L1 Introduction to Anatomy PDF

Anatomy-Definition & Importance in the curriculum  Anatomy is derived from Greek word ANATOME (Ana – up, tome – cutting).  Traditionally, study of anatomy was made by - cutting up or dissecting of organisms.  Anatomy is the study of structure (morphology) of the human body and its parts.  Anato...

Anatomy-Definition & Importance in the curriculum  Anatomy is derived from Greek word ANATOME (Ana – up, tome – cutting).  Traditionally, study of anatomy was made by - cutting up or dissecting of organisms.  Anatomy is the study of structure (morphology) of the human body and its parts.  Anatomy forms the basis for the entire medical field. Knowledge of anatomy is essential to know the body parts & its components in order to ensure safe clinical practice by clinicians, especially in the fields of surgery and imaging. Cadaver  Cadaver is a preserved dead body, especially intended for dissection to teach/train the medical students. Derived from Latin word “cadere” - to fall Embalming  Embalming is the process to treat the cadaver with preservatives in order to prevent decay.  Embalming has three goals: disinfection, preservation and restoration.  Embalming has been part of the funeral process. The Egyptians embalmed for religious reasons, Today we embalm our dead for preservation and restoration to a more pleasing appearance.  Embalming was done in 1861 by Dr. Thomas Holmes, Father of modern embalming.  In modern embalming, arsenic was injected through the arterial system. Arsenic effectively killed all microorganisms that contributed to decomposition but was banned in the early 20th century due to its significant health risks.  Now formalin is used in the Anatomy for embalming. Gross Anatomy  Study of the part and structure of the body with naked eye. Also known as macroscopic Anatomy.  How to study ? - Dissection - Study with the dissected preserved specimens - Models - Diagrams - Lectures / Tutorials and other class room activities. Anatomy – sub divisions  Histology or microscopic anatomy- Study of the minute structure of the various component parts of the body using microscope.  Embryology - Study of the various stages of intrauterine development from the fertilized ovum up to birth. Anatomy – sub divisions  Osteology- Study of bony system or skeleton.  Myology - Study of the muscles.  Arthrology – Study of joints.  Syndesmology - Study of the articulations or joints.  Angiology - Study of the vascular system, comprising the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands.  Neurology- Study of the nervous system.  Splanchnology- study of the visceral organs. Anatomical Position-Normal Normal anatomical position - Standing erect, facing the observer, feet slightly apart, arms are at the sides with palms facing forward.  Body erect,  Feet slightly apart,  Palms facing forward,  Thumbs point away from the body. Anatomical terms Relative Positions:  Terms of relative position are used to describe the location of a part relative to another part.  Terms of relative position include: Superior, inferior. Anterior, posterior. Medial, lateral. Proximal, distal. Superficial (peripheral) and deep. Terms of position Terms of position Terms of position Anatomical terms - position Body planes Body Planes Body Planes  Sagittal plane – divides the body into right and left parts.  Midsagittal plane – sagittal plane that lies on the midline.  Coronal or frontal plane – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.  Transverse or horizontal plane (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts.  Oblique section – cuts made diagonally. Body Planes Frontal or Coronal Plane ←Transverse Plane ← Sagittal Plane Levels of organization Regional Anatomy Regional Anatomy Regions of the body 1. Head & Neck 2. Trunk 3. Upper limb 4. Lower limb The trunk is subdivided into Thorax  Abdomen - Abdomen proper - Pelvis - Perineum Regional Anatomy  Upper limb consists of - Shoulder - Arm - Forearm - Hand  Lower limb consists of - Gluteal region (buttock) - Thigh - Leg - Foot Systemic Anatomy The study of group of organs / structures concerned with the same / similar functions. Organ systems of the body: - Skeletal system - Muscular system - Cardio-vascular system - Lymphatic system - Respiratory system - Digestive system - Urinary system - Reproductive system - Endocrine system - Nervous system - Integumentary system Terms of movement  Flexion, extension.  Abduction, adduction.  Medial rotation, lateral rotation.  Circumduction. Upper limb  Pronation.  Supination. Pectoral girdle  Protraction, retraction. Foot Inversion and eversion. Flexion & Extension Flexion & Extension Elbow flexion & extension Abduction & adduction Pronation & supination Deviation Inversion & Eversion Musculoskeletal system Components:  Muscles  Bones  Joints Muscular system  Composed of muscles and tendons.  Allows movement and helps in locomotion.  Maintains posture.  Produces heat. Muscle tissue properties  Excitability or irritability: Ability to respond to a stimulus.  Contractility: Ability to shorten forcibly.  Extensibility: Muscle fibers can be stretched.  Elasticity: Resume its normal length after being shortened. Muscle tissue types  Skeletal muscle: Striated,voluntary.  Cardiac muscle: Heart, striated, involuntary.  Smooth muscle: Nonstriated, involuntary. Joints General features of Joints  Joints are the junctions of two or more bones.  Joints are made of flexible connective tissues that hold bones together allowing movement.  Range of movements: - Some joints allow a great degree of movement ,while some joints do not permit any movement. Classifications of joints Joints are classified based on 1. Movement. 2. Axis of movement. 3. Structure between the bones. According to movement : 1.Synarthrosis-Immovable joint- Example - skull 2.Amphiarthrosis-Slightly movable joint-Example-elbow, knee 3.Diarthrosis- Freely movable joint – Example- shoulder Classification of joints According to axis of movement:  Uniaxial joints: - Hinge joints  Biaxial joints: - Ellipsoid joints & saddle joints  Multiaxial joints: Plane joints & Ball and socket joint. Classification of joints According to their structure:  Fibrous joints - Joints connected by fibrous structures like ligaments- immovable.  Cartilaginous joints - Bones connected by cartilages - immovable or slightly movable.  Synovial joints - More mobile. Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Synovial joint - Structure Articular surfaces of bones are covered by articular cartilage, made up of hyaline cartilage.  Articular capsule, a fibrous membrane covers and protects the articular surfaces of bones.  Synovial membrane lines the joint cavity, secretes synovial fluid which lubricates the joint. Types of synovial joint 1. Plane joint 2. Hinge joint 3. Pivot joint 4. Condyloid joint 5. Ellipsoid joint 6. Saddle joint 7. Ball & socket joint Plane joint  The opposed articular surfaces are flat and permits only sliding movements.  Eg.Acromioclavicular joint Hinge joint  Resemble the hinge on a door and allows movement in one axis.  Eg.Elbow,knee & ankle. Pivot joint  A central bony pivot is surrounded by bony ligamentous ring.  Eg.Atlanto axial & superior radio ulnar joints. Condyloid joint  Have convex surfaces articulating with concave surfaces.  Slight rotation possible.  Eg.Metacarpo phalangeal joints of fingers. Ellipsoid joint  Elliptical convex surface articulating with elliptical concave surface.  No rotation.  Eg.Wrist joint Saddle joint  Articular surfaces are reciprocally concavo convex like a saddle on horse back.  Rotation is possible.  Eg.Carpo metacarpal joint of thumb.