Introduction to Philosophy (S1Q1) PDF

INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY PHILOSOPHY (S1Q1) – Lesson 1 ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY PHILOSOPHY FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES ★ Wonder is said to be the origin of Philosophy. ★ ( 1) "Philosophy is the science and criticism of 1. G...

INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY PHILOSOPHY (S1Q1) – Lesson 1 ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY PHILOSOPHY FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES ★ Wonder is said to be the origin of Philosophy. ★ ( 1) "Philosophy is the science and criticism of 1. Greek thinkers wondered at the phenomena of the cognition" (Kant). world and tried to explain them by fundamental ★ (2) "Philosophy is the science of knowledge" (Fichte). principle/s. ★ (3) "Philosophy aims at the knowledge of the eternal, ○ Thales (600 B.C.) - looked upon water as the of the essential nature of things" (Plato). primary stuff of the world. ★ (4) "Philosophy is the science which investigates the ○ Anaximander regarded the infinite nature of Being as it is in itself, and the attributes ○ atmosphere as fundamental reality. which belong to it in virtue of its own nature" Anaximander regarded air as the generative (Aristotle). principle of things. ★ (5) "Philosophy is the science of sciences" (Comte). ○ Heraclitus conceived of fire as the only reality. ★ (6) "Philosophy is the sum total of all scientific ○ Empedocles (450 B.C) thought of earth, knowledge" (Paulsen). water, fire, and air as the permanent ★ (7) "Philosophy is the unification of all knowledge substances. obtained by the special sciences in a consistent 2. The Vedic thinkers wondered at the grand and whole" (Wundt). sublime aspects of nature and conceived of the ★ (8) "Philosophy is completely unified knowledge-the sun, moon, sky, the wind/storm, rain, and the like generalizations of philosophy comprehending and as animated by spirits. They thought of a large consolidating the widest generalizations of science" number of Nature-Gods, who gave men rich crops, (Herbert Spencer). cattle, health, wealth, and victory in battles. 3. Modern western philosophy sprang from doubt. PHILOSOPHER VS. PILOSOPO Descartes, the father of modern western philosophy, started with doubt. Sense-perception may be ★ A philosopher is a wise person who seeks wisdom. illusory. The reason may be so constituted that it ★ ‘Pilosopo' does not correctly mean the word may lead to error. Experience, reason, and philosopher because the purposes of arguments authority or traditions are doubtful. But-the fact of include covering up an obvious truth, annoying doubting is undoubted. To doubt is to think. To someone, and engaging someone in an unwelcome think is to exist. 'I think; therefore, I exist.' Cogito situation (Mabaquiao Jr., 2017). ergo sum. 4. The present age is also one of doubt and CHARACTERISTICS OF A WISE PERSON (MABAQUIAO) perplexity. Tradition and authority have lost their hold on the human mind. Human person doubted  wise person is one who is aware of (or who knows) ★ A and got worried due to uncertainties. This is what he/she knows and what he/she does not know – normal and this leads the human person from aware of his/her own ignorance. asking questions. ★ A wise person holds a belief that is not only true but which he/she can also justify. He/she must have strong reasons to have these beliefs. PHILOSOPHY ★ A wise person knows a lot about things that are ★ Philosophy uses the tools of logic and reason to valuable in life. Each thing corresponds to value or use analyze how humans experience the world. It teaches in the practical affairs of life. critical thinking, close reading, clear writing, and ★ A wise person knows how to apply his/her knowledge logical analysis. It uses these to understand the to practical matters. language we use to describe the world and our place ★ A wise person knows which actions are good, and within it. he/she performs them. ★ Philosophy is a criticism of life and experience. Philosophy, in its restricted sense, means neither the NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY study of any particular department of the universe, nor the knowledge of the eternal and essential nature ★ Philosophy is thinking about thinking. It has been of things and alone, but that highest branch of called the mother of all disciplines because it gave knowledge which aims at harmonizing and birth to the different sciences. Philosophy studies systematizing all truths and arriving at a rational everything. from physics to mathematics, to ethics, conception of the reality as a whole, both in its eternal law, and politics, to psychology, sociology, and and temporal aspects. language. More importantly, philosophy studies perception which puts all other forms of knowledge on the edge. 1 INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY PHILOSOPHY (S1Q1) – Lesson 1 ★ Philosophy attempts to arrive at a rational ★ Philosophy of Mathematics: It is concerned with conception of reality as a whole. It is not contented issues such as the nature of the axioms and symbols with a partial view of the world. It seeks to have a (numbers, triangle, operands) of mathematics that we use to understand the world, do perfect mathematical synoptic view of the whole reality as it tries to have a forms that exist in the real world among the others. vision of the whole. ★ Philosophy of Mind: A study of the mind, attempting ★ Philosophy persistently attempts to seek clear to ascertain exactly what the mind is, how it interacts notions. It examines, clarifies, and explains popular with our body, how it works, and do other minds exist and scientific concepts of matter, space, time, ★ Philosophy of Politics: This is closely related to ethics causality, evolution, mechanism, teleology, life, mind or moral philosophy. This is a study of government or soul, God or the Absolute, right and wrong, good and nations, particularly how they came about, what and evil, beauty and ugliness. arid the like. Philosophy makes good governments, what are the obligations of the citizens towards their government. arrives at a rational conception of the reality which clarifies concepts as its task. (Plato). ★ Philosophy inquiries into the nature of matter, time, QUESTION space, causality. evolution, life, and mind, and their ★ A question is an information-seeking act. Questions are to relation to one another. elicit information from the person being addressed by indicating the information which the speaker (or writer) ★ Philosophy systematizes our scientific knowledge and desires. moral, aesthetic, and religious experiences. ★ If one started to ask a question, he/she already engaged in ★ Philosophy is an inquiry into its source and destiny. It philosophy. investigates the nature of the supreme norms, ideals, ○ Research questions: The research questions manifest the objective or line of scientific inquiry designed to or values of life. It investigates the relation of values to address a specific gap in knowledge. Research reality. In this sense, philosophy is the interpretation questions are expressed in a language appropriate for of life. Philosophy seeks to give a rational conception the greatest interest of the academic community to address the said gap. of the reality as a whole, which satisfies man's deepest ○ Scientific questions: Scientific questions are those intellectual, moral, aesthetic, and religious aspirations. questions already known with some degree of certainty to be capable of being answered in a precise and definite way (Mabaquiao, 2017). MAJOR BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY ○ Philosophical questions: Philosophical questions whose answers are in principle open to inform rational ★ Metaphysics deals with the ultimate nature of reality. and honest disagreement which require intellectual ★ Epistemology concerns whether and how knowledge resources (Floridi, 2013). Philosophical questions of reality is possible. which have not been established, whether there are ★ Moral and Political Philosophy pertains to how we precise and objective means of answering these conduct ourselves within the world. questions or when this philosophical question is ★ Aesthetics or Value Theory refers to the doing of proven to be answerable in some definite way beauty, balance, and harmony. becomes a scientific question (Mabaquiao, 2017). ★ Logic pertains to do the relations of things. WAYS TO FIND ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS MINOR BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY ★ By studying the nature or the ancient manuscripts;  hilosophy of Education: It is mainly concerned with ★ P ★ By conducting experiments or surveys; and what is the correct way to educate a person. ★ By building a piece of apparatus or a model or by ★ Philosophy of History: It is the philosophical study of stimulating using a computer history. ➔ These are what can be termed 'empirical investigations’. ★ Philosophy of Language: It is concerned with how our The outcomes of these investigations - new discoveries, new languages affect our thought. data - will often be relevant to philosophy, but empirical ★ Philosophy of Law: This is also called Jurisprudence. investigations cannot provide the answers to philosophical A study of law which attempts to discern what the questions. best laws might be, how laws came into being in the first place, attempting to delimit human laws from natural laws, and whether we should always obey the law among others. 2