Dosage Forms PDF

Solid dosage forms TABLET: compressed powder with active drug + inert ingredients. Uncoated, film coated, sugar coated, enteric coated, sustained release. A scored tablet has an indented line running across it, so that it can be broken into two halves. Effervescent tablet dissolves in a...

Solid dosage forms TABLET: compressed powder with active drug + inert ingredients. Uncoated, film coated, sugar coated, enteric coated, sustained release. A scored tablet has an indented line running across it, so that it can be broken into two halves. Effervescent tablet dissolves in a glass of water before being swallowed.  Enteric coated tablet does not dissolve in stomach. It dissolves in the alkaline environment of small intestine. A slow – release tablet dissolves slowly over 12 or 24 hours: Less tablets required. Lozenges: medicated sugar candies: slowly dissolve in mouth. Troche: Disintegrates into a medicated paste in mouth. Scored tablets. A scored tablet can be divided easily and accurately. These scored tablets can be divided into two or three equal doses, depending on the number of score marks on the tablet. Pessary: oval tablet for vaginal use. Suppository: Oval tablet for rectal use.  Insert / Pallet / Beads / Wafers / device: for local effect in body cavities. Urethral ‘Muse pallet’ to treat erectile dysfunction. Ocular & uterine inserts & devices. Gliadel wafer for cancerous tumors CAPSULE: made of gelatin (obtained from collagen from skin & bones of animals) Hard capsules: contain dry powder. Soft capsules contain oily preparation: e.g. vitamin A & D. Spansule / time release capsule / sustained release capsule Hard shell capsules contain the drug in a granular form.  POWDERS: Solid substances reduced to a fine state. For local and systemic (oral) use. SEMI – SOLID DOSAGE FORMS: OINTMENT: A semisolid emulsion of oil & water. Is greasy, oily: difficult to wash off. CREAM: A semisolid emulsion of oil & water. Water soluble: easy to remove.  Transdermal patch. Transdermal patches release drugs slowly over a long period of time. They are used to treat chronic conditions, such as to prevent angina attacks in patients with heart disease; Scopolamine patch for motion sickness; estrogen and testosterone patches, nicotine patches. LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS MIXTURE: solid in liquid or liquid in liquid. Solution: when the ingredients are in dissolved state. Suspension: solute particles are not fully dissolved: settled at bottom. Shake bottle before use. Emulsion: Oil & water. Not mixed together. Shake well before use. SYRUP: 66% sugar in water. A vehicle for cough mixtures etc. LOTION: suspension of drug in a water base: absorbed into skin and exert a local effect. For external use: Calamine lotion. ENEMAS: Evacuant & retention enemas.  INJECTIONS: Ampule (Ampoule) is a single dose glass container. An ampule is a small, slender glass container with a main body and a narrow, extended top. An alcohol swab is placed around the neck (narrowed indentation) of the ampule, and the ampule is quickly snapped into two pieces. A syringe is used to withdraw the drug solution from the body of the broken ampule. An ampule can be used only once and the remaining, unused drug must be discarded because it contains no preservative.  Vial contains multiple doses, with a rubber cap. A vial is a small glass bottle. The top has an aluminum cap that protects a rubber stopper beneath until the vial is opened. To withdraw the liquid drug from a vial, the vial is turned upside down, the needle of a syringe is inserted through the rubber stopper, air is injected into the vial, and the drug dose is withdrawn. A vial can be used multiple times. The rubber stopper is cleansed with alcohol before each dose is withdrawn. Some vials contain a powdered drug that must be reconstituted to a liquid before it can be drawn up into the syringe.  Infusion bottles: 5% dextrose, normal saline, Ringer’s lactate, dextrose+ normal saline bottles. These are administered by i.v. infusion. Gaseous (inhaled) dosage forms Aerosol (Inhaler) & nebulizer Gases: Oxygen (white cylinder) Anaesthetic gases: Nitrous oxide (N2O - laughing gas – blue cylinder) Isoflurane, sevoflurane. Volatile Liquids (for general anaesthesia [GA]): Halothane → gets converted into gas for anesthesia.  Special drug delivery systems Ocusert: kept under lower eyelid for glaucoma. Progestasert: Intra uterine contraceptive device. Computerized miniature pumps for insulin infusion in diabetic patients.