Fundamentals Of Genetics Lesson 1 PDF

FUNDAMENTALS OF GENETICS LESSON 1  Fundamentals of Genetics GENETICS The scientific study of genes and heredity. Refers to the mechanisms of how certain qualities of traits are passed from...

FUNDAMENTALS OF GENETICS LESSON 1  Fundamentals of Genetics GENETICS The scientific study of genes and heredity. Refers to the mechanisms of how certain qualities of traits are passed from parents to offspring because of changes in DNA sequence.  Fundamentals of Genetics TRAITS Characteristics or attributes of an organism that are expressed by genes and/or influenced by the environment.  Fundamentals of Genetics TYPES OF TRAITS GENETIC TRAITS ✓controlled by the genes that one inherits from both parents. Genes define our individual and independent characteristics as encoded by specific segments of our DNA. ✓ MONOGENIC TRAITS- a trait produced by the effect of a gene or an allele. ✓ POLYGENIC TRAITS- a trait that is controlled by multiple non-allelic genes. These genes are called polygenes. They are a group of genes that, when turned on, are expressed as a unit. Each of them produces an effect that adds up to the trait. BEHAVIORAL TRAITS ✓those actions that are observed in organisms throughout their species. This is an observed or environmental trait and is inherited through learning or instinct. ✓a mixture of inherited behaviors based on genetics and learned behaviors from social cues and the immediate environment.  Fundamentals of Genetics GENE vs ALLELE GENE Segment of DNA that is coding for a specific trait. ALLELE Brings different variations of the same gene. DEVELOPMENT IN GENETICS Developments in Genetics HIPPOCRATES Father of Medicine Believed in the inheritance of acquired traits. Believed to first introduced Pangenesis Developments in Genetics HIPPOCRATES Pangenesis “All organs of the body of a parent gave off invisible “seeds”, which were like miniaturized building components and were transferred during sexual intercourse, reassembling themselves in the mother’s womb to form a baby.” Developments in Genetics ARISTOTLE Believed that blood plays an important role in heredity. Male’s semen (purified blood) Menstrual blood (equivalent of male’s semen) Blood has hereditary essences which influence the baby’s development. Developments in Genetics JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK Invoked the idea of “the inheritance of acquired traits/characters” as a model for evolution. Proposed the Theory of Use and Disuse. Developments in Genetics ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE Originally postulated the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. Developments in Genetics ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE Darwin began formulating his theory of natural selection in the late 1830s but he went on working quietly on it for twenty years. He wanted to amass a wealth of evidence before publicly presenting his idea. During those years he corresponded briefly with Wallace, who was exploring the wildlife of South America and Asia. Developments in Genetics ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE Wallace supplied Darwin with birds for his studies and decided to seek Darwin’s help in publishing his own ideas on evolution. He sent Darwin his theory in 1858, which, to Darwin’s shock, nearly replicated Darwin’s own. Both Wallace and Darwin presented their theories to a meeting of the Linnaean Society in 1858. Developments in Genetics ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE Darwin had been working on a major book on evolution and used that to develop On the Origins of Species, which was published in 1859. Wallace, on the other hand, continued his travels and focused his study on the importance of biogeography. Developments in Genetics CHARLES DARWIN Provided pieces of evidence for natural selection and his suggestion that humans and animals shared a common ancestry. Proposed Pangenesis, a developmental theory of heredity (1868) Developments in Genetics GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL Father of Genetics Established the principle of inheritance Coined the terms dominant and recessive. The first to use statistical methods to analyze and predict hereditary information. Areas of Study  Areas of Study CLASSICAL GENETICS Study that focus on how hereditary traits are passed down among organisms. Based on observable traits and the inheritance patterns that they follow as they pass from parents to offspring. Dates back to the 1860s and is based on the work of Mendel.  Areas of Study MOLECULAR GENETICS The study of genes’ structure and function at the molecular level. Focuses on the molecules of inheritance and the mechanisms that underlie inheritance patterns of classical genetics.  Areas of Study BEHAVIORAL GENETICS Also known as Psychogenetics The study of the influence of an organism’s genetic composition on its behavior and the interaction of heredity and environment insofar as they affect behavior. BEHAVIORAL Sir Francis Galton GENETICS Galton showed that success seemed to run in families and that the more closely related a person was to a high-achiever, the more likely they were to become one themselves (Galton, 1869; Mackenzie, 1976). He argued that this proved that intelligence, accomplishment, and various other traits were inherited. BEHAVIORAL GENETICS Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher Combined mathematical and statistical approaches with Mendelian genetics and natural selection. British statistician and geneticist who pioneered the application of Published in The Genetical statistical procedures to the design Theory of Natural of scientific experiments. Selection (1930).  Areas of Study BEHAVIORAL GENETICS In the 1970s, there was a balanced view of nurture and nature but did not take hold until the 1980s.  Areas of Study CYTOGENETICS The study of chromosomes and genomic structure, function, and variation and their role in human disease and heredity.  Areas of Study DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS Branch of genetics that studies how genes control embryonic development. As well as how genes control the growth and development of an organism throughout its life cycle.  Areas of Study POPULATION GENETICS The study of genetic variation within and among populations and the evolutionary factors that explain this variation. Hardy-Weinberg Law FUNDAMENTALS OF GENETICS LESSON 1