Introduction to Health Economics PDF

Health equality A concept where all individuals are treated equally regardless of their health condition or socioeconomic status. Example: All individuals receive the same vaccine regardless of their health condition. (Gayleandrews...

Health equality A concept where all individuals are treated equally regardless of their health condition or socioeconomic status. Example: All individuals receive the same vaccine regardless of their health condition. (Gayleandrews, 2017) 63 Health Equity Concept Overview Aim to level the playing field for disadvantaged individuals or groups. Provides necessary resources, services, or support for equal health outcomes. Examples include transportation, education, or financial assistance (BMJ Best Practice, 2017). (Gayleandrews, 2017) 64 Healthcare Equity Overview Vertical Equity: - Advocates for fair treatment across different income or wealth levels. Rooted in progressive fairness. Example: Progressive health insurance plans based on income levels. E > - H-By Figh YIBAFBE Fo (HealthKnowledge, 2018) 65 Healthcare Equity Overview M help Horizontal Equity: THE States equal treatment for individuals with similar capacities to pay. Emphasizes fairness among those in similar circumstances. (HealthKnowledge, 2018) 66 Health Justice Concept O Addresses root causes of health disparities and systemic inequalities. * barriers. Involves policy changes, addressing social determinants of health. Promotes health equity through systemic reforms. Examples include poverty, discrimination, and unequal healthcare access. (Gayleandrews, 2017) 67 Types of costs 72 Direct Costs in Health Direct costs are expenses related to medical care and services("Direct Costs," 2008). Includes diagnostics, treatment, procedures, hospital stays, medications, etc. Example: surgery cost, physician consultations, medication, hospitalization for chronic illness. 75 Indirect Costs in Health Costs not directly tied to healthcare services (Gayleandrews, 2017). Involves productivity losses, time costs, and economic impacts. Examples include lost wages and hiring caregivers. 76 Tangible Costs Overview Quantifiable, monetary costs. Includes direct and indirect costs. Examples: medication expenses and healthcare travel. 77 Intangible Costs Overview Non-monetary consequences of diseases or health conditions (Gayleandrews, 2017). Involves pain, suffering, emotional distress, loss of life quality, and psychological impacts. Examples include the emotional impact of chemotherapy and stress and anxiety in chronically ill patients. 78  The Total Cost Matrix 79 Efficiency is doing things right. Effectiveness is doing the right things. Peter F. Drucker 彼得． 杜拉克 效率是以正确的方式做事，而成效则是做正确的事。 (效率係用啱嘅方法做嘢，而成效就係做啱嘅嘢。) 84 Effectiveness (成效) Do the right things The extent to which a healthcare intervention achieves its intended outcomes (BMJ Best Practice, 2017). 85 Efficiency (效率) Do the things right Maximising the benefit to any resource expenditure Minimising the cost of any achieved benefit Least waste of time and resources (BMJ Best Practice, 2017). 86