L1 Notes—Intro2Psych PDF

**Owen Gingerich** is an astronomer that believes that brain is the most complex physical object in the entire cosmos. **Cognitive** focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem-solving, language and learning. **Aristotle** ---The history of psychology began with h...

**Owen Gingerich** is an astronomer that believes that brain is the most complex physical object in the entire cosmos. **Cognitive** focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem-solving, language and learning. **Aristotle** ---The history of psychology began with him, who asked questions to understand the relationship between the body and the Psyche. He observed and made guesses to answer these questions. **Wilhelm Wundt** (1832-1920) was regarded as the father of experimental psychology as he establishes the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in 1879. During that year, himand his students measured the time lag between hearing a ball hit a platform and pressing a key to measure the speed of mental processes. He also added two key elements to make psychology a science: carefully measured observations; experiments. **Edward Titchener** --- A student of Wundt that relied on self-report data and had people engage in introspection, reporting on sensations and other elements of experience in reaction to stimuli. **Structuralism** is a view of the mind\'s structure build through introspective reports. **Covert** ---mental processes means internal behavior. ** Overt** --- Observable behavior/visibletype of behavior outward behavior. ***Psychology Pioneers*** **William James** studied and developed functionalism that asked what function might thoughts, feelings, and behaviours serve? How might they have helped our ancestors survive? He wrote Principles of Psychology and mentored other pioneers. **Mary Whiton Calkins** became a memory researcher and the first female president of APA. Studied with William James but denied of Harvard PhD because of her gender. **APA American Psychology Association** ** Margaret Floy Washburn** became the second female APA president and wrote The Animal Mind. Studied with Edward Titchener but was barred from his experimental psychologyorganization because of her gender.  Combining \"The science of mental life.\" and internal processes helped by \"neuroscience.\" Will shift to definition of psychology as \"The science of behavior and mental processes.\" ***Trends in Psychology*** **BEHAVIORISM** **John B. Watson** paired a bunny with a loud nojseto teach a baby Little Albert to fear rabbit, demonstrating classical conditioning. **Burrhus Frederic B.F. Skinner** used operant conditioning to teach pigeons to perform tasks for rewards. **FREUDIAN/ PSYCHOANALYTIC** **PSYCHOLOGY** **Sigmund Freud** studied and helped people with mental disorders, focusingon the role of unconscious drives, wishes, and needs, and emphasizing the importance of childhood experiences. **HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY** **Carl Rogers** developed theories and treatments to help people feel accepted and reach their full potential, focusing on self-actualization. **Abraham Maslow** studied people who were thriving rather than those who had psychological problems. ***The Nature -Nurture Question*** Nature is to Nurture as biology is to experience. **Nature** --- Innate traits. ---To what extent are our traits set in place at birth? **Nurture** --- Environmental influences on behavior. --- To what extent do our traits develop in response to our environment/experience? **Psychology\'s Three \"*Biopsychosocial*\" Levels of Analysis** **Biological** --- natural selection of adaptive traits --- genetic predispositions responding to environment --- brain mechanism --- Hormonal influences **Psychological** --- learned fears and other learned expectations --- emotional responses --- cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations **Social-Cultural** --- Presence of others --- Cultural, societal andfamily expectations --- Fear and other group influences --- Compelling models (social media) ***Perspective for describing Psychological Phenomena*** **Neuroscience** how the body and brain enable emotions, memories and sensory experiences. **Evolutionary** how the natural selection of trait has promoted the survival of genes. **Behavior** **genetics** how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences. **Psychodynamic** how behavior springsfrom unconscious drives and conflicts. **Behavioral** how we learn observable responses. **Cognitive** How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information. **Social-cultural** how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures. ***Psychological Subfields*** **Biological Psychology** --- studies the biological basis of behavior and mental processes **Clinical Psychology** --- studies the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. **Developmental Psychology** --- studies human development across the lifespan. **Counseling Psychology** --- Studies the application of psychological principles to help individuals and groups. **Educational Psychology** --- Studies the application of psychological principles to education. **Industrial-Organizational Psychology** ---Studies the application of psychological principles to work and organizations. **Community Psychology** --- Studies the application of psychological principles to community and social issues. **Positive Psychology** --- Studies the application of psychological principles to promote well-being and happiness.