workers. It was taken by Dorothea lange as part of the farm security administration (FSA). FSA was a new deal agency in the department of agriculture. They launched a photography campaign, to document the diff of farmers. The goal was to reveal their hardships, create a sense of empathy, to convince the public that the gov should help them. These also aim to show how the federal gov improved the lot of rural comunities. The collection includes more than 100 000 photographs registered (stored at the library of congress?) artists : James Agee (text), Walker Evans (photos) Let us now praise the famous men (1941) The book pays tribute to the courage of alabama farmers who are celebrated as « famous men ». A movie by Charlie Chaplin « Modern Times » 1936, in which he shows the hard working conditions in factories during the great depression. He plays the main character. It is a classic in the popular pop. Harlem renaissance → Harlem = neighbourghood of NYC, it was the home of many affro american. Harlem renaissance → Art mov of the 1920/1930 spanning diff fields such as litterature, music, theater, musical theaters (commédie musicale) visual arts. This movement promotted and celebrated the african american experience, it was created by afro americans for afro americans Langston Huges wrotte « We will build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how and we will stand on top of the mountain, free within ourselves » his poetry was inspired by jazz and blues. Harlem renaissance artist sought to recapture the afroamerican past they explored life in harlem and critisized racial injustice. A seminal event was the opening of the musical play shuffle Along in 1921. It was the first broadway musical written produced and performed by afro american. It brought Jazz to broadway and it was a huge success. In 1925 the survey graphic devoted an entire issue (ici numéro de magasine) to the harlem literature mov. In 1926 the lituary magasine Fire invited the artist Aaron Douglas to design its cover. Harlem hosted NYC rappidly growing afroamerican pop. Harlem's nightclubs, musichouses and jazz joints (petit clubs) became the center of NH night life in the mid 1920s The photographer James Van Der Zee ran a successfull studio and created portraits capturing the optimism, the pride associated with the new afro american urban identity. JVDZ helped to promote this new identity with his retouched photographs conveying an up lifting vision of Harlem inhabitants. Aaron Douglas also promoted this new vision of afro americans, in 1927 he illustrated a book of poems by James Weldon Johnson called «  God's Trombones Seven Negro Sermons in verd. In these poems inspired by the Bible, Johnson uses the rythm and pacing of an afro american minister preaching to the congrogation. Jacob Lawrence recounts the great migration (migration Series) when 2M of afro americans moved North in the interwar period. She drew 60 pannels that put together, create one long journey. 8\. Civil rights protests Slavery was abolished after the civil war and all US citizens were granted an equal status regardless of race yet afro american still faced discriminations, the KKK was a secret white supremacist movement, calling for the so called « purification » of the US society. Its an extremist group using terrorism, lynching, and murder on afro americans. That was the most extrem form of terrorism. At the end of 19th century the southern states introduced segregation blacks and whites were required to use separates public facilities like school, public fountains. This is often refered to as the « Jim Crow » system which promoted racial segregation Jim Grow → not a real person, fictionnal character → pejorative expression meaning NEGRO In 1896 the supreme court declared the « separate but equal » principle constitutional. But black facilities were not as good as the white ones, black schools recieved fewers funds and afro americans fought against this inequality. The NAACP : National Association for the Advancement of Colored People → brought several cases to the Supreme Court to make it review the evidence of inequities faces by African Americans, and to challenge the « separate but equal » principle The first battle was about schools In 1954, the Supreme Courte made the « separate but equal » principle unconstitutional in schools. But this decision applied only to public schools and the Court set aside the question of its enforcement. The actual business of desegregating schools was left in the hands of black activists. School integration did not occur immediately, most of the time it took years to implement it. Nonetheless it was a major victory for the civil rights' movement : the highest court of justice of the nation offered constitutional cover for the dev of their claims. 2nd battle : public transports → 1955 Rosa Parks was arrested when she refused to give her seat to a white passenger on a bus in Montgomery ; this led to the Montgomery bus boycott. Under the leadership of local ministers and civil rights workers, activists formed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) to coordinate the boycott. The Montgomery Bus Boycott lasted from december 1955 to december 1956, it was successful : in the end the Supreme Court ordered the integration of the city's buses (integration : opposite of segregation). This boycott energised the entire civil rights movement. It established the leader of the MIA president (Martin Luther King JR) a young baptist minister Martin Luther King lead a peacefull fight for civil rights and promotted non-violence. The movement relied on sit-ins, boycotts and marches. Martin Luther King « I have a dream » speech 1963 : I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation. **What is he referring to ? Why does he talk about « history »** He is referring to the marches that is going on atm, he talks about history to make it sound more important, The Negro \[...\] own land. **What is he denouncing ?** The segregation (si au partiel on doit expliquer c'est quoi ect) In a sense \[...\] and the pursuit of happiness. **Why does he quote the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence ? What are the principles which may support his fight for freedom and equal rights ?** Segregation is now over but racial discrimination still exist and the black lives matter mov denounces them.