L1020 (1) PDF - Chemistry Past Paper

^mJ 1 àmË¶{jH$ H«$‘m§H$ ÐmdUmVrb hbmBS> Am`Z (Cl –, Br –, I – ) AmoiIUo 1 CX²Xoe : {Xboë`m ÐmdUm§Vrb ŠbmoamBS>, ~«mo‘mBS> d Am`moS>mBS> Am`Zm§Mo ApñVËd AmoiIUo. gm{hË` : narjmZiçm, narjmZir ñQ>±S>, S´>m°na BË¶mXr. agm`Zo : nmoQ>°{eA‘ ŠbmoamBS>, nmoQ>°{eA‘ ~«mo‘mBS>, nmoQ>°{eA‘ Am`moS>mBS> Am{U {gëìha Zm`Q´>oQ> `m§Mr ÐmdUo. H¥$Vr : (1) VrZ ñdÀN> narjmZiçm KoD$Z Ë`m§da A, B, C Aem Zmdm§À`m nQ>²Q>çm {MH$Q>dm. (2) A ¶m narjmZirV nmoQ>°{eA‘ ŠbmoamBS>, B ¶m narjmZirV nmoQ>°{eA‘ ~«mo‘mBS Am{U C ¶m narjmZirV nmoQ>°{eA‘ Am`moS>mBS> `m§Mr àË`oH$s 5 {‘br ÐmdUo ¿`m. (3) àË`oH$ narjmZirV {gëìha Zm`Q´>oQ>À`m ÐmdUmMo 4 Vo 5 ml Q>mH$m. àË¶oH$ narjmZir Mm§Jbr hbdm. (4) àË`oH$ narjmZirV {‘iUmè`m AdjonmÀ`m a§JmMo {ZarjU H$am Am{U Ë`mMo {ZarjU VŠË`mV Zmo§X H$am. (5) àË`oH$ narjmZirV {‘iUmè`m AdjonmÀ`m a§Jmdê$Z Ë`m ÐmdUmV CnpñWV Agboë`m h°bmoOZÀ`m Am`ZmMo Zmd AmoiIm. AmH¥$Vr : {Xboë¶m AmH¥$VrVrb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mMo Zm‘{ZX}eZ H$am. narjmZir AgCl Mm nm§T>am Adjon AgI Mm JS>X {ndim Adjon AgBr Mm {\$H$Q> {ndim Adjon hbmBS> Am¶Zm§Mo ApñVËd AmoiIUo {ZarjU VŠVm : narjmZir A{^{H«$`m AdjonmMm a§J {ZîH$f© - A KCl + AgNO3 nm§T>am ŠbmoamBS> (Cl ) B KBr + AgNO3 {’$H$Q> {ndim ~«mo‘mBS> (Br-) C KI+ AgNO3 JS>X {ndim Am¶moS>mBS> (I-) ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 5 amgm`{ZH$ g‘rH$aUo : (1) KCl(aq) + AgNO3 (aq) IIIIIJ KNO3 (aq) + AgCl(s) ¯ (nmoQ>°{eA‘ ³bmoamBS>) ({gëìha Zm¶Q´>oQ>) (nmoQ>°{eA‘ Zm¶Q´>oQ>) (nm§T>am Adjon) (2) KBr(aq) + AgNO3 (aq) IIIIIJ KNO3 (aq) + AgBr(s) ¯ (nmoQ>°{eA‘ ~«mo‘mBS>) ({gëìha Zm¶Q´>oQ>) (nmoQ>°{eA‘ Zm¶Q´>oQ>) ({’$H$Q> {ndim Adjon) (3) KI(aq) + AgNO3 (aq) IIIIIJ KNO3 (aq) + AgI(s) ¯ (nmoQ>°{eA‘ Am¶moS>mBS>) ({gëìha Zm¶Q´>oQ>) (nmoQ>°{eA‘ Zm¶Q´>oQ>) (JS>X {ndim Adjon) AZw‘mZ : - - - (1) darb {VÝhr à`moJm§V hbmBS> Am`Zm§Mo (Cl , Br , I ) AdjonU hmoVo.. (2) darb {VÝhr à`moJm§V {‘imboë`m Adjonm§À`m a§Jm§dê$Z Ë`m ÐmdUmVrb ŠbmoamBS>, ~«mo‘mBS> Am{U Am`moS>mBS> `m§À`m Am`Zm§Mo ApñVËd {ZpíMV H$aVm ¶oVo. (3) AmdV©gmaUrVrb h°bmoOZ Hw$bmVrb ‘ybÐì`o g‘mZ amgm`{ZH$ JwUY‘© Xe©dVmV. ~hþn¶m©¶r àíZ nwT>rb àË¶oH$ CnàíZmgmR>r {Xboë¶m n¶m©¶m§n¡H$s ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ {ZdS>m Am{U Ë¶m n¶m©¶mMo dUm©ja CnàíZmg‘moarb Mm¡H$Q>rV {bhm … l CËVao 1. h°bmoOZ ‘ybÐì`mÀ`m AUy§À`m ~mhçV‘ H$joV BboŠQ´>m°Z AgVmV. (A) 1 (~) 2 (H$) 3 (S>) 7 S> 2. hm h°bmoOZ H$j Vmn‘mZmbm ñWm`wê$nmV AgVmo. (A) âë`wAmo[aZ (~) Am`moS>rZ (H$) ŠbmoarZ (S>) ~«mo‘rZ ~ 3. nwT>rbn¡H$s H$moUVm nXmW© hm gdmªV ‘moR>m jnUH$ Amho? (A) Cl2 (~) Cl - Am`Z (H$) Br2 (S>) Br - Am`Z S> {XZm§H$ … {ejH$m§Mr ñdmjar …  bjmV Ro>dm : (1) gd© h°bmoOZ ‘ybÐì¶o Am°{³gS>H$ AmhoV. (2) AdjonU A{^{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o A{dÐmì¶ jma V¶ma hmoVmV. 6 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr àmË¶{jH$ H«$‘m§H$ amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m§Mm àH$ma AmoiIUo 2 CX²Xoe : nwT>rb amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m§Mm Aä¶mg H$ê$Z A{^{H«$¶oMm àH$ma AmoiIUo … (A) ‘°½Zo{eA‘ YmVyMo hdoVrb ÁdbZ. ( ~ ) OñVmdarb {dab gëâ`w[aH$ AmåbmMr {H«$`m. ( H$) boS> Zm`Q´>oQ>da CîUVoMm n[aUm‘ Aä`mgUo. gm{hË` : ~Z©a qH$dm pñnarQ>Mm {Xdm, narjmZiçm, {M‘Q>m, g±S> nona, dm°M ½bmg qH$dm Mm`Zm {S>e, H$R>rU H$mMoMr narjmZir, H$mS>onoQ>r, M§MwnmÌ, H$mMH$m§S>r. agm`Zo : OñVmMr nyS>, {dab gëâ`w[aH$ Amåb, boS> Zm`Q´>oQ>Mr nyS>. (A) ‘°½Zo{eA‘ YmVyMo hdoVrb ÁdbZ H¥$Vr : AmH¥$Vr : (1) ‘°½Zo{eA‘ {’$VrMm EH$ VwH$S>m ¿¶m. (2) {M‘Q>çmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Vmo VwH$S>m ~Z©a qH$dm pñnarQ>À`m Á`moVrda Yam. (3) ‘°½Zo{eA‘À`m ÁdbZmMo {ZarjU H$am Am{U Ë`mMr Zmo§X H$am. (4) dm°M ½bmg qH$dm Mm`Zm {S>e‘Ü`o ‘°½Zo{eA‘À`m ÁdbZmZ§Va Cabobr nm§T>ar amI O‘m H$am. (5) amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m {bhm. `m A{^{H«$`oMm àH$ma AmoiIm Am{U {ZarjU VŠË`mV {bhm. ‘°½Zo{eA‘Mo hdoVrb ÁdbZ {ZarjU VŠVm : A{^{H«$¶m ‘°½Zo{eA‘Mr ’$sV hdoV Omibr. 2Mg + O2 IIIJ 2MgO A{^{H«$¶mH$maH$m§Mr g§»¶m 2 CËnm{XVm§Mr g§»¶m 1 A{^{H«$`oMr d¡{eîQ>ço (1) ¶m A{^{H«$¶oV XmoZ A{^{H«$¶mH$maHo$$ Am{U EH$M CËnm{XV nXmW© Amho. (2) Á¶moV àIa àH$memZo OiVo. (3) hm amgm¶{ZH$ ~Xb Amho. A{^{H«$`oMm àH$ma hr A{^{H«$¶m " g§¶moJ A{^{H«$¶m ' Amho. amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m : 2Mg(s) + O2(q) 2MgO(s) + CîUVm (‘°½Zo{eA‘ YmVy ) (Am°pŠgOZ) (‘°½Zo{eA‘ Am°ŠgmBS>) (nm§T>ar nyS>) {ZarjUo : (1) ‘°½Zo{eA‘Mr ’$sV hdoV àIa Á¶moVrZo OiVo. (2) nm§T>ar nyS> {eëbH$ amhVo. AZw‘mZ : `m A{^{H«$`oV XmoZ A{^{H«$`mH$maH$ g§`moJ nmdVmV d Ë`mnmgyZ EH$M nXmW© (CËnm{XV) V`ma hmoVmo. åhUyZ hr " g§`moJ A{^{H«$`m ' Amho. MgO hm ZdrZM nXmW© V¶ma hmoVmo, åhUyZ hm amgm¶{ZH$ ~Xb Amho. ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 7 XjVm : (1) ’$sV {M‘Q>çmV nH$S>yZM Á`moVrda Yamdr. (2) S>moiçm§da H$mim Jm°Jb bmdë`mg S>moiçm§Mo àIa àH$memnmgyZ g§ajU hmoVo. åhUyZ ‘°½Zo{eA‘À¶m àIa Á¶moVrH$S>o nmhVmZm S>moiçm§da Jm°Jb bmdmdm. (~) OñVmdarb {dab gëâ`w[aH$ AmåbmMr {H«$`m H¥$Vr : AmH¥$Vr : (1) H$R>rU H$mMoMr narjmZir KoD$Z ñQ>±S>bm AS>H$dm. (2) narjmZirV WmoS>r OñVmMr nyS> ¿¶m. (3) narjmZirV OñVmMr nyS> ~wS>ob EdT>o 3 Vo 4 {‘br {dab gëâ`w[aH$ Amåb AmoVm. (4) narjmZirÀ`m Vmo§S>mbm dm`wdmhH$ OoQ> Zir ~gdbobo ~yM bmdm. (5) dm`wdmhH$ OoQ> ZirÀ`m Vmo§S>mer EH$ noQ>Vr AmJH$mS>r Yam. (6) ~XbmMo {ZarjU H$am Am{U {ZarjU VŠË`mV Zmo§X H$am. (7) amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m {bhm d {VMm àH$ma AmoiIyZ {ZarjU VŠË`mV {bhm. {dab gëâ¶w[aH$ AmåbmMr OñVmdarb A{^{H«$¶m {ZarjU VŠVm : A{^{H«$¶m OñVmV {dab gëâ¶w[aH$ A°{gS> Q>mH$bo. Zn + H2SO4 n ZnSO4 + H2 m A{^{H«$¶mH$maH$m§Mr g§»¶m 2 CËnm{XVm§Mr g§»¶m 2 A{^{H«$`oMr d¡{eîQ>ço (1) ¶m A{^{H«$¶oV XmoZ A{^{H«$¶mH$maHo$ ^mJ KoVmV. (2) XmoZ CËnm{XVo V¶ma hmoVmV. (3) OñV ¶m YmVy‘wio H2SO4 ‘Yrb H2 dm¶y ‘w³V hmoVmo. (4) hm amgm¶{ZH$ ~Xb Amho. A{^{H«$`oMm àH$ma hr A{^{H«$¶m åhUOo " {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$¶m ' Amho. amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m : Zn(s) + H2SO4 (l) ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)m (OñVmMr nyS>) ({dab gëâ`w[aH$ Amåb) (qPH$ gë’o$Q>) (hm`S´>moOZ dm`y ) {ZarjUo : (1) A{^{H«$¶m Vrd«VoZo KSy>Z ¶oVo d a§JhrZ dm¶y ‘w³V hmoVmo. (2) ’$Q²> Agm AmdmO hmoD$Z dm¶y VmËH$mi Oiy bmJVmo. (3) OñVmMo MyU© {XgoZmgo hmoD$Z a§JhrZ ÐmdU {‘iVo. AZw‘mZ : (1) EImXçm nXmWm©Vrb AUy qH$dm AUwJQ>, Xþgè¶m nXmWm©Vrb AUy qH$dm AUwJQ> ¶m§Mr OmJm KoD$Z ZdrZ nXmW© V¶ma H$aV AgVrb, Va Aem A{^{H«$¶obm " {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$¶m ' Ago åhUVmV. CXm., OñVmdarb {dab gëâ¶w[aH$ AmåbmMr A{^{H«$¶m. (2) `m A{^{H«$`oV CËnÝZ hmoUmam dm`y hm hm`S´>moOZ Amho. (3) OñV hm`S´>moOZnojm A{YH$ {H«$`merb Agë`mZo Vo gëâ`w[aH$ A°{gS>À`m ÐmdUmVrb VwbZoZo H$‘r {H«$¶merb Aem hm`S´>moOZbm {dñWm{nV H$aVo Am{U qPH$ gë’o$Q>Mo a§JhrZ ÐmdU {‘iVo. 8 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr XjVm : (1) {Z‘m©U hmoUmam dm`y hw§Jy Z`o. (2) hm`S´>moOZ dm`y hbH$mgm ñ’$moQ> hmoD$Z OiVmo. åhUyZ hm`S´>moOZÀ¶m ÁdbZ {ZarjUmgmR>r dm`wdmhH$ OoQ> ZirMmM dmna H$amdm. (3) Amåb H$miOrnyd©H$ dmnamdo. (H$) boS> Zm`Q´>oQ>darb CîUVoMm n[aUm‘ H¥$Vr : (1) EH$m H$moaS>çm narjmZirV WmoS>r boS> Zm`Q´>oQ>Mr nm§T>ar nyS> ¿`m. (2) narjmZir {M‘Q>çmV nH$S>yZ ~Z©aÀ`m Á`moVrda Yam Am{U Vmndm. (3) ‘wŠV hmoUmè`m dm`yMo ñdê$n R>adÊ`mgmR>r Amobm {Zim {bQ>‘g H$mJX `m dm`yV Yam. (4) narjmZirÀ`m Vmo§S>mer OiVr H$mS>r Yam. (5) amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m {bhm. A{^{H«$`oMm àH$ma AmoiIyZ {bhm. {ZarjU VŠVm : A{^{H«$¶m CîUVm boS> Zm¶Q´>oQ>bm CîUVm {Xbr. 2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO(s) + 4NO2m + O2m A{^{H«$¶mH$maH$m§Mr g§»¶m 1 CËnm{XVm§Mr g§»¶m 3 A{^{H«$`oMr d¡{eîQ>ço (1) `m A{^{H«$`oV EH$M A{^{H«$`mH$maH$ ^mJ KoVmo d A{YH$ gmYo VrZ nXmW© (CËnm{XVo) V`ma hmoVmV. (2) hm amgm`{ZH$ ~Xb Amho. (3) V`ma hmoUmam dm`y AmåbY‘u Amho (4) V`ma hmoUmè`m dm`y§n¡H$s EH$ dm`y ÁdbZmg ‘XV H$aUmam Amho. A{^{H«$`oMm àH$ma AnKQ>Z A{^{H«$¶m CîUVm amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m : 2Pb(NO3)2(s) 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) m + O2(g) m (boS> Zm`Q´>oQ>) (boS> Am°ŠgmBS>) (Zm`Q´>moOZ S>m`Am°ŠgmBS>) (Am°p³gOZ) AZw‘mZ : (1) Á¶m amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$`oV EH$m g§¶wJmnmgyZ XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ gmYo nXmW© {‘iVmV, Ë¶m A{^{H«$¶obm " AnKQ>Z A{^{H«$¶m ' åhUVmV. CXm., boS> Zm`Q´>oQ>bm CîUVm {Xbr AgVm, boS> Zm¶Q´>oQ> `m EH$m nXmWm©nmgyZ VrZ A{YH$ gmYo nXmW© V`ma hmoVmV. åhUyZ hr AnKQ>Z A{^{H«$`m Amho. (2) boS> Zm`Q´>oQ>bm CîUVm {Xbr AgVm, Zm`Q´>moOZ S>m`Am°ŠgmBS> (NO2) Am{U Am°pŠgOZ (O2) ho XmoZ dm`y ‘wŠV hmoVmV Am{U boS> Am°ŠgmBS> (PbO) hm {ndiçm a§JmMm ñWm`y nXmW© narjmZirV {eëbH$ amhVmo. (3) `m A{^{H«$`oV CËnÝZ hmoUmam Zm`Q´>moOZ S>m`Am°ŠgmBS> hm dm`y AmåbY‘u Agë`mZo {Zim {bQ>‘g H$mJX Vm§~S>m hmoVmo. (4) ¶m A{^{H«$`oV {Z‘m©U hmoUmam Am°pŠgOZ dm`y ÁdbZmg ‘XV H$arV Agë`mZo OiVr H$mS>r A{YH$ àIaVoZo OiVo. XjVm : `m A{^{H«$`oV {Z‘m©U hmoUmè`m dm`y§Mm dmg KoD$ Z`o. ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 9 ~hþn¶m©¶r àíZ nwT>rb àË¶oH$ CnàíZmgmR>r {Xboë¶m n¶m©¶m§n¡H$s ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ {ZdS>m Am{U Ë¶m n¶m©¶mMo dUm©ja CnàíZmg‘moarb Mm¡H$Q>rV {bhm … l CËVao 1. ‘°½Zo{eA‘À`m ÁdbZmZ§Va hm nXmW© V`ma hmoVmo. (A) Mg(OH)2 (~) MgO (H$) MgO2 (S>) MgCl2 ~ 2. CuSO4 (aq) + Zn(s) hr ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) A{^{H«$¶m Amho. (A) {dñWmnZ (~) Xþhoar {dñWmnZ (H$) AnKQ>Z (S>) g§¶moJ A 3. boS> Zm`Q´>oQ>bm CîUVm {Xbr AgVm, hm {ndim nXmW© {‘iVmo. (A) boS> S>m`Am°ŠgmBS> (~) boS> Am°ŠgmBS> (H$) boS> Q´>m`Am°ŠgmBS> (S>) boS> gë’o$Q> ~ {XZm§H$ … {ejH$m§Mr ñdmjar …  bjmV Ro>dm : amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m§‘Ü¶o AUy§‘Yrb ~§Ym§Mo {d^mOZ hmoD$Z VgoM ~§Y V¶ma hmoD$Z ZdrZ CËnm{XV {‘iVo. 10 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr àmË¶{jH$ H«$‘m§H$ amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m§Mo dJuH$aU H$aUo 3 CX²Xoe : {Za{Zamiçm amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m§Mo à`moJm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo {ZarjU H$aUo Am{U A{^{H«$`m§À`m àH$mam§Zwgma Ë`m§Mo g§`moJ, {dñWmnZ, AnKQ>Z Am{U Xwhoar {dñWmnZ (AnKQ>Z) A{^{H«$`m `m§‘Ü`o dJuH$aU H$aUo. (A) MwZH$irda nmÊ`mMr A{^{H«$`m. (~) ’o$ag gë’o$Q>À`m ñ’${Q>H$m§da hmoUmam CîUVoMm n[aUm‘. (H$) H$m°na gë’o$Q>À`m ÐmdUmMr bmoI§S>r {Iiçmda hmoUmar A{^{H«$`m. (S>) gmo{S>A‘ gë’o$Q> Am{U ~o[aA‘ ŠbmoamBS>À`m ÐmdUm§Mr EH$‘oH$m§da hmoUmar A{^{H«$`m. gm{hË` : 100 {‘br YmaH$VoMr M§MwnmÌo, Mm`Zm {S>e, A°g~oñQ>m°g erQ>, S´>m°na, H$R>rU H$mMoMr narjmZir, narjmZirYmaH$, narjmZir ñQ>±S>, ~Z©a, g±S> nona, JmiU H$mJX BË`mXr. agm`Zo : MwZH$ir åhUOoM H°$pëeA‘ Am°ŠgmBS> ( CaO ), nmUr, ’o$ag gë’o$Q>Mo ñ’${Q>H$, bmoI§S>r {Iio, H$m°na gë’o$Q>Mo ÐmdU, gmo{S>A‘ gë’o$Q>Mo ÐmdU, ~o[aA‘ ŠbmoamBS>. (A) MwZH$irda nmÊ`mMr A{^{H«$`m H¥$Vr : AmH¥$Vr : (1) EH$m ñdÀN> d H$moaS>çm {MZr‘mVrÀ¶m {S>e‘Ü`o gw‘mao 10 J«°‘ MwZH$ir (CaO) ¿`m. hr {S>e A°g~oñQ>m°gÀ`m erQ>da R>odm. (2) EH$m M§MwnmÌmV WmoS>o nmUr ¿`m d S´>m°naÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Ë`mVrb WmoS>o nmUr {S>e‘Yrb MwZH$irda gmoS>m Am{U hmoUmè`m A{^{H«$`oMo {ZarjU H$am d Ë`mMr Zmo§X H$am. MwZH$irdarb nmÊ¶mMr A{^{H«$¶m A{^{H«$¶m/à¶moJ H¥$Vr {ZarjU 1. MwZH$irda nmUr Q>mH$bo. A{^{H«$¶m Vrd«VoZo KS>Vo, Ca(OH)2 Mo {Zb§~Z ÐmdU V¶ma hmoVo. Ca(OH)2 Mo H$U Vimer O‘m hmoVmV. {S>e‘Ü¶o a§JhrZ, ñdÀN> MwÝ¶mÀ¶m {ZdirMo Ca(OH)2 Mo ÐmdU {‘iVo. 2. A{^{H«$`m hmoV AgVmZmMm AmdmO A{^{H«$¶m hmoVmZm gy§@@ gy§@@ Agm AmdmO ¶oVmo. 3. A{^{H«$¶oV CîUVm {Z‘m©U hmoVo, H$s emofbr Mm¶Zm {S>e hmVmbm Ja‘ bmJVo. åhUOo ¶m A{^{H«$¶oV CîUVm ~mhoa Q>mH$br OmVo? OmVo. 4. A{^{H«$¶oV V¶ma hmoUmam dm`y qH$dm ~mîn. nmÊ¶mMr dm\$ ~mhoa nS>Vo. 5. à`moJmZ§Va nXmWm©Mr ^m¡{VH$ pñWVr. à¶moJmZ§Va {S>eÀ¶m Vimer {dar Joboë¶m MwÝ¶mMo H$U Am{U Ë¶mda MwÝ¶mÀ¶m {ZdirMo ñdÀN> ÐmdU {‘iVo. amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m : CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) + CîUVm (H°$pëeA‘ Am°ŠgmBS> (nmUr) H°$pëeA‘ hm`S´>m°ŠgmBS> MwZH$ir) ({dar Jobobm MwZm) ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 11 AZw‘mZ : (1) nmÊ¶mMr MwZH$irer hmoUmar A{^{H«$¶m hr Cî‘mXm¶r A{^{H«$¶m Amho. (2) H°$pëeA‘ Am°³gmBS> Am{U nmUr ¶m§Mr A{^{H«$¶m hmoD$Z H°${ëeA‘ hm¶S—>m°³gmBS> V¶ma hmoVo. (3) darb A{^{H«$¶m hr g§¶moJ A{^{H«$¶m Amho. (4) ¶m A{^{H«$¶oV ñdÀN> d a§JhrZ ÐmdU {‘iVo, Ë¶mbm MwÝ¶mMr {Zdir åhUVmV. XjVm : (1) `m à`moJmV nmÊ`mV MwZH$ir Q>mHy$ Z`o. V`ma hmoUmè`m CîUVoZo n¥îR>^mJmdarb nmÊ`mMr dm’$ hmoD$Z gd© {‘lU A§Jmda CS>yZ S>moio qH$dm ËdMm `m§Zm BOm hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. (2) {S>e‘Ü`o V`ma Pmboë`m MwÝ`mÀ`m {ZdirV ~moQ> ~wS>dy Z`o. bjmV Ro>dm : (1) Cî‘mXm¶r A{^{H«$¶oV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda CîUVm ~mhoa \o$H$br OmVo d Ë¶m‘wio {‘lUmMo Vmn‘mZ dmT>Vo. (2) g§¶moJ A{^{H«$¶oV EH$M CËnm{XV V¶ma hmoVo. (~) ’o$ag gë’o$Q>À`m ñ’${Q>H$m§da hmoUmam CîUVoMm n[aUm‘ H¥$Vr : AmH¥$Vr : {Xboë¶m AmH¥$VrVrb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mMo Zm‘{ZX}eZ H$am. (1) gw‘mao 10 J«°‘ ~marH$ Ho$bobo ’o$ag gë’o$Q>Mo ñ’${Q>H$ EH$m narjmZir YmaH$ ñdÀN> H$R>rU H$mMoÀ`m narjmZirV ¿`m. ñ’${Q>H$m§À¶m a§JmMo {ZarjU H$am. (2) narjmZir narjmZirYmaH$mV nH$S>yZ {Vbm ~Z©aÀ`m H${R>U H$mMoMr gmhmæ`mZo ‘§X Á¶moVrda CîUVm Xçm. narjmZir (3) narjmZirVyZ ~mhoa `oUmè`m dm`yMm a§J Am{U dmg `m§Mr Zmo§X H$am. \o$ag gë\o$Q>Mo ñ\${Q>H$ (4) narjmZirVrb nXmWm©Mm a§J ~Xbon`ªV CîUVm XoUo Mmby R>odm. (5) Ja‘ narjmZir A°g~oñQ>m°gÀ¶m VwH$S>çmda R>odyZ W§S> hmoD$ ~Z©a Xçm d W§S> Pmë`mda narjmZirVrb nXmWm©Mm a§J nmhm. ’o$ag gë’o$Q>da CîUVoMr A{^{H«$¶m {ZarjU VŠVm : à`moJ H¥$Vr {ZarjU 1. ’o$ag gë’o$Q>Mm à`moJmnyduMm ‘yi a§J. {\$H$Q> {hadm 2. CîUVm XoV AgVmZm, a§JmV hmoUmao {hadm  nm§T>am  Vm§~S>m Agm a§J~Xb nmhÊ¶mg {‘iVmo. ~Xb. 3. W§S> Ho$ë¶mZ§Va narjmZirV {eëbH$ narjmZirV Vm§~S>çm a§JmMm nXmW© {eëbH$ amhVmo. am{hboë¶m nXmWm©Mm a§J. amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`oMo g‘rH$aU : 2(FeSO4.7H2O) D Fe2O3 (s) + SO2 (g) + SO3 (g) + 14H2O(g) ’o$ag gë’o$Q> 12 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr AZw‘mZ : (1) CîUVm {Xë`mZo ’o$ag gë’o$Q>À`m {haì`m a§JmÀ`m ñ’${Q>H$m§Mo AnKQ>Z hmoVo Am{U d ñ\${Q>H$ Ob Zmhrgo hmoVo d CîUVm XoUo gwê$ Ro>dë¶mda gë\$a S>m¶Am°³gmBS> d gë\$a Q—>m¶Am°³gmBS> dm`y {‘lUmÀ`m ê$nmV ~mhoa nS>VmV. (2) narjmZir‘Ü`o Vm§~S>çm a§JmMm nXmW© {eëbH$ amhVmo. (3)hr AnKQ>Z A{^{H«$`m Amho. XjVm : (1) ’o$ag gë’o$Q>bm CîUVm XoÊ`mgmR>r H$R>rU H$mMoMr Zir dmnamdr. (2) CîUVm XoV AgVmZm narjmZirMo Vmo§S> ñdV:nmgyZ Xya R>odmdo. bjmV Ro>dm : AnKQ>Z A{^{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o, EH$mM A{^{H«$¶mH$maH$mnmgyZ XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ CËnm{XVo {‘iVmV. (H$) H$m°na gë’o$Q>À`m ÐmdUmMr bmoI§S>r {Iiçmda hmoUmar A{^{H«$`m H¥$Vr : AmH¥$Vr : {Xboë¶m AmH¥$VrVrb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mMo Zm‘{ZX}eZ H$am. (1) EH$m narjmZirV 20 {‘br H$m°na gë’o$Q>Mo ÐmdU ¿`m. bmoI§S>r {Iio ÐmdUmÀ`m a§JmMr Zmo§X H$am. (2) XmoZ-VrZ MH$MH$sV {Iio ¿`m. Vo g±S> nonaZo KmgyZ ñdÀN> H$am d nmÊ`mZo ñdÀN> Ywdm. {Iiçm§À`m a§JmMr \o$ag gë\o$Q>Mo Zmo§X H$am. ÐmdU (3) gw‘mao 15 {‘{ZQ>o ho {Iio M§MwnmÌmVrb H$m°na gë’o$Q>À`m H$m°na gë\o$Q>Mo Vm§ã¶mMm bmb ÐmdUmV ~wS>dyZ R>odm. {Zio ÐmdU Wa Agbobo (4) {Iio d ÐmdU `m§À`m a§Jm§V hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Mo {ZarjU H$am. bmoI§S>r {Iio (5) 15 {‘{ZQ>m§Z§Va {Iio ÐmdUmVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>m. ñdÀN> Ywdm A{^{H«$¶onydu A{^{H«$¶oZ§Va d JmiU H$mJXmda R>odm. eodQ>r {Iio d ÐmdU `m§À`m H$m°na gë’o$Q>À`m ÐmdUmMr bmoI§S>r {Iiçmda hmoUmar A{^{H«$`m ~Xbboë`m a§Jm§Mr Zmo§X H$am. {ZarjU VŠVm : à`moJ H¥$Vr {ZarjUo 1. à`moJmnydu H$m°na gë’o$Q>À`m ÐmdUmMm a§J {Zim. 2. à`moJmnydu bmoI§S>r {IiçmMm a§J gmYmaU H$aS>m. 3. à`moJmZ§Va H$m°na gë’o$Q>À`m ÐmdUmMm a§J {Zio ÐmdU {\$H$Q> {haì¶m a§JmMo ~ZVo. 4. à`moJmZ§Va bmoI§S>r {IiçmMm a§J à¶moJmZ§Va {Iio Vm§~yg Vn{H$ar a§JmMo Pmbobo AmT>ibo. amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m : Fe(s) + CuSO 4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s) o (bmoI§S>) (H$m°na gë’o$Q>) (’o$ag gë’o$Q>) (Vm§~o) ({Zim a§J) AZw‘mZ : (1) H$aS>çm a§JmMo bmoI§S>r {Iio {Ziçm a§JmÀ¶m H$m°na gë’o$Q>À¶m ÐmdUmV R>odbo AgVm, Vo H$m°na gë’o$Q>À¶m ÐmdUmVyZ Cu 2 Mo Am¶Z {dñWm{nV H$aVmV Am{U Ë¶m§Mm a§J Vm§~yg hmoVmo. (2) hr {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$¶m Amho. ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 13 XjVm : (1) bmoI§S>r {Iiçm§Mm n¥îR>^mJ g±S> nonaZo Mm§Jbm Kmgmdm. (2) H$m°na gë’o$Q>À`m ÐmdUmbm qH$dm Ë`mV ~wS>dboë`m {Iiçm§Zm ñne© H$ê$ Z`o, H$maU H$m°na gë’o$Q> Aën à‘mUmV {dfmar Amho. (S>) gmo{S>A‘ gë’o$Q> d ~o[aA‘ ŠbmoamBS>À`m ÐmdUm§Mr EH$‘oH$m§da hmoUmar A{^{H«$`m H¥$Vr : (1) EH$m ñdÀN> M§MwnmÌmV A§XmOo 15 {‘br gmo{S>A‘ gë’o$Q>Mo ÐmdU ¿`m. Ë`mMm a§J d ñdê$n `m§Mr Zmo§X H$am. (2) EH$m ñdÀN> d H$moaS>çm narjmZirV ~o[aA‘ ŠbmoamBS>Mo 5 Vo 10 {‘br ÐmdU ¿`m. Ë`mMm a§J d ñdê$n `m§Mr Zmo§X H$am. (3) narjmZirVrb ~o[aA‘ ŠbmoamBS>Mo ÐmdU hiyhiy M§MwnmÌmVrb gmo{S>A‘ gë’o$Q>À`m ÐmdUm‘Ü`o AmoVm. M§MwnmÌmVrb ÐmdU gVV T>diV amhm. M§MwnmÌmV hmoUmè`m A{^{H«$`oMo {ZarjU H$am. hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Mr Zmo§X H$am. AmH¥$Vr : gmo{S>A‘ gë’o$Q> Am{U ~o[aA‘ ³bmoamBS> ¶m§Mr A{^{H«$¶m {ZarjU VŠVm : A{^{H«$¶m/à`moJ H¥$Vr {ZarjU 1. A{^{H«$¶onyduMm gmo{S>A‘ gë’o$Q>À¶m ÐmdUmMm a§J. A{^{H«$¶onydu gmo{S>A‘ gë\o$Q>Mo ÐmdU ñdÀN> nmaXe©H$ Am{U a§JhrZ hmoVo. 2. A{^{H«$¶onyduMm ~o[aA‘ ŠbmoamBS>À`m ÐmdUmMm a§J. A{^{H«$¶onydu ~o[aA‘ ³bmoamBS>Mo ÐmdU ñdÀN> nmaXe©H$ Am{U a§JhrZ hmoVo. 3. gmo{S>A‘ gë’o$Q> Am{U ~o[aA‘ ŠbmoamBS> `m§Mr ÐmdUo ~o[aA‘ gë\o$Q>Mm nm§T>am Adjon {‘iVmo. EH$Ì {‘gië¶mda hmoUmam a§J d {‘lU ¶m§Vrb ~Xb. amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m : Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2(aq) BaSO4(s) o + 2NaCl(aq) (gmo{S>A‘ gë’o$Q>) (~o[aA‘ ŠbmoamBS>) (~o[aA‘ gë’o$Q>) (gmo{S>A‘ ŠbmoamBS>) (a§JhrZ) (a§JhrZ) (nm§T>am Adjon) (a§JhrZ) AZw‘mZ : (1) `m amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$`oV XmoZ A{^{H«$`mH$maH$m§À`m Am`Zm§Mr qH$dm ‘ybH$m§Mr AXbm~Xb hmoD$Z XmoZ ZdrZ g§¶wJo V¶ma hmoVmV. Aem A{^{H«$¶m§Zm " Xþhoar {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$¶m ' åhUVmV. (2) ¶m A{^{H«$¶oV nm§T>è¶m a§JmMo A{dÐmì¶ Ago ~o[aA‘ gë\o$Q> V¶ma Pmë¶mZo M§MwnmÌmV nm§T>è¶m a§JmMm Adjon V¶ma hmoVmo. (3) hr Xþhoar AnKQ>Z A{^{H«$`m Amho. XjVm : gd© CnH$aUo ñdÀN> YwdyZ ¿`mdrV. 14 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr ~hþn¶m©¶r àíZ nwT>rb àË¶oH$ CnàíZmgmR>r {Xboë¶m n¶m©¶m§n¡H$s ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ {ZdS>m Am{U Ë¶m n¶m©¶mMo dUm©ja CnàíZmg‘moarb Mm¡H$Q>rV {bhm … l CËVao 1. MwZH$irda hmoUmar nmÊ`mMr A{^{H«$`m Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>r (A) narjmZirV nmUr KoD$Z Ë`mV MwZH$ir Q>mH$VmV. (~) MwZH$ir‘Ü`o ^anya nmUr Q>mH$VmV. (H$) MwZH$irda WmoS>ogo nmUr qenS>VmV. (S>) `m§n¡H$s Zmhr. H$ 2. Ooìhm ’o$ag gë’o$Q>À`m ñ’${Q>H$m§Zm CîUVm {Xbr OmVo, Voìhm narjmZirV {‘iUmam Adjon (A) Vm§~S>çm a§JmMm AgVmo. (~) {Ziçm a§JmMm AgVmo. (H$) {haì`m a§JmMm AgVmo. (S>) a§JhrZ AgVmo. A 3. Ooìhm gmo{S>A‘ gë’o$Q>À`m ÐmdUmMr ~o[aA‘ ŠbmoamBS>À`m ÐmdUmer A{^{H«$`m hmoVo, Voìhm A{^{H«$`oZ§Va ÐmdUm‘Ü`o V`ma hmoVmo. (A) {Zim Adjon (~) nm§T>am Adjon (H$) {hadm Adjon (S>) A{^{H«$¶m hmoV Zmhr ~ 4. bmoI§S>r{Iiçm§Mr H$m°na gë’o$Q>À`m ÐmdUmer A{^{H«$`m hr A{^{H«$`m Amho. (A) g§`moJ (~) AnKQ>Z (H$) {dñWmnZ (S>) Xwhoar {dñWmnZ H$ 5. H$m°na gë’o$Q>À`m nmÊ`mVrb ÐmdUmV R>odboë`m bmoI§S>r {Iiçmda {‘iUmam Vm§~yg Vn{H$ar a§J hm Mm AgVmo. (A) Cu2O (~) Cu (H$) CuO (S>) CuS ~ {XZm§H$ … {ejH$m§Mr ñdmjar …  bjmV Ro>dm : Xþhoar {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o, XmoZ A{^H$maH$m§‘Yrb Am¶Zm§Mr AXbm~Xb hmoD$Z XmoZ ZdrZ CËnm{XVo {‘iVmV. ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 15 àmË¶{jH$ {dXçwVdmhH$ VmaoÀ`m doQ>moiçmVyZ dmhUmè`m H«$‘m§H$ 4 {dXçwVYmao‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmao Mw§~H$s` joÌ Aä¶mgUo CX²Xoe : {dXçwVdmhH$ VmaoÀ`m doQ>moiçmVyZ dmhUmè`m {dXçwVYmao‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmè`m Mw§~H$s` joÌmMm Aä`mg H$aUo. gm{hË` : {dXçwV {dOoar (12 V), amoYH$ AmdaUdopîQ>V Vm§ã`mMr Vma (24 gauge), OmoS>Vmam, ~XbVm amoY, ßbJH$i, nwR>²R>m qH$dm ßbmpñQ>H$ erQ>, bmohH$sg, Mw§~H$ gyMr, nwR²>R>çmMr nmoH$i Zir. H¥$Vr : (1) {dXçwVamoYH$ AmdaUmZo dopîQ>V Vm§ã`mMr Vma KoD$Z {VMo nwR²>R>çmÀ¶m d¥ËV{MVr AmH$mamÀ¶m nmoH$i Zir^modVr 20 Vo 25 doT>o Jw§S>miyZ EH$ VmaoMo Hw§$S>b / doQ>moio V`ma H$am. (2) ho doQ>moio EH$m {j{VOg‘m§Va R>odboë`m nwR>²R>çmVyZ qH$dm ßbmpñQ>H$À¶m erQ>‘YyZ AmH¥$VrV XmIdë¶mà‘mUo AmV Kwgdm. (3) OmoS>Vmam§Zr A°‘rQ>a, ~XbVm amoY, ßbJH$i, 12 V {dOoar Am{U doQ>moiçmMr Q>moHo$ `mo½` VèhoZo OmoS>yZ {dXçwV n[anW V`ma H$am. (4) nwR>²R>çmda qH$dm ßbmpñQ>H$ erQ>da WmoS>mgm bmohH$sg ngadm. (5) ßbJH$i ~§X H$ê$Z {dXçwV n[anW nyU© H$am d VmaoÀ`m doQ>moiçmVyZ {dXçwV àdmh gwê$ H$am. (6) nwR>²R>çmbm hiyhiy {Q>MŠ`m ‘mam Am{U nwR>²R>çmdarb bmoh{H$gmÀ`m aMZoMo {ZarjU H$am. (7) {dXçwV n[anWmMm amoY H$‘r H$ê$Z VmaoÀ¶m doQ>moiçmVyZ dmhUmar {dXçwVYmam dmT>dV Ý`m Am{U Ë`mZwgma bmoh{H$gmÀ`m aMZoV hmoUmè`m ~XbmMo {ZarjU H$am. AmH¥$Vr : {Xboë¶m AmH¥$VrVrb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mMo Zm‘{ZX}eZ H$am. VmaoMo Hw§$S>b nwR²>R>m qH$dm ßbm{ñQ>H$ erQ> bmoh{H$gmMr g‘`H|$Ðr dVw©io Mw§~H$s¶ joÌmMr {Xem {dXçwVYmaoMr {Xem ~XbVm amoY OmoS>Vma A°‘rQ>a ßbJH$i {dOoar {dXçwV n[anW {ZarjU : (1) VmaoMo doQ>moio nwR>²R>çmbm OoWo N>oXVo VoWrb Vmaodarb q~Xy^modVr g‘Ho$§Ðr dVw©im§À¶m ‘mJm©V bmoh{H$gmMr aMZm hmoVo. hr g‘Ho$§Ðr dVw©io {dXçwVYmao‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmè`m Mw§~H$s¶ joÌmÀ¶m ~baofm Xe©dVmV. (2) AmnU doQ>moiçmVrb VmaonmgyZ Ogo Xya OmD$ Ver Mw§~H$s` ~baofm§Mr g‘H|$Ðr dVw©io ‘moR>r hmoV OmVmV. (3) {dXçwV n[anWmVrb {dXçwVYmam dmT>dbr H$s Mw§~H$s` joÌmMr Vrd«VmXoIrb dmT>Vo d Mw§~H$s` ~baofm A{YH$ ñnîQ> {Xgy bmJVmV. 16 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr AZw‘mZ : (1) VmaoÀ`m doQ>moiçmVyZ {dXçwVYmam àdm{hV Ho$ë¶mg Ë`m doQ>moiçmÀ`m àË`oH$ q~Xy^modVr Mw§~H$s¶ ~baofm {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. (2) EH$m {d{eîQ> {~§XÿOdi doQ>moiçmV {Z‘m©U hmoUmè`m Mw§~H$s` joÌmMr Vrd«Vm Ë`mVyZ dmhUmè`m {dXçwVYmaoÀ¶m Am{U doQ>moiçmVrb VmaoÀ¶m doT>çm§À¶m g§»¶oÀ¶m g‘à‘mUmV AgVo. XjVm : {dXçwV n[anWmVrb gd© {dXçwV CnH$aUo `mo½` VèhoZo OmoS>m. ~hþn¶m©¶r àíZ nwT>rb àË¶oH$ CnàíZmgmR>r {Xboë¶m n¶m©¶m§n¡H$s ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ {ZdS>m Am{U Ë¶m n¶m©¶mMo dUm©ja CnàíZmg‘moarb Mm¡H$Q>rV {bhm … l CËVao 1. {dXçwV Mw§~H$s` joÌmMr Vrd«Vm ‘Ü`o ‘moOVmV. (A) A°pånAa (~) ìhmoëQ> (H$) Hw$bmo‘ (S>) AmoañQ>oS> S> 2. gai dmhH$mVyZ {dXçwVYmao‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmè`m Mw§~H$s` joÌmMr {Xem ‘wio {ZpíMV H$aVm `oVo. (A) COì`m hmVmMm {Z`‘ (~) âboq‘JMm S>mì`m hmVmMm {Z`‘ (H$) âboq‘JMm COì`m hmVmMm {Z`‘ (S>) Hw$bmo‘Mm {Z¶‘ A 3. Mw§~H$s`joÌmMo ApñVËd `m CnH$aUmZo R>adVm `oVo. (A) ìhmoëQ>‘rQ>a (~) A°‘rQ>a (H$) J°ëìh°Zmo‘rQ>a (S>) Mw§~H$s` gyMr S> 4. hçm à¶moJmV nwR²>R>çmdarb EH$m {d{eîQ> q~XÿOdirb Mw§~H$s¶ joÌmMr Vrd«Vm Adb§~yZ AgVo. (A) Ho$di {dXçwVYmaoda (~) Ho$di VmaoÀ¶m doQ>moiçmVrb VmaoÀ¶m doT>çm§À¶m g§»¶oda (H$) Ho$di Ë¶m q~XÿÀ¶m VmaonmgyZÀ¶m A§Vamda (S>) ¶m {VÝhr JmoîQ>tda S> {XZm§H$ … {ejH$m§Mr ñdmjar …  bjmV Ro>dm : Ogo AmnU VmaoÀ¶m doQ>moiçmÀ¶m ‘Ü¶^mJr ¶oD$ Vgo Mw§~H$s¶ ~baofm Xe©dUmar dVw©io BVH$s ‘moR>r hmoVmV H$s, Ë¶m§Mm H§$g gai aofoV XmIdVm ¶oVmo. ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 17 àmË¶{jH$ H«$‘m§H$ CîUVoMm ~’$m©darb n[aUm‘ Aä¶mgUo 5 CX²Xoe : Vmn‘mZ-H$mb hm AmboI H$mT>yZ Ë`mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo ~’$m©da CîUVoMm hmoUmam n[aUm‘ Aä`mgUo. gm{hË` : M§MwnmÌ, ~’$m©Mo IS>o, Vmn‘mnr, ñQ>±S>, ~Z©a, {VdB©, T>diUr, VmaoMr Omir. H¥$Vr : (1) Vmn‘mnrÀ¶m bKwV‘ ‘mnmMr Zm|X H$am. (2) EH$m H$mMoÀ`m M§MwnmÌmV WmoS>o ~’$m©Mo IS>o ¿`m. (3) {VdB© ñQ>±S>da R>odm. {VdB©da VmaoMr Omir R>odm. Ë¶mda M§MwnmÌ R>odm. (4) Vmn‘mnrMm ’w$Jm ~’$m©À`m IS>çm§‘Ü`o nyU©nUo ~wS>ob Agm ñQ>±S>bm AS>H$dm. ~Z©aÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo M§MwnmÌmbm ‘§X CîUVm Xçm Am{U ~’$m©Mo Vmn‘mZ ‘moOm. (5) àË`oH$ {‘{ZQ>mbm darb ~’$m©À¶m/nmÊ¶mÀ¶m Vmn‘mZmMr Zmo§X H$am. (6) ~’$m©bm CîUVm XoUo gwê$ H$aVmM, ~’©$ {dViÊ`mg gwédmV hmoB©b. ~’©$ Am{U nmUr `m§Mo {‘lU T>diV amhm Am{U CîUVm XoUo gwê$M R>odm. (7) ~’©$ nyU©nUo {dViyZ, nmUr CH$iy bmJon`ªV Vmn‘mZmMr Zmo§X R>odUo gwê$ R>odm. (8) Vmn‘mZ-H$mb AmboI H$mT>m. AmH¥$Vr : {Xboë¶m AmH¥$VrVrb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mMo Zm‘{ZX}eZ H$am. Vmn‘mnr Vmn‘mnr ñQ±>S> ñQ±>S> T>diUr ~\$m©Mo ISo> nmUr VmaoMr Omir VmaoMr Omir ~Z©a ~Z©a {VnmB© ñQ±>S> {VnmB© ñQ±>S> CîUVoMm ~’$m©darb n[aUm‘ {ZarjU : (1) Vmn‘mnrMo bKwV‘ ‘mn = 1 °C (2) ~’©$ nyU©nUo {dVion`ªV ~’$m©Mo Am{U nmÊ¶mMo Vmn‘mZ 0°C EdT>o pñWa amhVo. (3) CîUVm XoÊ`mMm H$mi dmT>V OmB©b Vgo nmÊ`mMo Vmn‘mZ 0°C Vo 100 °C n`ªV dmT>V OmVo. (4) nmÊ`mMo Vmn‘mZ 100 °C n`ªV nmohmoMë`mda Vo 100 °C da pñWa amhVo. g§nyU© nmÊ`mMr dm’$ hmoB©n`ªV ho Vmn‘mZ 100 °C da pñWa amhVo. {ZarjU VŠVm : doi ({‘{ZQ>m§V) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Vmn‘mZ (°C) 0 0 0 0 1.5 15 29 43 57 71 83 94.5 98 99 doi ({‘{ZQ>m§V) 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Vmn‘mZ (°C) 100 100 100 100 18 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr doi ({‘{ZQ>m§V) 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Vmn‘mZ (°C) Vmn‘mZH$mb AmboI ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 19 AZw‘mZ/{ZîH$f© … ~’©$ nyU©nUo {dVië¶mZ§Va Vmn‘mnr Vmn‘mZmVrb dmT> Xe©dy bmJVo. nmUr CH$iÊ¶mg gwédmV Pmbr H$s, Vmn‘mnr‘Yrb Vmn‘mZmV dmT> hmoV Zmhr, ¶m {ZarjUmdê$Z Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm ¶oVmo H$s, ~\$m©Mo nmÊ¶mV Am{U nmÊ¶mMo dm\o$V AdñWm§Va hmoVmZm CîUVm emofbr OmVo, AdñWm§Va hmoVmZm Vmn‘mZmV dmT> hmoV Zmhr. Vmn‘mnrVrb {ñWa Vmn‘mZmdê$Z hr JmoîQ> Xe©dbr OmVo. XjVm : Vmn‘mnrÀ¶m ’w$½¶mMm ñne© M§MwnmÌmÀ`m Vimbm hmoD$ XoD$ ZH$m. ~hþn¶m©¶r àíZ nwT>rb àË¶oH$ CnàíZmgmR>r {Xboë¶m n¶m©¶m§n¡H$s ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ {ZdS>m Am{U Ë¶m n¶m©¶mMo dUm©ja CnàíZmg‘moarb Mm¡H$Q>rV {bhm … l CËVao 1. ~’©$ {dVië`mda Ë`mMo AmH$ma‘mZ. (A) dmT>Vo (~) H$‘r hmoVo (H$) pñWa amhVo (S>) dmT>Vo qH$dm H$‘r hmoVo ~ 2. ~’©$ hm Agm nXmW© Amho H$s, (A) {dViVmZm àgaU nmdVmo Am{U JmoR>VmZm AmHw§$MZ nmdVmo. (~) {dVië`mda AmHw§$MZ nmdVmo nU JmoR>VmZm AmH$ma‘mZmV ~Xb hmoV Zmhr. (H$) {dVië`mda AmHw§$MZ nmdVmo Am{U JmoR>VmZm àgaU nmdVmo. (S>) {dViVmZm qH$dm JmoR>VmZm AmH$ma‘mZmV H$mhrM ~Xb hmoV Zmhr. H$ 3. 0 °C Vmn‘mZmÀ`m 1 J«°‘ ~’$m©Mo 0 °C Vmn‘mZmÀ`m 1 J«°‘ nmÊ`mV ê$nm§Va hmoÊ`mgmR>r H°$bar CîUVm emofbr OmVo. (A) 80 (~) 800 (H$) 540 (S>) 54 A 4. 1 {H$J«° dñVw‘mZmÀ`m nmÊ`mMo Vmn‘mZ 14.5 °C Vo 15.5 °C n`ªV dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r CîUVm bmJVo. (A) 4180 J (~) 103 J (H$) 1 H°$bar (S>) 4180 H°$bar A 5. 0 °CVmn‘mZ Am{U 1 dmVmdaUr` Xm~ Agboë`m 1 J«°‘ nmÊ`mMo gma»¶mM AQ>r Agboë`m dm’o$V ê$nm§Va H$aÊ`mgmR>r CîUVm bmJVo. (A) 80 H°$bar (~) 540 H°$bar (H$) 89 J (S>) 540 J ~ {XZm§H$ … {ejH$m§Mr ñdmjar …  bjmV Ro>dm : Ooìhm nXmWm©Mr AdñWm ~XbVo, Ogo ñWm¶y Ðd, Ðd dm¶y (dm\$), ñWm¶y dm¶y (dm\$), Voìhm pñWa Vmn‘mZmbm nXmWm©X²dmao CîUVm emofbr OmVo qH$dm ~mhoa Q>mH$br OmVo. 20 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr àmË¶{jH$ Ja‘ nmUr Z¡g{J©H$arË`m W§S> hmoÊ`mÀ`m {H«$`oMm Aä`mg … H«$‘m§H$ 6 H$mb-Vmn‘mZ AmboI H$mT>Uo. CX²Xoe : Ja‘ nmUr Z¡g{J©H$arË`m W§S> hmoÊ`mÀ`m {H«$`oVrb Vmn‘mZ ‘moOUo Am{U Vmn‘mZ-H$mb AmboI H$mT>Uo. gm{hË` : 250 {‘br j‘VoMo M§MwnmÌ, Vmn‘mnr (0 °C – 100 °C), ñQ>m°n dm°M, ñQ>±S>, {VdB©, ~Z©a, VmaoMr Omir, nmUr. H¥$Vr : (1) Vmn‘mnrÀ¶m bKwV‘ ‘mnmMr Zm|X H$am. (2) EH$m M§MwnmÌmV 150 {‘br nmUr ¿`m. (3) AmH¥$VrV XmIdë`mà‘mUo CnH$aUm§Mr aMZm H$am. Vmn‘mnrÀ¶m ’w$½¶mMm ñne© M§MwnmÌmÀ`m Vimbm hmoD$ XoD$ ZH$m. (4) nmÊ`mbm CîUVm Xçm. (5) nmÊ`mMo Vmn‘mZ 80 °C Pmë¶mda ~Z©a ~§X H$am. (6) Ë`mZ§Va nmÊ`mMo Vmn‘mZ 70 °C hmoVmM ñQ>m°n dm°M Mmby H$am Am{U nmÊ`mMo Vmn‘mZ àË`oH$ {‘{ZQ>mbm KoD$Z Ë`mMr {ZarjU VŠË`mV Zmo§X H$am. (7) nmÊ`mMo Vmn‘mZ H$j Vmn‘mZmbm `oB©n`ªV Vmn‘mZmMr Zmo§X H$aUo Mmby R>odm. (8) {‘imboë`m dmMZm§dê$Z Vmn‘mZ-H$mb hm AmboI H$mT>m. AmH¥$Vr : {Xboë¶m AmH¥$VrVrb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mMo Zm‘{ZX}eZ H$am. Vmn‘mnr ñQ±>S> M§MwnmÌ nmUr VmaoMr Omir ~Z©a {VnmB© ñQ±>S> ñQ>m°n dm°M Ja‘ nmUr Z¡g{J©H$arË¶m W§S> hmoÊ¶mMr {H«$¶m {ZarjU : (1) Vmn‘mnrMo bKwV‘ ‘mn 1 °C (2) Ja‘ nmÊ`mMo gwédmVrMo Vmn‘mZ 70 °C {ZarjU VŠVm : doi ({‘{ZQ>m§V) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Vmn‘mZ (°C) 70 68 66 64 62 61 60 59 58 56 54 53 51 49 doi ({‘{ZQ>m§V) 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Vmn‘mZ (°C) 51 50 49 46 44 40 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 21 doi ({‘{ZQ>m§V) 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Vmn‘mZ (°C) 38 35 34 Vmn_mZ (°C) _Ü¶o doi (t)({_{ZQ>m§V) Vmn‘mZ H$mb AmboI AZw‘mZ : (1) Ja‘ nmÊ`mMm Cî‘m dmVmdaUmbm {Xbm OmVmo, Ë`m‘wio Ja‘ nmÊ¶mMo Vmn‘mZ hiyhiy H$‘r hmoD$ bmJVo. (2) nmUr W§S> hmoÊ`mMm Xa Ja‘ nmÊ`mMo gwédmVrMo Vmn‘mZ d g^modVmbMo Vmn‘mZ ¶m§À¶mVrb ’$aH$mda Adb§~Zy AgVmo. Ooìhm nmÊ`mMo gwédmVrMo Vmn‘mZ d g^modVrMo Vmn‘mZ (H$j Vmn‘mZ) `m§Vrb ’$aH$ OmñV AgVmo Voìhm nmUr W§S> hmoÊ¶mMm Xa A{YH$ AgVmo. XjVm : (1) hm à¶moJ gwê$ AgVmZm à¶moJemioVrb n§Io ~§X R>odm. (2) Vmn‘mnrÀ¶m ’w$½¶mMm ñne© M§MwnmÌmÀ¶m Vimbm hmoD$ XoD$ ZH$m. 22 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr ~hþn¶m©¶r àíZ nwT>rb àË¶oH$ CnàíZmgmR>r {Xboë¶m n¶m©¶m§n¡H$s ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ {ZdS>m Am{U Ë¶m n¶m©¶mMo dUm©ja CnàíZmg‘moarb Mm¡H$Q>rV {bhm … l CËVao 1. nwT>rbn¡H$s H$moUVo {dYmZ ~amo~a Amho? (A) 4.18 H°$bar = 1 Á`yb (~) 1 H°$bar = 4.18 Á`yb (H$) 107 H°$bar = 1 Á`yb (S>) 1 H°$bar = 107 Á`yb ~ 2. nwT>rbn¡H$s H$moUË`m nX²YVr‘wio CîUVm dmhyZ Zobr OmVo? (A) dhZ (~) A{^gaU (H$) àmaU (S>) (A), (~), (H$) ho gd© S> 3. ÐdmModm’o$V ê$nm§Va hmoVo Ë`m Vmn‘mZmbm åhUVmV. (A) ÐdUm§H$ (~) CËH bZm§H$ (H$) àgaUm§H$ (S>) Xdq~Xy ~ 4. `m {H«$`oV CîUVm emofbr OmVo. (A) nmÊ`mMr dm’$ hmoVmZm (~) nmÊ`mMo ~’©$ hmoVmZm (H$) dm’o$Mo nmUr hmoVmZm (S>) darb gd© A {XZm§H$ … {ejH$m§Mr ñdmjar …  bjmV Ro>dm : M§MwnmÌmVrb nmÊ¶mMo Vmn‘mZ ~XbÊ¶mMm Xa hm nmÊ¶mMo Vmn‘mZ d g^modVmbMo Vmn‘mZ ¶m§À¶mVrb \$aH$mer g‘mZwnmVr AgVmo. ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 23 àmË¶{jH$ H«$‘m§H$ hmonMo CnH$aU dmnê$Z nmÊ`mMo Ag§JV AmMaU Aä¶mgUo 7 CX²Xoe : hmonÀ`m CnH$aUmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo nmÊ`mÀ`m Ag§JV AmMaUmMm nS>Vmim KoUo. gm{hË` : hmonMo CnH$aU, ~’©$, ‘rR>, nmUr, XmoZ Vmn‘mnr, M§MwnmÌ, ñQ>m°n dm°M. H¥$Vr : (1) {Xboë¶m Vmn‘mnrMo bKwV‘ ‘mn H$mT>m. (2) hmonÀ`m CnH$aUmÀ`m C^Q> ZiH$m§S>çmV 10 °C Vo 12 °C Vmn‘mZmMo nmUr dan`ªV ^am. (3) `m CnH$aUmÀ`m ‘Yë`m ngaQ> ^m§S>çmV ~’©$ Am{U ‘rR> `m§Mo JmoR>U {‘lU ^am. (4) JmoR>U {‘lUmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOyg Am{U ImbÀ`m ~mOyg C^Q> ZiH$m§S>çmbm Agboë`m XmoZ {N>Ðm§‘YyZ XmoZ Vmn‘mnr (T2) Am{U (T1) AmVrb nmÊ`mn`ªV gaH$dm. (5) Ë`mZ§Va àË`oH$ {‘{ZQ>mbm T2 Am{U T1 Vmn‘mntZr Xe©dbobo Vmn‘mZ ‘moOm d {ZarjU VŠË`mV {bhm. (6) H$mb Am{U Vmn‘mZ `m§À`m {‘imboë`m Zmo§Xtdê$Z EH$mM AmboIH$mJXmda Vmn‘mZ (T1) {déX²Y H$mb Am{U Vmn‘mZ (T2) {déX²Y H$mb Ago XmoZ AmboI H$mT>m. (7) ¶m AmboIm§Mo {ZarjU H$am. AmH¥$Vr : {Xboë¶m AmH¥$VrVrb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mMo Zm‘{ZX}eZ H$am. Vmn‘mnr T2 nmUr JmoR>U {‘lU (~\©$  ‘rR>) ngaQ> ^m§So> C^Q> ZiH$m§ So> Vmn‘mnr T1 M§MwnmÌ hmonMo CnH$aU {ZarjU VŠVm : Vmn‘mnrMo bKwV‘ ‘mn = 1 °C doi ({‘{ZQ>m§V) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Vmn‘mZ T1(°C) 12 9.5 7.7 Vmn‘mZ T2(°C) 12 11.9 11.7 doi ({‘{ZQ>m§V) 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Vmn‘mZ T1(°C) 6.3 5.1 4.5 Vmn‘mZ T2(°C) 11 10 6.5 doi ({‘{ZQ>m§V) 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 45 Vmn‘mZ T1(°C) 4 4 4 4 Vmn‘mZ T2(°C) 2.5 0 0 0 24 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr Vmn‘mZ-H$mb AmboI AZw‘mZ (ñnîQ>rH$aUm§gh) : (1) gwédmVrbm T1 Am{U T2 `m XmoÝhr Vmn‘mntda g‘mZ Vmn‘mZm§Mr Zmo§X hmoVo. (2) JmoR>U {‘lUmÀ`m g§nH$m©Vrb nmÊ`mMo Vmn‘mZ JmoR>U {‘lUm‘wio H$‘r hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio nmÊ`mMo AmHw§$MZ hmoVo d Ë`mMo AmH$ma‘mZ H$‘r hmoVo Am{U KZVm dmT>Vo. Vo OS> ~Zë`m‘wio ZiH$m§S>çmÀ`m VimH$S>o OmVo. Ë`m‘wio T1 Vmn‘mnrda Ë`mMm n[aUm‘ hmoD$Z ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 25 T1 darb Vmn‘mZ H$‘r hmoVo. hr {H«$`m nmÊ`mMo Vmn‘mZ 4°C hmoB©n`ªV Mmby amhVo. (3) nmÊ`mMo Vmn‘mZ 4°C nojm H$‘r Pmbo H$s Ë`mMo AmHw§$MZ Z hmoVm àgaU hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio Ë`mMo AmH$ma‘mZ dmT>Vo, n`m©`mZo Ë`mMr KZVm H$‘r hmoVo. Vo hbHo$ ~Zë`mZo ho nmUr ZiH$m§S>çmÀ`m daÀ`m n¥îR>^mJmH$S>o OmD$ bmJVo. Ë`m‘wio Vmn‘mnr T2 darb Vmn‘mZ H$‘r hmoD$ bmJVo. hiyhiy ho Vmn‘mZ 0°C n`ªV H$‘r hmoVo. (4) Ë¶m doir ImbÀ`m Vmn‘mnrdarb (T1) Vmn‘mZ 4°C Am{U daÀ`m Vmn‘mnrdarb (T2) Vmn‘mZ 0°C da pñWa Pmbobo {XgVo. 0°C Vo 4°C ¶m Vmn‘mZmÀ`m Xaå`mZ hmoUmè`m nmÊ`mÀ`m AmMaUmbm nmÊ`mMo Ag§JV AmMaU åhUVmV. (5) AmboIH$mJXmdarb T1 hm dH«$ T1 `m Vmn‘mnrdarb Vmn‘mZmVrb ~Xb Am{U T2 hm dH«$ T2 `m Vmn‘mnrdarb Vmn‘mZmVrb ~Xb XmIdVmV. ¶m XmoZ dH«$m§Mm No>XZq~Xÿ nmÊ¶mMr KZVm A{YH$V‘ AgVo VoìhmMo Vmn‘mZ Xe©dVmo. XjVm : Vmn‘mZmMr dmMZo H$miOrnyd©H$ Zmo§Xdm. ~hþn¶m©¶r àíZ nwT>rb àË¶oH$ CnàíZmgmR>r {Xboë¶m n¶m©¶m§n¡H$s ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ {ZdS>m Am{U Ë¶m n¶m©¶mMo dUm©ja CnàíZmg‘moarb Mm¡H$Q>rV {bhm … l CËVao 1. Oa nmÊ`mMo Vmn‘mZ 4 °C Vo 10 °C n`ªV dmT>dbo Va (A) Ë`mMo AmH$ma‘mZ H$‘r hmoVo Am{U KZVm dmT>Vo. (~) Ë`mMo AmH$ma‘mZ dmT>Vo Am{U KZVm H$‘r hmoVo. (H$) Ë`mMo AmH$ma‘mZ Am{U KZVm XmoÝhr H$‘r hmoVmV. (S>) Ë`mMo AmH$ma‘mZ Am{U KZVm XmoÝhr dmT>VmV. ~ 2. 4 °C Vmn‘mZmbm nmÊ`mMr KZVm AgVo. (A) 10 g /cm3 (~) 4 g /cm3 3 (H$) 4 * 10 kg /m 3 (S>) 1 * 103 kg /m3 S> nmÊ`mMr 3. KZVm Vmn‘mZmg gdmªV OmñV AgVo. (A) 0 °C (~) – 4 °C (H$) 100 °C (S>) 4 °C S> nmÊ`mMo 4. Ag§JV AmMaU Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>r ho CnH$aU dmnaVmV. (A) H°$bar‘mnr (~) Á`ybMo CnH$aU (H$) hmonMo CnH$aU (S>) W‘m©g âbmñH$ H$ ¶m 5. à¶moJmV AmboImVrb XmoZ dH«$m§Mm N>oXZ q~Xÿ {ZJ{S>V Amho. (A) ~’$m©À¶m ÐdUm§H$mer (~) nmÊ¶mÀ¶m JmoR>U q~Xÿer (H$) nmÊ¶mMr KZVm H$‘rV H$‘r AgVo Aem Vmn‘mZmer (S>) nmÊ¶mMr KZVm OmñVrV OmñV AgVo Aem Vmn‘mZmer S> {XZm§H$ … {ejH$m§Mr ñdmjar …  bjmV Ro>dm : nmÊ¶mMo Vmn‘mZ-H$mb AmboI Ago Xe©dVmo H$s, gwédmVrbm XmoÝhr Vmn‘mZ T1 Am{U T2 ho g‘mZ AgVmV. AmboImdarb XmoÝhr dH«$m§Mm No>XZ q~Xÿ H$‘mb KZVoMo Vmn‘mZ Xe©dVmo. 26 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr àmË¶{jH$ H«$‘m§H$ àH$memÀ`m AndV©ZmMo {Z`‘ nS>VmiUo 8 CX²Xoe : àH$me{H$aU H$mMoÀ`m bmXrVyZ OmVmZm hmoUmao AmnmVr H$moZ, AndV©Z H$moZ d {ZJ©V H$moZ ‘moOUo Am{U àH$memÀ`m AndV©ZmMo {Z`‘ nS>VmiUo. gm{hË` : H$mMoMr bmXr, {MÌH$bm ’$bH$, {MÌH$boMm nm§T>am H$mJX, S´>m°B§J {nÝg, Q>mMÊ`m, H$moZ‘mnH$, nQ>²Q>r, nopÝgb, ImoS>a~a BË`mXr. H¥$Vr : (1) {MÌH$boMm nm§T>am H$mJX Q>mMÊ`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo {MÌH$bm ’$bH$mda ì`dpñWV bmdm. (2) {Xbobr H$mMoMr bmXr H$mJXmÀ`m ‘Ü`^mJr R>odm d nopÝgbrZo {VMr ~mhçH$S>m aoImQ>yZ ¿`m. (3) H$mMoMr bmXr H$mJXmdê$Z ~mOybm H$am d q~Xy O ‘Ü`o M1N1 hr ñV§{^H$m H$mT>m. VgoM ñV§{^Ho$er 30° H$moZ (i) H$aUmam AmnmVr {H$aU AO XmIdUmar aofm H$mT>m. (4) aofm AO da XmoZ Q>mMÊ`m Q>moMm (P1 d P2). (5) nwÝhm H$mMoMr bmXr ‘yi OmJr R>odm d {déX²Y ~mOyZo Q>mMUr P1 d P2 `m§À`m à{V‘m nmhm Am{U Ë`m§Zm OmoS>Umè`m BC ¶m aofoda `oVrb, Aem AmUIr XmoZ Q>mMÊ`m P3 d P4 Q>moMm. aofm BC hr {ZJ©V {H$aU Xe©dVo. (6) H$mMoMr bmXr ~mOybm H$am d OB OmoS>m. B `m q~Xyda ñV§{^H$m M2N2 H$mT>m. (7) AndV©Z H$moZ (r) d {ZJ©V H$moZ (e) ‘moOm. (8) hrM H¥$Vr 45° Am{U 60° À`m AmnmVr H$moZm§gmR>r H$am Am{U AndV©Z H$moZ (r) d {ZJ©V H$moZ (e) ‘moOm. sin i (9) àË¶oH$ doir ho JwUmoËVa H$mT>m. sin r AmH¥$Vr : {Xboë¶m AmH¥$VrVrb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mMo Zm‘{ZX}eZ H$am. ñV§{^H$m AmnmVr {H$aU H$mMoÀ¶m MrnoMr ~mhçH$S>m And{V©V {H$aU ñV§{^H$m i  AmnVZ H$moZ r  AndV©Z H$moZ nmpíd©H$ {dñWmnZ {ZJ©V {H$aU e  {ZJ©V H$moZ H$mMoÀ¶m bmXrVyZ hmoUmao àH$memMo AndV©Z {ZarjU : 30° / 45° / 60° AmnmVr H$moZmgmR>r àH$me{H$aUmMm ‘mJ© AOBC Agm Amho. ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 27 {ZarjU V³Vm : sin i AmnVZ H$moZ (i) AndV©Z H$moZ (r) {ZJ©V H$moZ (e) sin r 30° 200C 300C 1.46 45° 300C 450C 1.41 60° 380C 600C 1.40 AZw‘mZ : (1) AmnmVr {H$aU d {ZJ©V {H$aU nañnam§Zm g‘m§Va AgVmV. CD ho àH$me{H$aUmMo nmpíd©H$ {dñWmnZ hmo`. ho {dñWmnZ H$mMoÀ`m {MnoÀ`m t `m OmS>rda, H$mMoÀ`m AndV©Zm§H$mda d àH$me{H$aUmÀ`m AmnmVr H$moZmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. (2) AmnVZ H$moZ (i) > AndV©Z H$moZ (r) ¶mMm AW© àH$me{H$aU hdoVyZ H$mMoV {eaVmZm ñV§{^Ho$H$So> PwH$Vmo. (3) AmnVZ H$moZ d {ZJ©V H$moZ g‘mZ ‘mnmMo AgVmV. (4) AmnmVr {H$aU d And{V©V {H$aU ñV§{^Ho$À¶m {déX²Y ~mOyg AgVmV. AmnmVr H$moZ, ñV§{^H$m Am{U And{V©V {H$aU EH$mM àVbmV AgVmV. sin i (5) EH$m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ Xþgè¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mV àH$me{H$aU {eaVmZm ho JwUmoËVa {ñWa AgVo. sin r XjVm : `m à`moJmV Q>mMÊ`m gai Cä`m Am{U nañnam§nmgyZ nwaoem A§Vamda Q>moMmì`mV. ~hþn¶m©¶r àíZ nwT>rb àË¶oH$ CnàíZmgmR>r {Xboë¶m n¶m©¶m§n¡H$s ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ {ZdS>m Am{U Ë¶m n¶m©¶mMo dUm©ja CnàíZmg‘moarb Mm¡H$Q>rV {bhm … l CËVao 1. amHo$e H$mMoÀ`m {MnoVyZ OmUmè`m àH$me{H$aUm§Mm ‘mJ© AmIÊ`mMm à`moJ H$arV Amho. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZo àË`oH$ AmnmVr H$moZmgmR>r AndV©Z H$moZ Am{U {ZJ©V H$moZ ‘moObo AmhoV. gd© ~m~VtV Ë`mbm Ago {Xgbo. (A) i > r na§Vw i  e (~) i e na§Vw i  r (S>) i ^mJmer 90° H$moZ H$aVmo, Voìhm Vmo (A) ñV§{^Ho$À`m {XeoZo diVmo. (~) ñV§{^Ho$nmgyZ WmoS>m Xya OmVmo. (H$) Z diVm gai OmVmo. (S>) ZmJ‘moS>r OmVmo. H$ 3. àH$me{H$aU Ooìhm KZ ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ {dab ‘mÜ`‘mV OmVmZm XmoZ ‘mÜ`‘m§À`m gr‘oda b§~ aofoV AmnmVr hmoVmo, Voìhm AmnmVr H$moZ AgVmo. (A) 0° (~) 30° (H$) 60° (S>) 90° A$ {XZm§H$ … {ejH$m§Mr ñdmjar …  bjmV Ro>dm : nm{ûd©H$ {dñWmnZ (lateral displacement) ho H$mMoÀ¶m {MnoMr OmS>r, AmnmVr H$moZ d And{V©V H$moZ ¶m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo. 28 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr àmË¶{jH$ H«$‘m§H$ H$mMoÀ¶m {àP‘‘YyZ àH$me{H$aUm§Mo hmoUmao AndV©Z Aä`mgUo 9 CX²Xoe : H$mMoÀ`m {àP‘‘YyZ OmUmè`m àH$me{H$aUm§Mm ‘mJ© AmIyZ àH$memMo {àP‘‘YyZ hmoUmao AndV©Z Am{U {dMbZ H$moZ Aä`mgUo. gm{hË` : H$mMoMm {àP‘ (bmobH$), {MÌH$bm ’$bH$, {MÌH$boMm nm§T>am H$mJX, S´>m°B§J {nZm, Q>mMÊ`m, H$moZ‘mnH$. H¥$Vr : (1) {MÌH$boMm nm§T>am H$mJX Q>mMÊ`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo {MÌH$bm ’$bH$mda ì`dpñWV bmdm. (2) H$mMoMm {àP‘ Ë¶mÀ¶m {ÌH$moUr n¥îR>^mJmda C^m H$ê$Z H$mJXmÀ`m ‘Ü`^mJr R>odm d nopÝgbrZo Ë¶mMr ~mhçH$S>m aoImQ>yZ ¿`m. (3) {àP‘ H$mJXmdê$Z ~mOybm H$am d Q nmer M1N1 hr ñV§{^H$m H$mT>m. VgoM ñV§{^Ho$er 30° H$moZ (i) H$aUmam AmnmVr {H$aU PQ H$mT>m. (4) {H$aU PQ da P1 Am{U P2 `m XmoZ Q>mMÊ`m gai Cä`m Q>moMm. (5) nwÝhm {àP‘ ‘yi OmJr R>odm d {déX²Y ~mOyZo Q>mMUr P1 d P2 `m§À`m à{V‘m nmhm d {àP‘À`m {déX²Y ~mOyg P3 Am{U P4 `m XmoZ Q>mMÊ`m Aem amodm H$s, `m XmoZ Q>mMÊ`m§Mo nm`o P1 Am{U P2 `m Q>mMÊ`m§À`m à{V‘m§À`m nm`m§À`m gai aofoV `oVrb. (6) P3 Am{U P4 ¶m Q>mMÊ`m ~mOybm H$mT>m Am{U Ë`m§Mr ñWmZo N>moQ>çm dVw©im§Zr XmIdm. P3 Am{U P4 `m q~X§yVyZ OmUmar aofm H$mT>m. hr aofm {àP‘À`m AC `m H$S>obm R ¶m q~XyV {‘iy Xçm. P3 Am{U P4 ho q~Xy OmoS>Umè`m aofoda S hm q~Xy KoD$Z {H$aU RS H$mT>m. P1 Am{U P2 `m Q>mMÊ`m Am{U {àP‘ ~mOybm H$am. QR OmoS>m Am{U R ¶m q~Xyda M2N2 hr ñV§{^H$m H$mT>m. (7) {H$aU PQ (AmnmVr {H$aU) Ë`mM {XeoV gai nwT>o Am{U {H$aU RS ({ZJ©V {H$aU) {déX²Y {XeoV EH$‘oH$m§Zm T ¶m q~XyV N>oXVrb Ago dmT>dm. (8) AmnmVr H$moZ (i), AndV©Z H$moZ (r) Am{U {dMbZ H$moZ, {ZJ©V H$moZ (e) ‘moOm Am{U {ZarjU VŠË`mV {bhm. (9) darb H¥$Vr AmUIr XmoZ AmnmVr H$moZ 45° Am{U 60° gmR>r H$am Am{U {‘iUmar {ZarjUo {ZarjU VŠË`mV Zmo§Xdm. AmH¥$Vr : {Xboë¶m AmH¥$VrVrb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mMo Zm‘{ZX}eZ H$am. {ZJ©V {H$aUmMm ‘mJo AmnmVr {H$aUmMm gaiaofoVrb dmT>dbobm ‘mJ© dmT>dbobm ‘mJ© {ZJ©V {H$aU AmnmVr {H$aU {àP‘ i: AmnVZ H$moZ  :{dMbZ H$moZ r1 : AB n¥îR>^mJmdarb AndV©Z H$moZ e : {ZJ©V H$moZ r2 : AC n¥îR>^mJmdarb AmnVZ H$moZ {àP‘‘YyZ hmoUmao àH$memMo AndV©Z {ZarjU : 30° / 45° / 60° ¶m AmnmVr H$moZm§gmR>r àH$me{H$aUm§Mm ‘mJ© PQRS Agm Amho. ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 29 {ZarjU VŠVm : AmnVZ H$moZ (i) AndV©Z H$moZ (r) {dMbZ H$moZ (d ) {ZJ©V H$moZ (e) 30° 200 300 730 45° 300 370 600 60° 380 400 400 AZw‘mZ : (1) AmnVZ H$moZ (i) AndV©Z H$moZ (r1 ), åhUOoM àH$me{H$aU hdoVyZ H$mMoV {eaVmZm ñV§{^Ho$H$So> PwH$Vmo. (2) {ZJ©V H$moZ (e) H$moZ (r2 ), åhUOoM àH$me{H$aU H$mMoVyZ hdoV {eaVmZm ñV§{^Ho$nmgyZ Xÿa OmVmo. (3) gd©gmYmaUnUo {dMbZ H$moZ hm AmnVZ H$moZmda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. gwédmVrbm AmnVZ H$moZ dmT>dë¶mg {dMbZ H$moZ H$‘r hmoVmo. AmnVZ H$moZmÀ¶m EH$m {d{eîQ> ‘yë¶mgmR>r {dMbZ H$moZ H$‘rV H$‘r hmoVmo. Ë¶mZ§Va AmnVZ H$moZmMo ‘yë¶ dmT>bo H$s, {dMbZ H$moZ dmT>Vmo. XjVm : `m à`moJmV gd© Q>mMÊ`m gai Cä`m Q>moMmì`mV Am{U Ë¶m nañnam§nmgyZ nwaoem A§Vamda Agmì¶mV. ~hþn¶m©¶r àíZ nwT>rb àË¶oH$ CnàíZmgmR>r {Xboë¶m n¶m©¶m§n¡H$s ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ {ZdS>m Am{U Ë¶m n¶m©¶mMo dUm©ja CnàíZmg‘moarb Mm¡H$Q>rV {bhm … l CËVao 1. àH$me EH$m nmaXe©H$ ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ Xwgè`m nmaXe©H$ ‘mÜ`‘mV {VaH$g ‘mJm©Zo OmVmZm {Xem ~XbÊ`mÀ`m Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>Zog åhUVmV. (A) àH$memMo AnñH$aU (~) àH$memMo {d{H$aU (H$) àH$memMo AndV©Z (S>) àH$memMo namdV©Z H$ 2. àH$me EH$m nmaXe©H$ ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ Xwgè`m nmaXe©H$ ‘mÜ`‘mV {VaH$g ‘mJm©Zo OmVmZm {Xem ~XbVmo, H$maU (A) àH$memMm a§J ~XbVmo. (~) àH$memMr dma§dmaVm ~XbVo. (H$) àH$memMm doJ ~XbVmo. (S>) àH$memMr Vrd«Vm ~XbVo. H$ 3. Vmè`m§À`mbwH$bwH$Ê`m‘mJo hr {H«$`m H$maUr^yV AgVo. (A) àH$memMo namdV©Z (~) nyU© Am§V[aH$ namdV©Z (H$) {d{H$aU (S>) àH$memMo AndV©Z S> 4. Ooìhmew^« àH$memMo H$mMoÀ`m {àP‘X²dmao gmV a§Jm§V AnñH$aU hmoVo; Voìhm a§JmMo {dMbZ gdmªV OmñV AgVo. (A) bmb (~) {ndim (H$) Om§^im (S>) {Zim H$ 5. nm§T>è`m a§JmÀ`m àH$memMo {àP‘‘YyZ AnñH$aU hmoVmZm a§JmMo {dMbZ gdmªV H$‘r AgVo. (A) bmb (~) {ndiçm (H$) Om§^içm (S>) {Ziçm A {XZm§H$ … {ejH$m§Mr ñdmjar …  bjmV Ro>dm : {àP‘ {ÌH$moUr Agë¶m‘wio, Oar AmnmVr {H$aU ho {àP‘À¶m VimH$S>rb ~mOynmgyZ Xÿa OmV AgVrb, Varhr {ZJ©V {H$aU ho Zoh‘r {àP‘À¶m VimH$S>rb ~mOyH$So> PwH$VmV. 30 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr àmË¶{jH$ H«$‘m§H$ ~{hd©H«$ q^JmMo Zm^r` A§Va {ZpíMV H$aUo 10 CX²Xoe : Xya A§VamdaÀ`m nXmWm©Mr à{V‘m {‘idyZ ~{hd©H«$ q^JmMo Zm^r` A§Va H$mT>Uo. gm{hË` : ~{hd©H«$ q^J, q^J R>odÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam ñQ>±S>, ‘rQ>anQ>²Q>r, ñQ>±S>gh nm§T>am nS>Xm BË`mXr. H¥$Vr : (1) ~{hd©H«$ q^J ñQ>±S>‘Ü`o ì`dpñWV ~gdm. (2) XyaÀ`m A§Vamdarb dñVy (nXmW©) {ZdS>m (CXm., EImXo PmS>, {dOoMm Im§~ BË`mXr). q^JmMm EH$ n¥îR>^mJ Ë`m dñVyH$S>o Agy Xçm. (3) ñQ>±S>‘Ü`o nS>Xm ~gdyZ Vmo q^Jmg‘moa R>odm. (4) nS>Xm Aem [aVrZo ‘mJo-nwT>o gaH$dm H$s, {ZdS>boë`m dñVyMr aoIrd à{V‘m nS>Xçmda {‘iob. (5) q^J Am{U nS>Xm (à{V‘m) `m§À`m‘Yrb A§Va ‘moOm. (6) AmUIr XmoZ XyaÀ`m dñVy {ZdS>yZ `mM nX²YVrZo AmUIr XmoZ dmMZo ¿`m. (7) dmMZo {ZarjU VŠË`mV {bhm. `m VrZ dmMZm§Mr gamgar H$mT>yZ {Xboë`m q^JmMo gamgar Zm^r` A§Va {‘idm. Ë`mbm f1 Zmd Xçm. (8) AmVm Vo q^J 180° VyZ {’$adyZ q^JmMm Xwgam n¥îR>^mJ XyaÀ`m dñVyg‘moa AmUm. XyaÀ`m dñVyMr ñnîQ> à{V‘m nS>Xçmda {‘idm. (9) q^J Am{U nS>Xm `m§Vrb A§Va ‘moOm. Vw‘Mo dmMZ {ZarjU VŠË`mV {bhm. `mM nX²YVrZo AmUIr XmoZ XyaÀ`m dñVy {ZdS>yZ AmUIr XmoZ dmMZo {‘idm. `m VrZ dmMZm§Mr gamgar H$mT>yZ gamgar Zm^r` A§Va ( f2) {‘idm. (10) f1 Am{U f2 `m§À`m {H$‘Vtdê$Z {Xboë`m q^JmMo gamgar Zm^r` A§Va {‘idm. (11) f1 Am{U f2 `m§Mr VwbZm H$ê$Z {Xbobo q^J g‘{‘V Amho H$s Zmhr Vo R>adm. AmH¥$Vr : {Xboë¶m AmH¥$VrVrb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mMo Zm‘{ZX}eZ H$am. ~{hd©H«$ q^J nm§T>am nS>Xm Xÿa A§Vamdarb dñVyH$Sy>Z ¶oUmao ‘w»¶ Zm^r àH$me{H$aU And{V©V {H$aU nS>Xm ñQ±>S> q^J Ro>dÊ¶mMm ñQ±>S> ‘rQ>anQ²>Q>r ~{hd©H«$ q^JmMo Zm^r¶ A§Va H$mT>Uo ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 31 {ZarjU VŠVm : ~{hd©H«$ q^J Am{U nS>Xm `m§À`m‘Yrb A§Va (go‘r) q^JmMo gamgar Zm^r` A§Va A. XyaMr dñVy q^JmMm n{hbm n¥îR>^mJ q^JmMm Xwgam n¥îR>^mJ f1 + f 2 H«$. f= (go‘r) dñVyg‘moa dñVyg‘moa 2 1. {dXçwV Im§~ 19.8 19.8 19.8 2. PmS> 19.9 19.8 19.8 3. {IS>H$s 19.7 19.7 19.7 gamgar f1 = 19.8 gamgar f2 = 19.8 19.8 AZw‘mZ : (1) q^JmMo gamgar Zm^r` A§Va ( f ) = 19.8 go‘r. (2) {ZarjU V³Ë¶mdê$Z f1 = f2. ( = d ¹ `m§n¡H$s `mo½` {MÝh dmnam.) (3) {Xbobo q^J g‘{‘V Amho / Zmhr. XjVm : (1) nS>Xçmda XyaÀ`m dñVyMr ñnîQ> Am{U aoIrd à{V‘m {‘idm. (2) A§Vao H$miOrnyd©H$ Am{U AMyH$ ‘moOm. ~hþn¶m©¶r àíZ nwT>rb àË¶oH$ CnàíZmgmR>r {Xboë¶m n¶m©¶m§n¡H$s ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ {ZdS>m Am{U Ë¶m n¶m©¶mMo dUm©ja CnàíZmg‘moarb Mm¡H$Q>rV {bhm … l CËVao 1. A§Vd©H«$ q^JmnmgyZ {‘iUmar à{V‘m Zoh‘rM AgVo. (A) dmñVd, CbQ>r, bhmZ (~) dmñVd, CbQ>r, {dem{bV (H$) Am^mgr, gwbQ>r, {dem{bV (S>) Am^mgr, gwbQ>r, bhmZ S> 2. À`m gmhmæ`mZo àH$me {H$aUm§Mo A{^gaU H$aVm `oVo. (A) gnmQ> Amagm (~) ~{hd©H«$ Amagm (H$) A§Vd©H«$ q^J (S>) ~{hd©H«$ q^J S> 3. ~{hd©H«$ q^JmÀ`m ‘w»` Ajmbm g‘m§Va AgUmam àH$me{H$aU AndV©ZmZ§Va OmVmo. (A) q^JmÀ`m Y«wdmVyZ (~) Zm^r F2 VyZ (H$) 2F2 VyZ (S>) ¶m§n¡H$s Zmhr ~ {XZm§H$ … {ejH$m§Mr ñdmjar …  bjmV Ro>dm : ~{hd©H«$ q^JmMo Zm^r¶ A§Va {Z{íMV H$aVmZm {‘iUmar à{V‘m hr dmñVd d CbQ>r AgVo. ~{hd©H«$ q^J ho A{^gmar q^J Amho. 32 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr àmË¶{jH$ {H«$`merbVoÀ`m CVaË`m H«$‘mZo Al, Zn, Fe Am{U H«$‘m§H$ 11 Cu `m YmVy§Mr ‘m§S>Ur H$aUo CX²Xoe : Al, Zn, Fe Am{U Cu `mYmVy§Mr nwT>rb jmam§À`m ÐmdUm§da hmoUmar A{^{H«$`m Aä`mgUo : (1) Al2(SO4)3 (2) ZnSO4 (3) FeSO4 (4) CuSO4 d `m YmVy§À`m {H«$`merbVoZwgma CVaË`m H«$‘mZo Ë`m§Mr ‘m§S>Ur H$aUo. gm{hË` : Mma M§MwnmÌo, Mma ngaQ> ~í¶m, D$Üd©nm{VV nmUr, g±S> nona, ~marH$ {M‘Q>m. Al, Zn, Fe, Cu ho YmVy, Al2(SO4)3, ZnSO4, FeSO4, CuSO4 `m jmam§Mr ÐmdUo. H¥$Vr : (1) Mma 50 {‘brMr M§MwnmÌo KoD$Z Ë`m§À`mda A°ë`w{‘{ZA‘ gë’o$Q>, qPH$ gë’o$Q>, ’o$ag gë’o$Q> Am{U H$m°na gë’o$Q> Aem Zmdm§À`m nQ>²Q>çm {MH$Q>dm. (2) Al, Zn, Fe Am{U Cu `m YmVy§Mo n¥îR>^mJ g±S> nonaZo Mm§Jbo Kmgm Am{U Ë¶m§Mo ¶mo½¶ AmH$mam§Mo ~marH$ VwH$S>o H$am. (3) Al2(SO4)3, ZnSO4, FeSO4 Am{U CuSO4 `m§Mr àË`oH$s 10 {‘br ÐmdUo darb Mma M§MwnmÌm§V Ë`mda bmdboë`m Zmdm§Zwgma ^am. (4) A°ë`w{‘{ZA‘ (Al) YmVyMo àË`oH$s XmoZ VwH$S>o ZnSO4, FeSO4 Am{U CuSO4 Agboë`m M§MwnmÌm§‘Ü`o Q>mH$m. A{^{H«$`m§Mo Mm§Jbo {ZarjU H$am. (5) gw‘mao 20 {‘{ZQ>o M§MwnmÌm§Zm YŠH$m Z bmdVm pñWa R>odm. (6) 20 {‘{ZQ>m§Z§Va M§MwnmÌm§Vrb ÐmdUm§Mo Am{U BVa H$mhr ~Xbm§Mo {ZarjU H$am. (7) hrM H¥$Vr OñVmMo (Zn) VwH$S>o Al2(SO4)3, FeSO4, CuSO4 À`m ÐmdUm§V, bmoI§S>mMo (Fe) VwH$S>o Al2(SO4)3, ZnSO4, CuSO4 À`m ÐmdUm§V Am{U Vm§ã`mMo (Cu) VwH$S>o Al2(SO4)3, ZnSO4, FeSO4 `m§À`m ÐmdUm§V Q>mHy$Z A{^{H«$`m§Mo {ZarjU H$am. (8) Vw‘Mr gd© {ZarjUo {ZarjU VŠË`mV Zmo§Xdm. AmH¥$Vr : YmVy d Ë¶m§À¶m jmam§À¶m ÐmdUmMr AmH¥$Vr H$mT>m d Zmdo Xçm. A°ë¶w{_{ZA_Mo VwH$So> OñVmMo VwH$So> bmoI§S>mMo VwH$So> Vm§ã¶mMo VwH$So> A°ë¶w{_{ZA_ gë\o$Q>Mo ÐmdU> qPH$ gë\o$Q>Mo ÐmdU> \o$ag gë\o$Q>Mo ÐmdU> H$m°na gë\o$Q>Mo ÐmdU> YmVy§Mr {H«$¶merbVm VnmgUo ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 33 {ZarjU VŠVm : ÐmdUm§~amo~a A{^{H«$`m YmVyMo Zmd Al2(SO4)3 ZnSO4 FeSO4 CuSO4 A°ë¶w{_{ZA_ –– ÐmdU a§JhrZ amhVo. OñVmMo {hadm a§J Zmhrgm hmoVmo. {Zim a§J Zmhrgm hmoVmo. (Al) {dñWmnZ hmoD$Z Vo M§MwnmÌmÀ`m bmoI§S>mMo {dñWmnZ hmoD$Z Vo Vm§ã¶mMo {dñWmnZ hmoD$Z Vo Vimer O‘m hmoVo. M§MwnmÌmÀ`m Vimer O‘m hmoVo. M§MwnmÌmÀ`m Vimer O‘m hmoVo. OñV (Zn) A{^{H«$`m hmoV –– {hadm a§J Zmhrgm hmoVmo. {Zim a§J Zmhrgm hmoVmo. Vm§ã`mMo Zmhr. bmoI§S>mMo {dñWmnZ hmoD$Z Vo {dñWmnZ hmoD$Z Vm§~yg Vn{H$ar a§JmMo M§MwnmÌmÀ`m Vimer O‘m hmoVo. H$U M§MwnmÌmÀ`m Vimer O‘m hmoVmV. bmoI§S> (Fe) A{^{H«$`m hmoV A{^{H«$`m hmoV Zmhr. –– {Zim a§J Zmhrgm hmoD$Z ÐmdU Zmhr. {’$H$Q> {haì`m a§JmMo ~ZVo. Vm§ã`mMo {dñWmnZ hmoD$Z Vm§~yg Vn{H$ar Vm§ã`mMo H$U M§MwnmÌmÀ`m Vimer O‘m hmoVmV. Vm§~o (Cu) A{^{H«$`m hmoV A{^{H«$`m hmoV Zmhr. A{^{H«$`m hmoV Zmhr. –– Zmhr. amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m : (1) A{YH$ {H«$¶merb Al YmVy ZnSO4 ‘YyZ H$‘r {H«$¶merb OñVmMo, FeSO4 ‘YyZ H$‘r {H«$¶merb Fe Mo Am{U CuSO4 ‘YyZ H$‘r {H«$¶merb Cu Mo {dñWmnZ H$aVmo. 2Al + 3ZnSO4 ¾¾® 3Zn o + Al2(SO4)3 2Al + 3FeSO4 ¾¾® 3Fe o + Al2(SO4)3 2Al + 3CuSO4 ¾¾® 3Cu o + Al2(SO4)3 (2) OñV YmVy AlMo Al2(SO4)3 ‘YyZ {dñWmnZ H$arV Zmhr. A{YH$ {H«$¶merb OñV H$‘r {H«$¶merb Fe Mo FeSO4 ‘YyZ Am{U H$‘r {H«$¶merb Cu Mo CuSO4 ‘YyZ {dñWmnZ H$aVmo. Zn + FeSO4 ¾¾® Fe o + ZnSO4 Zn + CuSO4 ¾¾® Cu o + ZnSO4 (3) bmoI§S> YmVy Mo Al2(SO4)3 ‘YyZ Am{U Al Zn Mo ZnSO4 ‘YyZ {dñWmnZ H$arV Zmhr. ‘mÌ A{YH$ {H«$¶merb bmoI§S> H$‘r {H«$¶merb Cu Mo CuSO4 ‘YyZ {dñWmnZ H$aVmo. Fe + CuSO4 ¾¾® Cu o + FeSO4 (4) Vm§~o Al, Zn Am{U Fe `m YmVy§Mo AZwH«$‘o Al2(SO4)3, ZnSO4 Am{U CuSO4 `m§‘YyZ {dñWmnZ H$arV Zmhr. AZw‘mZ : (1) A°ë¶w{‘{ZA‘ YmVy OñV, bmoI§S> Am{U Vm§~o ¶m§Mo {dñWmnZ Ë¶m§À¶m jmam§À¶m ÐmdUmVyZ H$aVmo. (2) OñV YmVy bmoI§S> Am{U Vm§~o ¶m§Mo {dñWmnZ Ë¶m§À¶m jmam§À¶m ÐmdUmVyZ H$aVmo. 34 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr (3) bmoI§S> YmVy Vm§ã¶mMo {dñWmnZ Ë¶mÀ¶m jmamÀ¶m ÐmdUmVyZ H$aVmo. (4) Vm§~o YmVy A°ë¶w{‘{ZA‘, OñV qH$dm bmoI§S> ¶m§Mo {dñWmnZ Ë¶m§À¶m jmam§À¶m ÐmdUmVyZ H$arV Zmhr. (5) {Xboë¶m YmVy§Mr {H«$`merbVm CVaË`m H«$‘mZo nwT>rbà‘mUo Amho … {H«$¶merbVm Al Zn Fe Cu gdm©{YH$ {H«$`merb gdmªV H$‘r {H«$`merb XjVm : (1) H$moUË`mhr agm`Zmbm ñne© H$ê$ Z`o. (2) M§MwnmÌm§Zm Zmdm§À`m nQ>²Q>çm bmdm. M§MwnmÌm§Zm `mo½` Ë`m H«$‘mZo R>odm. ZmdmÀ`m nQ>²Q>rda amgm`{ZH$ Zmd Am{U amgm`{ZH$ aoUwgyÌ XmoÝhr Agmdo. (3) CnH$aUo ñdÀN> Am{U H$moaS>r Ho$bobr dmnamdrV. (4) YmVy§Mo n¥îR>^mJ g±S> nonaZo KmgyZ ñdÀN> H$amdoV. YmV§yMo VwH$S>o g‘mZ g§»`oMo, AmH$mam§Mo d dOZm§Mo ¿`mdoV. ~hþn¶m©¶r àíZ l nwT>rb àË¶oH$ CnàíZmgmR>r {Xboë¶m n¶m©¶m§n¡H$s ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ {ZdS>m Am{U Ë¶m n¶m©¶mMo dUm©ja CnàíZmg‘moarb Mm¡H$Q>rV {bhm … CËVao 1. OñV ho Vm§ã`mnojm OmñV {H«$`merb Amho, ho XmIdUmè`m à`moJmMr H¥$Vr (A) H$m°na gë’o$Q>Mo ÐmdU V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`mV OñVmMr nQ>²Q>r ~wS>dm. (~) qPH$ gë’o$Q>Mo ÐmdU V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`mV Vm§ã`mMr nQ>²Q>r ~wS>dm. (H$) OñV Am{U Vm§~o `m YmVy§À`m nQ>²Q>çm§Zm CîUVm Xçm. (S>) XmoÝhr YmVy§À`m nQ>²Q>çm§da {dab Zm`{Q´>H$ Amåb Q>mH$m. A 2. Al2 (SO4)3 Mo nmÊ`mVrb ÐmdU {ZVi ZgVo; H$maU (A) jmam‘Ü`o Agbobm AewX²Y nXmW© (~) Al2(SO4)3 Mo nmÊ`mVrb AnKQ>Z (H$) nmÊ`mVrb AewX²Y nXmW© (S>) `m§n¡H$s Zmhr. S> 3. bmoI§S> ho (A) OñVmnojm OmñV {H«$`merb Amho. (~) A°ë`w{‘{ZA‘nojm OmñV {H«$`merb Amho. (H$) H$m°nanojm H$‘r {H«$`merb Amho. (S>) A°ë`w{‘{ZA‘nojm H$‘r {H«$`merb Amho. S> {XZm§H$ … {ejH$m§Mr ñdmjar …  bjmV Ro>dm : Oa YmVy A hm YmVy B bm Ë¶mÀ¶m jmam§À¶m ÐmdUmVyZ {dñWm{nV H$arV Agob; Va YmVy A hm YmVy B nojm A{YH$ {H«$¶merb AgVmo. ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 35 àmË¶{jH$ H$m~©Zr g§`wJm§Vrb Am°pŠgS>rH$aU Am{U g‘mdoeZ A{^{H«$`m§Mm H«$‘m§H$ Aä`mg H$aUo 12 CX²Xoe : H$m~©Zr g§`wJm§Vrb Am°pŠgS>rH$aU Am{U g‘mdoeZ `m A{^{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo. (A) B©WoZm°bÀ¶m Am°p³gS>rH$aU A{^{H«$¶oMm Aä¶mg (~) ‘oXmåbmVrb g‘mdoeZ A{^{H«$¶oMm Aä¶mg. gm{hË` : narjmZiçm, ~Z©a, ‘moOnmÌ, S´>m°na, B©WoZm°b, gmo{S>A‘ H$m~mo©ZoQ>Mo {dab ÐmdU, nmoQ>°{eA‘ na‘±½ZoQ>Mo {dab ÐmdU, qQ>ŠMa Am`moS>rZ, dZñnVr Vyn, e|JXmUm, H$aS>B©, gy`©’y$b `m§gmaIr dZñnVr Vobo. (A) B©WoZm°bÀ`m Am°pŠgS>rH$aUmMm Aä`mg H¥$Vr : (1) EH$m narjmZirV 2 – 3 {‘br B©WoZm°b ¿`m. Ë`mV 5 {‘br gmo{S>A‘ H$m~mo©ZoQ>Mo {dab ÐmdU Q>mH$m. {‘lU H$mo‘Q> hmoB©n`ªV Vmndm. (2) `m H$mo‘Q> {‘lUmV {dab nmoQ>°{eA‘ na‘±½ZoQ>Mo ÐmdU W|~mW|~mZo Q>mHy$Z Vo Mm§Jbo T>dim. (3) nmoQ>°{eA‘ na‘±½ZoQ>Mo ÐmdU {‘lUmV Q>mH$VmM Ë`mÀ`m Jwbm~r a§JmV H$moUVm ~Xb hmoVmo Am{U nmoQ>°{eA‘ na‘±½ZoQ> Q>mH$Uo MmbyM R>odyZ WmoS>çm doimZo Ë`mÀ`m a§JmV H$m` ~Xb hmoVmo Ë`mMo {ZarjU H$am. {ZarjU : (1) gwédmVrbm nmoQ>°{eA‘ na‘±½ZoQ> B©WoZm°bÀ`m H$mo‘Q> ÐmdUmV Q>mH$VmM Ë`mMm Jwbm~r a§J Zmhrgm Pmbobm {XgVmo. (2) Oa B©WoZm°b‘Ü`o nmoQ>°{eA‘ na‘±½ZoQ> Q>mH$Uo gwê$M R>odbo Va WmoS>çm doimZ§Va Ë`mMm a§J {Q>Hy$Z am{hbobm {XgVmo. (O) amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m : CH3 – CH2 – OH Amåbm[aY‘u KMnO4 CH3–COOH (B©WoZm°b) (B©WoZm°BH$ A°{gS>) AZw‘mZ : (1) nmoQ>°{eA‘ na‘±½ZoQ>Mo Am°pŠgS>rH$aU hmoD$Z B©WoZm°BH$ V¶ma hmoVo. (2) ¶m A{^{H«$¶oV nmoQ>°{eA‘ na‘±½ZoQ> dmnabo Joë¶mZo Ë¶mMm Jwbm~r a§J Zmhrgm hmoVmo. (3) Ooìhm Am°pŠgS>rH$aU A{^{H«$`m nyU© hmoVo, Ë`mZ§Va Oa nmoQ°>{eA‘ na‘±½ZoQ> Q>mH$bo Va Ë`mÀ`m CnpñWVr‘wio ÐmdUmbm Jwbm~r a§J nwÝhm àmßV hmoVmo d Vmo {Q>Hy$Z amhVmo. 36 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr (~) ‘oXmåbmVrb g‘mdoeZ A{^{H«$`oMm Aä`mg H¥$Vr : (1) EH$m narjmZirV 4 {‘br Vob ¿`m. Ë`mV qQ>ŠMa Am`moS>rZMo 4 W|~ Q>mH$m. (2) narjmZir Mm§Jbr hbdm. (3) Am`moS>rZÀ`m ÐmdUmÀ`m a§JmMo {ZarjU H$am. (4) hrM H¥$Vr AmUIr Xwgè`m Vobm§gmR>r Am{U dZñnVr VwnmgmR>r nwÝhm H$am. {ZarjU : A.H«$. VobmMo Zmd ÐmdUmV AmT>iyZ Ambobm a§Jm§Vrb ~Xb 1. e|JXmUm Vob qQ>³Ma Am¶moS>rZMm Zm[a§Jr a§J Zmhrgm hmoVmo. 2. H$aS>B© Vob qQ>³Ma Am¶moS>rZMm Zm[a§Jr a§J Zmhrgm hmoVmo. 3. gy`©’y$b Vob qQ>³Ma Am¶moS>rZMm Zm[a§Jr a§J Zmhrgm hmoVmo. 4. dZñnVr Vyn qQ>³Ma Am¶moS>rZMm a§J {Q>Hy$Z amhVmo. amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m : C=C (l) + I2 C–C (l) (l) I I Vob (Ag§n¥³V aoUy) (a§JrV ÐmdU) a§JhrZ ÐmdU (g§n¥³V aoUy) AZw‘mZ : (1) ‘oXmåbm‘Ü¶o Am¶moS>r>ZMo g‘mdoeZ Pmë¶mZo Am¶moS>r>Z dmnabo Jobo. ¶m‘wioM a§JrV ÐmdU a§JhrZ ~ZVo. na§Vw hrM H¥$Vr dZñnVr VwnmgmR>r Ho$ë¶mg ‘mÌ Agm a§J~Xb {XgyZ ¶oV Zmhr. H$maU dZñnVr Vyn g§n¥³V hm¶S´>moH$m~©Z Agë¶mZo VoWo g‘mdoeZ A{^{H«$¶m KSy>Z ¶oV Zmhr. (2) Am¶moS>rZMr H$gmoQ>r dZñnVr VobmÀ¶m aoUyVrb ~hþ~§Y Agë¶mMo Xe©dVo. XjVm : B©WoZm°b Am{U gmo{S>A‘ H$m~mo©ZoQ> `m§Mo {‘lU H$miOrnyd©H$ Vmndmdo. ~hþn¶m©¶r àíZ nwT>rb àË¶oH$ CnàíZmgmR>r {Xboë¶m n¶m©¶m§n¡H$s ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ {ZdS>m Am{U Ë¶m n¶m©¶mMo dUm©ja CnàíZmg‘moarb Mm¡H$Q>rV {bhm … l CËVao O 1. – C – OH `m JQ>mbm åhUVmV. (A) H$m~mo©Pm`{bH$ A°{gS> JQ> (~) ApëS>hmBS> JQ> (H$) {H$Q>mo{ZH$ JQ> (S>) AëH$mohmob JQ> A ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 37 2. ‘Ü`o {H«$`merb AëH$mohmo{bH$ JQ> AgVmo. H H CH3 (A) H – C – OH (~) CH3 – C – H (H$) CH3 – C – CH3 (S>) {VÝhr g§`wJ S> H OH OH 3.B©WoZm°bÀ`m Am°pŠgS>rH$aUmÀ`m A{^{H«$`oV KMnO4 hm ‘mÜ`‘mV {H«$`m H$aVmo. (A) AmåbY‘u (~) Amåbm[aY‘u (H$) CXmgrZ (S>) AVr Vrd« AmåbY‘u ~ 4.Xwhoar qH$dm {Vhoar ~§Y AgUmè`m H$m~©Zr g§`wJm§Zm åhUVmV. (A) g§V¥ßV g§`wJo (~) pñWa g§`wJo (H$) ~mînZerb g§`wJo (S>) Ag§V¥ßV g§`wJo S> 5. `m A{^{H«$`o‘wio dZñnVr Vobm§Mo dZñnVr VwnmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. (A) hm`S´>moOZrH$aU (~) Šbmo[aZoeZ (H$) {ZO©brH$aU (S>) ~hwdm[aH$sH$aU A {XZm§H$ … {ejH$m§Mr ñdmjar …  bjmV Ro>dm : Ag§n¥³V g§¶wJo hr g‘mdoeZ A{^{H«$¶oX²dmao g§n¥³V g§¶wJo ~ZVmV. Xþhoar ~§Y AgUmao Ag§n¥³V ‘oX ho Amamo½¶H$maH$ AgVmV, Va g§n¥³V ‘oX ho Amamo½¶mg KmVH$ AgVmV. 38 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr ^mJ 2 àmË¶{jH$ H«$‘m§H$ JwUgyÌr {d^mOZ Am{U AY©JwUgyÌr {d^mOZ ¶m§Mm Aä¶mg 1 hoVy : JwUgyÌr {d^mOZ Am{U AY©JwUgyÌr {d^mOZ ¶m noer{d^mOZmÀ¶m XmoÝhr nX²YVtÀ¶m {d{dY AdñWm§Mm Aä¶mg H$aUo. I. JwUgyÌr {d^mOZmMm Aä¶mg gm{hË¶ : {d^mOZmÀ¶m {d{dY AdñWm XmIdUmè¶m H$m¶‘ñdê$nr H$mMnQ²>Q>çm, g§¶w³V gyú‘Xe©H$ BË¶mXr. H¥$Vr : H$m§XçmÀ¶m dmT>Umè¶m ‘wimÀ¶m noernmgyZ ~ZdÊ¶mV Amboë¶m H$mMnQ²>Q>rda gyÌr {d^mOZmÀ¶m {d{dY AdñWm ZrQ> {XgyZ ¶oVmV. ¶mVrb H$mhr H$mMnQ²>Q>çm {ZarjUmgmR>r {ZdS>mì¶mV. Ë¶mVrb H|$ÐH$mV hmoV OmUmao ~Xb ZrQ> bjmV ¿¶mdoV. {ZarjUo : 1. nydm©dñWm (Prophase) (1) nydm©dñWoV àË`oH$ JwUgyÌ ho ZmOyH$ AmH¥$Vr : {Xboë¶m AmH¥$VrVrb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mMo Zm‘{ZX}eZ H$am. Ym½¶mgmaIo AgVo. `m AdñWoV JwUgyÌmMo dbr^dZ hmoD$Z Vo AmIyS> ~ZVo. (2) nydm©dñWoV àË`oH$ JwUgyÌ ^wOonmgyZ Zmhrgo hmoV Agbobo H|$ÐH$mdaU AY©JwUgyÌ OmoS>r V`ma hmoD$ bmJVo. H|${ÐH$m (3) nydm©dñWoÀ`m gwédmVrbm H|$ÐH$mdaU Am[U H|${ÐH$m gwñnîQ> {XgV AgVo, _mÌ Vr JwUgyÌo ñnîQ> hmoVmZm {XgoZmer hmoVo. 2. ‘Ü¶mdñWm (Metaphase) (1) _Ü`mdñWoV H|$ÐH$mdaU nyU©nUo Zmhrgo AmH¥$Vr : {Xboë¶m AmH¥$VrVrb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mMo Zm‘{ZX}eZ H$am. hmoVo. JwUgyÌm§Mo dbr^dZ nyU© hmoVo. (2) `m AdñWoV VwH©$V§Vy V`ma hmoVmV. (3) ho VwH©$V§Vy H$moRy>Z H$moRo> V¶ma hmoVmV? VwH©$V§Vy VwH©$V§Vy {déX²Y Y«wdm§H$S>rb Vmam H|$Ð d àË¶oH$ JwUgyÌmMm JwUgyÌq~Xÿ JwUgyÌq~Xÿ JwUgyÌ ¶mXaå¶mZ V¶ma hmoVmV. JwUgyÌ^wOm (4) `m AdñWoV JwUgyÌo H$ímm àH$mao g§a{MV hmoVmV? ¶m AdñWoV JwUgyÌo noerÀ¶m {dfwdd¥ËVr¶ àVbmbm g‘m§Va Ago g§a{MV hmoVmV. ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 39 3. níMmdñWm (Anaphase) AmH¥$Vr : {Xboë¶m AmH¥$VrVrb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mMo Zm‘{ZX}eZ H$am. (1) `m AdñWoVrb _hËËdmMo {d^mOZ H$moUVo? Ë`m_wio H$m` hmoVo? ¶m AdñWoV JwUgyÌq~Xÿ§Mo {d^mOZ hmoD$Z àË¶oH$ JwUgyÌmMr OÝ¶JwUgyÌo AY©JwUgyÌ OmoS>r doJir hmoD$Z VwH©$V§VyÀ¶m gmhmæ¶mZo {déX²Y VwH©$V§Vy Y«wdm§H$So> AmoT>br OmVo. (2) níMmdñWoV JwUgyÌo L {H§$dm V AmH$mamMr ^mgVmV. 4. A§Ë¶mdñWm (Telophase) AmH¥$Vr : {Xboë¶m AmH¥$VrVrb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mMo Zm‘{ZX}eZ H$am. H|$ÐH$mdaU JwUgyÌo H|$ÐH$ (V¶ma hmoVmZm) H|$ÐH$ àVb (V¶ma hmoVmZm) VwH©$V§Vy (1) `m AdñWoV noerÀ`m XmoÝhr Q>moH$m§Zm nmohmoMbobr JwUgyÌo H$em àH$mao ~XbVmV? ¶m AdñWoV noerÀ¶m XmoÝhr Q>moH$m§Zm nmohmoMbobr JwUgyÌo AmVm CbJS>br OmD$Z Vr bm§~ d ZmOyH$ Ym½¶mgmaIr {XgVmV. (2) A§Ë`mdñWoV _hËËdmMo ~Xb H$moUVo? ¶m AdñWoV JwUgyÌm§nmgyZ XmoÝhr Y«wdm§da XmoZ Zdr OÝ¶H|$ÐHo$ (Daughter nucleus) ~Zy bmJVmV. (3) `m AdñWoÀ`m eodQ>r H|$ÐH$s Am{U H|$ÐH$mdaU nwÝhm V`ma hmoD$Z XmoZ OÝ¶H|$ÐHo$ V¶ma hmoVmV. `m AdñWoZ§Va n[aH$b {d^mOZ hmoVo Am{U Ë`mnmgyZ XmoZ Zì`m OÝ¶noer V`ma hmoVmV. 40 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr II. AY©gyÌr {d^mOZmMm Aä¶mg Zm|X : AY©gyÌr {d^mOZ hr JwUgyÌ {Zå‘r H$aUmar {d^mOZ nX²YVr Amho. OZH$ noerMr JwUgyÌ g§»¶m ¶m {d^mOZmZo {Zåå¶mda AmUbr OmVo. gm{hË¶ : ZmH$VmoS>çmÀ¶m d¥fUmVrb AY©gyÌr {d^mOZ XmIdUmè¶m H$mMnQ²>Q>çm, g§¶w³V gyú‘Xe©H$. H¥$Vr : gyú‘Xe©H$mÀ¶m CÀM à{V‘m dY©Z H$aUmè¶m q^JmImbr AY©gyÌr {d^mOZmÀ¶m {d{dY AdñWm Xe©dUmè¶m H$mMnQ²>Q>çm ‘m§S>mì¶mV Am{U Ë¶m§Mo ¶mo½¶ {ZarjU H$amdo. {ZarjUo : (1) AY©gyÌr {d^mOZ `m à{H«$`oMo XmoZ Q>ßno H$moUVo? (i) AY©gyÌr {d^mOZ I (ii)AY©gyÌr {d^mOZ II (2) AY©gyÌr {d^mOZm I ‘Yrb gdmªV XrK©H$mi MmbUmar AdñWm H$moUVr Am{U {VÀ`m CnAdñWm H$moUË`m? AY©gyÌr {d^mOZ I hr gdmªV XrK©H$mi MmbUmar AdñWm AgyZ {VÀ¶m nmM CnAdñWm AmhoV. Ë¶m nwT>rbà‘mUo : VZwgyÌmdñWm, ¶w½‘gyÌmdñWm, ñWybgyÌmdñWm, AnJ{V. (3) AY©gyÌr {d^mOZ I `m AdñWoÀ`m A§Vr XmoZ noer {XgyZ `oVmV. Ë`mVrb JwUgyÌ g§»`m {Zå‘r Pmbobr AgVo. (4) AY©gyÌr {d^mOZ II `m AdñWoÀ`m A§Vr Mma OÝ`noer ñnîQ> {XgyZ `oVmV. AY©gyÌr {d^mOZ I Y©gyÌr {d^mOZ I _Yrb nydm©dñWoVrb nmM AdñWm§À`m AmH¥$Vr AmoiIyZ àË¶oH$ AmH¥$VrImbr Ë¶m Ë¶m AdñWoMo Zmd {bhm. AmH¥$Ë¶m§Mo A Zm‘{ZX}eZ H$ê$Z àË¶oH$ AdñWoMr XmoZ d¡{eîQ>ço {bhm : nydm©dñWm I d¡{eîQ>ço (1) ¶m AdñWoV JwUgyÌo A{Ve¶ ZmOyH$ Am{U bm§~ Ym½¶mgmaIr AgVmV. H|$ÐH$ (2) H|$ÐH$mdaU Am{U H|$ÐH$s AXçmn ñnîQ> {XgV AgVmV. H|$ÐH$s JwUgyÌ VZwgyÌmdñWm (1) g‘OmVr¶ JwUgyÌm§À¶m OmoS>çm V¶ma hmoVmV, ¶m§Zm Bivalents Aer g§km g‘OmVr¶ JwUgyÌo Amho. (2) ¶m OmoS>çm hmoÊ¶mÀ¶m à{H«$¶obm g‘rn{ñWVr (Synapsis) Ago åhUVmV. H|$ÐH$s ¶w½‘gyÌmdñWm ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr 41 nydm©dñWm I d¡{eîQ>ço àË¶oH$ JwUgyÌmMo XmoZ g‘mZ AY©JwUgyÌo {XgyZ ¶oVmV. X²{d¶wOr JwUgyÌo X²{d¶wOr JwUgyÌmMo (Bivalent) Qo>Q—>mS> (tetrad) V¶ma hmoVmV. g‘OmVr¶ JwUgyÌm§‘Ü¶o AY©JwUgyÌmÀ¶m I§S>m§Mr XodmUKodmU hmoVo, ¶mbmM "nmaJVr (Crossing over)' åhUVmV. ¶m‘wio nwZgª¶moOZ (recombination) ñWybgyÌmdñWm qH$dm ì¶Ë¶m{gH$m (Chiasmata) V¶ma hmoVo. (1) nmaJVr Pmbobo XmoZ g‘OmVr¶ JwUgyÌo EH$‘oH$m§nmgyZ Xÿa OmVmV. (2) Ho$di ì¶Ë¶m{gH$m Amho, VoWo Vo OmoS>bobo AgVmV. ì¶Ë¶m{gH$m X²{dgyÌmdñWm (1) ì¶Ë¶m{gHo$Mo g‘mßVrH$aU nyU© hmoVo. (2) JwUgyÌo X, L qH$dm O Aem AmH$mam§Mr ^mgVmV. H|$ÐH$s Am{U H|$ÐH$mdaU AmVm {XgoZmgo hmoVmV. ì¶Ë¶m{gHo$Mo g‘mßVrH$aU AnJ{V nydm©dñWm I Z§VaÀ¶m àË¶oH$ AdñWoMo ‘hËËdmMo ~Xb {bhm : _Ü`mdñWm I níMmdñWm I VwH©$V§Vy V¶ma hmoVmV. g‘OmVr¶ JwUgyÌ (Bivalents) ho g‘OmVr¶ JwUgyÌo EH$‘oH$m§nmgyZ Xÿa AmoT>br OmVmV d JwUgyÌmMm JwUq~XÿÀ¶m gmhmæ¶mZo {dfwdd¥ËVr¶ àVbmda {déX²Y Y«wdr¶ Q>moH$m§H$So> nmohmoMVmV. g§a{MV hmoVmV. A§Ë`mdñWm I narH$b{d^mOZ I nmaJVr Pmbobr JwUgyÌo XmoZ Y«wdm§da nmohmoMVmV. H|$ÐH$s noerÀ¶m {dfwdd¥ËVr¶ àVbmbm g‘m§Va EH$ ImM {Z‘m©U Am{U H|$ÐH$mdaU {Xgy bmJVo. noer‘Ü¶o XmoZ OÝ¶H|$ÐHo$ hmoD$Z Vr Imobda OmVo d noerÐì¶mMo {d^mOZ hmoVo. XmoZ V¶ma hmoVmV. EH$Jw{UV noer V¶ma hmoVmV. 42 ZdZrV {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ àmË¶{jH$ H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr : B¶ËVm Xhmdr AY©JwUgyÌr {d^mOZ II AY©JwUgyÌr {d^mOZ II ‘Yrb ‘hËËdmMo ~Xb {bhm : OÝ¶noetMr JwUgyÌo OmS> Am{U ñnîQ> hmoVmV. H|$ÐH$s Am{U H|$ÐH$mdaU nwÝhm EH$Xm AÑí¶ nydm©dñWm II hmoVmV. XmoÝhr noet‘Ü¶o VwH©$V§Vy {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. {dfwdd¥ËVr¶ àVbmda hr JwUgyÌo VwH©$V§Vy§Zm {MH$Qy> _Ü`mdñWm II bmJVmV. {d^³V Pmbobr OÝ¶JwUgyÌo {déX²Y Y«wdr¶ Q>moH$m§H$So> AmoT>br OmVmV. JwUgyÌq~XÿMo {d^mOZ níMmdñWm II Pmë¶m‘wio Vr ñdV§Ì hmoVmV. OÝ¶JwUgyÌo Y«wdr¶ Q>moH$m§H$So> nmohmoMVmV. H|$ÐH$s Am{U H|$ÐH$mdaU nwÝhm V¶ma hmoVo Am{U àË¶oH$ A§Ë`mdñWm II noerV XmoZ OÝ¶noer {XgyZ ¶oVmV. dZñnVr noet‘Ü¶o noernQ>b (Cell plate) V¶ma hmoVo Am{U àmUr noet‘Ü¶o Ho$di ImM {Z‘m©U narH$b{d^mOZ II hmoD$Z EH$mÀ¶m XmoZ noer ~ZVmV. Aem [aVrZo AY©gyÌr {d^mOZmZo EH$m X²{dJw{UV noernmgyZ Mma EH$Jw{UV noer {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. [ZîH$f© : (1) JwUgyÌr {d^mOZmZo noetÀ`m g§»`oV dmT> hmoVo, _mÌ JwUgyÌ g§»`m ~XbV Zmhr. (2) AY©JwUgyÌr ¶m {d^mOZ nX²YVrV noetÀ`m JwUgyÌm§Mr g§»`m {Zå_r hmoVo. ~hþn¶m©¶r àíZ lnwT>rb àË¶oH$ CnàíZmgmR>r {Xboë¶m n¶m©¶m§n¡H$s ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ {ZdS>m Am{U Ë¶m n¶m©¶mMo dUm©ja CnàíZmg‘moarb Mm¡H$Q>rV {bhm … CËVao 1. H$moUË¶m àH$maÀ¶m noer gyÌr {d^mOZ XmIdVmV? (A) H$m{¶H$ noer (~) OZZnoer (H$) H$m{¶H$ noer Am{U OZZnoer (S>) H$moUVmhr n¶m©¶ Zmhr H$ 2. gyÌr {d^mOZmÀ¶m H$moUË¶m AdñWoV JwUgyÌo {dfwdd¥ËVr¶ àVbmbm {XgyZ ¶oVmV? (A) nydm©dñWm (~) ‘Ü¶mdñWm (H$) níMmdñWm (S>) A§Ë¶mdñWm ~ 3. Oanoer gyÌr {d^mOZmZo 6 doim {d^m{OV Pmbr, Va {H$Vr OÝ¶noer V¶ma hmoVrb? (A) 32 (~) 44 (H$) 64 (S>) 72 H$ 4. AY©JwUgyÌr {d^mOZ nmhÊ¶mgmR>r H$moUË¶m gmYZm§Mm dmna H$aVm ¶oB©b? (A) H$m§XçmÀ¶m ‘wimÀ¶m Q>moH$mÀ¶m noer (~) ZmH$VmoS>çmÀ¶m d¥fUmÀ¶m noer (H$) ~Q>mQ>çm

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