Understanding the Self: Psychology, Philosophy, and Sumerian Civilization - PDF

**UNDERSTANDING THE SELF** "The scientific study of behavior and mental processes" - **GREEK WORDS:** **Psyche**- soul or mind **Logos**- study or science of \*Psychology emerged as a disciplined in the 1800's when Wilhelm Wundt started using the scientific method to study human consciousness...

**UNDERSTANDING THE SELF** "The scientific study of behavior and mental processes" - **GREEK WORDS:** **Psyche**- soul or mind **Logos**- study or science of \*Psychology emerged as a disciplined in the 1800's when Wilhelm Wundt started using the scientific method to study human consciousness and behavior - **COMPONENTS OF BEHAVIOR** A. **AFFECTIVE** B. **BEHAVIORAL** C. **COGNITIVE** - **GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY** A. Describe behavior and situations in which it occurs B. Explain why the behavior occurred C. Predict future behavior based on past observations D. Influence control- change behavior - **HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY** - It began in Ancient Greece - Traces its roots to the Natural Sciences - Greeks ere the first to dissect bodies of animals to study their brains, organs, skeletons and muscles - **ANCIENT HEALING PRACTICES** - **TREPHINING**- boring holes in skulls of people to release evil spirits - **PRACTICAL TREATMENTS** - Bandaging, fumigations, rubs - **DIVINATION** - Using spells, incantations, potions - Psychological disorders seen as a sign of the devil - **SOCRATES, ARISTOTLE, PLATO** - Philosophers who believed that: a. Emotions could distort thinking b. Perceptions are interpretations of the real world - **PHILOSOPHY**- the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline - **SOCRATES** - *The self is an immortal soul which exists over time* - To "Know Thyself" is to live a life of reflection, purpose, and value - The self is the source of all knowledge, the self is composed of a soul and a body A. **REALITY HAS A DUALISTIC NATURE** a. **PHYSICAL REALM**- imperfect, transient, changeable b. **IDEAL REALM**- eternal, unchanging, immortal(soul) - **PLATO** - The self is an immortal soul which exists over time - He elaborated the concept of psyche or the soul; it consists of 3 parts(*THE TRIPARTITE SOUL)* - **GENUINE HAPPINESS**- achieved when reason is control of Spirits and Appetites A. **THE TRIPARTITE SELF** a. **THE RATIONAL:REASON** b. **THE SPIRITED:HONOR** c. **THE APPETITE;DESIRE** B. **THE CHARIOT ANALOGY** a. **REASON**- divine essence that enables individuals to think deeply, make wise choices, achieve true understanding of eternal truths b. **PHYSICAL APPETITE**- basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst and sexual desire c. **SPIRIT OR PASSION**-basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition and aggressiveness, empathy - **ST. AUGUSTISNE** - Responsible for synthesizing Platonic views of Christianity - Immaterial reality is separate from the physical world - There is a radical distinction between the soul and the body - The soul is immortal A. **RELATIONSHIP OF BODY AND SOUL** a. The physical body is different and inferior to the immortal soul b. The body is united with the soul so that man may be entire and complete B. **VIRTOUS LIFE** a. To live a virtuous life is to live in love and all sin is a result of turning away from love and God - **RENE DESCARTES** - *"I think, therefore I am"* - The self (man) is a thinking being capable of rational inquiry - **THINKING PROCESSES**: Doubting, understanding, affirming, denying, willing, refusing, imagining, feeling - Knowledge originates from an individual's reasoning ability *(RATIONALISM)* - Being self-conscious is integral to building a personal identity A. **VIEW OF THE SELF** a. **PHYSICAL SELF** is a part of nature, governed by the physical laws of the universe, available to scientific analysis and experiment b. **CONSCIOUS SELF (MIND, SOUL)** is a part of the spiritual realm, independent of physical laws of the universe and governed only by the laws of reason and God's will - **JOHN LOCKE** - *"Personal identity is made possible by self-consciousness"* - All knowledge originates from direct experiences (*EMPIRICISM*) - Knowledge is based on the careful observation of sense experience and memories of previous experiences - To discover the nature of personal identity, we're going to find out what it means to be a person - A person is a thinking, intelligent being who can reason and to reflect - A person is someone who considers itself to be the same thing in different times and different places - Consciousness always accompanies thinking and is an essential part of the thinking process - Consciousness makes possible the belief that we are the same identity ion different times and different places - **DAVID HUME** - *"There is no self"* - The self is only a bundle of constantly changing perceptions passing through the theatre of our minds A. **TWO DISTINCTS ENTITIES** a. **IMPRESSIONS** - The basic sensations of our experiences b. **IDEAS** - Copies of our impressions - Thoughts and images built up from primary impressions - "This is what I think of the sense experience" - **IMMANUEL KANT** - "We construct the self" - Primary experiences are not disconnected, these are in fact organized and stable - Human minds actively sort, organize, relate and synthesize sense data coming from the sense organs - "Your world according to your terms" - **SIGMUND FREUD** A. **THE SELF IF MULTI-LAYERED** a. **CONSCIOUS LEVEL** b. **PRECONSCIOUS LEVEL** c. **UNCONSCIOUS LEVEL** - **GILBERT RYLE** - *"The self is how you behave"* - *"I act therefore I am"* - It is necessary to focus on observable behavior - What is the self being presented in the world - Mins wills and the body executes it - The self iss understood according to the patterns of behavior - **PAUL CHURCHLAND** - *"The self is the Brain"* - Mental states are superseded by the brain - Physical states have an emotional impact on our mental and emotional functioning - Understand the nature of the brain - **ELEMENTAIVE MATERIALISM**- scientific theory does not require reference to the mental states posited in infrormal, or folk, psychology, such as thoughts, beliefs, desires, and intentions a. **FRONTAL LOBE** - motor control(premotor cortex) - problem solving(prefrontal area) - speech production(broca's area) b. **TEMPPORAL LOBE** - Auditory processing(hearing) - Language comprehension(Wernicke's area) - Mempory/information retrieval c. **PARIETAL LOBE** - Touch perception - Body orientation and sensory discrimination d. **OCCIPITAL LOBE** - Sights - Visual reception and visual interpretation e. **CEREBELLUM** - Balance and coordination f. **BRAINSTEM** - Involuntary responses **THE STRUCTURES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS** a. **ADRENALINE** - Fight or flight b. **NORADRENALINE** - concentration c. **DOPAMINE** - pleasure d. **SEROTONIN** - mood e. **GABA** - calming f. **ACETYLCHOLINE** - learning g. **GLUTAMATE** - memory h. **ENDORPHINS** - Euphoria - **MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY** - Viewed the self from a **Phenomenological Perspective**- refers to the conviction that all knowledge of ourselves and our world is based on the "phenomena" of experience - The living body is a natural synthesis of mind and biology - Consciousness is a dynamic form responsible for actively structuring our consciousness **SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION** **SUMER** was the southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia **MODERN-DAY IRAQ AND KUWAIT**-considered the cradle of civilization. \*The name comes from Akkadian, the language of the north of Mesopotamia, and means "land of the civilized kings". \*The Sumerians called themselves "the black headed people" and their land, in cuneiform script, was simply "the land" or "the land of the black headed people" \*Book of Genesis, Sumer is known as Shinar. \*The Sumerians lived from 3500 B.C. -- 2000 B.C. although other sources say that the civilization started as early as 3000 B.C - **WAY OF LIVING** **-**built small square houses built of mud -lived in Mesopotamia or the Fertile Crescent -This area is between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and runs along the eastern side of the Mediterranean Sea. **MESOPOTAMIA**-Greek word means Land Between the Rivers -very inventive and hardworking -mostly farmers and had well organized communal (community) life -skilled in the use of such metal as copper, gold, silver and had developed by 3000 B.C. -Fine artistry -They were not only craftsman and farmers, but scribes, scholars, priests, priestesses, and merchants also. - **THEIR HERO** - **GILGAMESH-**an epic, a long story about a hero - **WORSHIPPING** **-**The Sumerians built temples called **[ziggurats]** in the center of their cities **-**used as a house for the cities' gods **-**The temple was raised on a platform, and was made of thousands of mud bricks. **\*GODS THAT THEY WORSHIPPED**-Anu, the heaven god, Ea, the water god , and Enki, the god of wisdom. - **INDUSTRY CREATION** **-**They developed trade, and established industries, including weaving, leather work, metalwork, masonry, and pottery, frying pans, razors, cosmetic sets, shepherd's pipes, harps, kilns to cook bricks and pottery, bronze hand tools like hammers and axes, the plow, the plow seeder, and the first superhero, Gilgamesh**.** **-**used looms to weave cloth from wool and because they traded heavily throughout the Persian Gulf **-** - **WRITING AND SCHOOLS** -Since hieroglyphs are considered "pictures", the Sumerians invented the first writing system, with actual "letters" developing Sumerian cuneiform writing out of earlier proto-writing systems by about the 30th century BCE. The earliest literary texts appear from about the 27th century BCE. - **INVENTIONS** - **SAILBOAT** **-**it allowed them to trade up and down the Tigris and Euphrates **A. 3 MAIN TYPES OF BOATS** **a. SKIN BOATS-**compromised reeds and animal skins **b. BITUMEN WATERPROOFING** **c. WOODEN-OARED SHIPS-**sometimes pulled upstream by people and animals walking along the nearby banks - **CUNEIFORM** **-**derived from the **[Latin word 'Cunus']** which means **[wedge]** **-**They pressed wedge shaped marks on soft clay tablets with the help of sharp reed pen. **-**They hardened these tablets by drying them up in the sun. **-**read from right to left - **WHEEL AND CART** **WHEEL-** accelerated the progress of Sumerian civilization **-**evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4^th^ millenium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus(Maykop Culture) and Central Europe - **AGRICULTURE(IRRIGITAION, DIKES AND PLOW)** **-**built the levees higher and used them to keep back the flood waters **-**poked holes in the levees(summer) **IRRIGATION-** they dug maze of ditches and waterways from the rivers to their fields, creating a dependable source of water for their crops - **ROAD-**used meticulous brick-making skills, forming identical mud bricks for building **BITUMEN-** natural sticky black substance in asphalt - **MATH AND ASTRONOMY-**advanced in math for their time period **-**they invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems(mixed radix system, alternating base 10 and base 6) **SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM-** became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia - **THE NUMBER SIX** **-**clock -They also divided up the circle into 360 degrees. -wide knowledge of mathematics -Pythagorean Theorem long before Pythagoras wrote it down -they discovered the number for pi in figuring the circumference of a circle -they created a sophisticated accounting system -they invented the calendar(12 Lunar months) -they are aware of the planets that are visible to the naked eye **-ZODIAC SIGNS**- derived from Latin **[zodiacus]**;Greek **[zodiakos kuklos]** means **["Circle of Animals"]** **ASTROLOGY**- search for purpose in the heavens \- - **CITIES** **MOST WELL-KNOWN CITIES-** Uruk, Ur, Kish, Evida, Lagash, Nippur, Sumer **\*URUK-** greatest monument was the Anu Ziggurat **\*WHITE TEMPLE-** built and dedicated to the sky-god Anu - **ARCHITECTURE** **-**rulers lived in large palaces **-**lived in houses with many rooms around a small courtyard **-[mud bricks]**-main building blocks **ZIGGURAT-**pyramid-shaped temple tower, rose above each city - **THE ARTS** **-**Statues of gods for their temples **-[jewelry]** from imported gold, silver and gems **-**engraved cylinders- Sumer's most famous types of arts -**[Tools and weapons]**(saws, chisels, nails, pins, rings, hoes, axes, knives, arrowheads, swords, glue, daggers, armor, hammer, braces, bits, -**[Boots and sandals]**-use of leather -complex system of sewers and flush toilets to rid cities of waste and unhealthy effects of swamps **HISTORY** - **1950's** -dull field; titration ; gravimetric analysis -to lay the theoretical groundwork -one dimensional ; experiment - number - **1960's** -Gas Chromatography(GC) ; Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)- trace analysis possible and reasonably easy -textbook triples in size ; scanning spectrophotometers(common) - **1970's** -Liquid Chromatography(LC) ; Mass Spectrometry ; part per trillion(ppt) -surface analysis of thin layers(common) -problems ; environment, energy, biological and physiological analysis - **1980's** -analysis and identification of trace components(interfaced ; hyphenated methods) -control instrument, manipulate data.. -conduct complete analytical scheme ; 3 dimensional data -experiment - 3d Graph - **1990's** -detection of single atoms and molecules ; fast, automated procedures -multi-channel analysis - major thrust - **2000's** **1.** **Advancement in Mass Spectrometry** -sensitivity, resolution and speed ; proteomics and metabolomics studies **2.** **High-Throughput Screening Techniques** -pharmaceutical industry ; screening of large compound libraries to identify potential drug candidates **3**. **DNA Sequencing Technologies** -capillary electrophoresis and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -Human Genome Project **4. Hyphenated Techniques** -Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry **5. Microarray Technology** -simultaneous analysis of thousands of genes/proteins -Genomics and Proteomics Research **6. Biosensors and Bioanalytical Chemistry** -rapid and sensitive detection of biological molecules ; medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety **7. Environmental Monitoring and Analysis** -monitoring pollutants, assessing air and water quality ; soil samples **8. Chemometrics and Data Analysis** -Chemometrics ; application of statistical methods to analyze chemical data **9. Miniaturization of Analytical Instruments** -Microfluidic Devices ; reduced sample and reagent consumption -Point-of-care Diagnostics and Field Analysis **10. Advancements in NMR Spectroscopy** -Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR) -valuable structural information for organic compounds, bio-macromolecules, and materials - **2010's** **1. Advancements in Mass Spectrometry** -improvements in resolution, sensitivity, and speed -New Ionization Techniques ; ambient ionization methods -Metabolomics and Lipidomics **2. High-Resolution Chromatography** -Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography(UHPLC) -for faster separations and improved peak resolution in complex samples **3. Metabolomics and Systems Biology** -Metabolomics ; study of small molecules in biological systems -Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR)  -to profile and quantify metabolites, contributing to systems biology research **4. Single-Cell Analysis Techniques ** -Single-Cell Mass Spectrometry and Single-Cell RNA sequencing(transcriptomics) -powerful tools for understanding cellular heterogeneity **5. Advancements in Imaging Techniques** -Molecular Level ; Mass Spectrometry Imaging(MSI) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging(NMR) -spatially resolved analysis of biomolecules in tissues **6. Miniaturization and Portable Analytical Devices** -Microfluidic Devices and Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies become more sophisticated, enabling on-site and point-of-care analysis **7. Advances in Environmental Monitoring ** -improved methods for monitoring environmental contaminants -development of sensors  and analytical techniques for assessing air quality, water wuality and soil contamination **8. Omics Integration** -Omics Approaches ; Genomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics(common) -provide a more comprehensive understanding of biological systems **9. Bioanalytical Applications in Pharmaceuticals** -Pharmaceutical Industry ; Bioanalytical Applications -development of sensitive methods for quantifying drugs and their metabolites in biological samples **10. Advancements in Spectroscopy** -Infrared(IR) ; Raman Spectroscopy(sensitivity and resolution) -material science, pharmaceuticals and biological research **INTRO. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS** - **QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS** -identification of a substance, ro determine what chemical elements are included into sample tested, what ions, functional groups or molecules are in its composition -based on chemical tests to identify inorganic ions(cations and anions) **Characterized by External Reactions:** 1. Precipitates forming with certain color in solutions 2. Color changes in sol'n or alloy 3. Elimination of evolving gaseous products w/out odor or w/ a certain odor - **QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS SCHEME** -confirm the presence or absence of certain materials -identification of aqueous ions **2 DISTINCT PHASES:** 1. A **SCHEME** must be developed to separate the ions from each other 2. A **DIFFERENT TEST** is performed to uniquely confirm the identity of each separated ions **QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS**- to separate and detect cations and anions in a sample substance **IN PERFORMING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS:** - Observe if a sample substance when added to water will: 1. **DISSOLVE** - see through (transparent)-soluble 1. **SUSPENDED** in water and NOT DISSOLVE- it is insoluble  - **INSOLUBLE SUBSTANCE**- liquid turn cloudy, it is called precipitation  - **PRECIPITATE**- settle over time and the solid will form a layer on the bottom of the test-tube - **PRECIPITATIONS and SOLUBILITY PRINCIPLES**- bases also of qualitative analysis **PRECIPITATION REACTIONS** -when cations and anions in aqueous sol'n combine to form an insoluble ionic solid called **PRECIPITATE** -Not all aqueous reactions form precipitates, one must consult the solubility rules before determining the state of the products and writing a net ionic equation **PROPERTIES OF PRECIPITATES** **PRECIPITATES-** insoluble ionic solid products of a reaction ; when cations and anions combine in an aqueous sol'n -depend on temperature (buffers), sol'n concentration  -Most ppt reaction are single replacement reactions/double replacement reactions - **DOUBLE REPLACEMENT REACTION** -ions replace each other based on their charges as either a cation or anion -partner "switching" ; 2 reactants lose their partner and form a bond with a different partner -classified as a precipitation reaction when the chemical equation in question occurs in aqueous sol'n and one of the products formed is insoluble  EXAMPLE: - Because the reactants are ionic and aqueous, they dissociate and are therefore  soluble. - However, there are six solubility guidelines used to predict which molecules are insoluble in water.  - These molecules form a solid precipitate in solution. - **THE SOLUBILITY RULES** -These rules provide guidelines that tell which ions form solids and which remain in their ionic form in aqueous solution. -The rules are to be followed from the top down, meaning that if something is insoluble (or soluble) due to rule 1, it has precedence over a higher-numbered rule. 1\. Salts formed with group 1 cations and NH4+ cations are soluble.There are some exceptions for certain Li+ salts. 2\. Acetates (C2H3O2−), nitrates (NO3−), and perchlorates (ClO4−) are soluble. 3\. Bromides, chlorides, and iodides are soluble. 4\. Sulfates (SO4)2− are soluble with the exception of sulfates formed with Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ 5\. Salts containing silver, lead, and mercury (I) are insoluble. 6\. Carbonates (CO3)2−, phosphates (PO4)3−, sulfides, oxides, and hydroxides (OH)− are insoluble. Sulfides formed with group 2 cations and hydroxides formed with calcium, strontium, and barium are exceptions. \*If the rules state that an ion is soluble, then it remains in its aqueous ion form.  \*If an ion is insoluble based on the solubility rules, then it forms a solid with an ion from the other reactant.  \*If all the ions in a reaction are shown to be soluble, then no precipitation reaction occurs. - **THE SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANT, Ksp** -The solubility product constant, Kₛₚ, is an equilibrium constant that reflects the extent to which an ionic compound dissolves in water.  -For compounds that dissolve to produce the same number of ions, we can directly compare their Kₛₚ values to determine their relative solubilities. - **QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS** EXAMPLES: \*We find that the chlorides of Pb²+, Ag+, Hg2²+ are insoluble in water, so we put them in one group and say that "The group reagent is cold dilute HCl" \*Also we find that the sulfides of Pb²+, Hg²+, Bi³+,Cu²+, Cd²+are insoluble in water, so we put them in one group and say that "The group reagent is H2S" - **IONIC SUBSTANCE** -Every ionic substance is made from a cation and an anion. -Certain ions easily dissolve, others tend to be insoluble. They all follow certain rules. -We can use these rules in order to predict what ions are present in an 'unknown' solution - like the presence of a cation. - **CATIONS** -positive charge ions -positive part of the salt -cannot be tested directly as anions -classified according to the solubility of their salt in H2O - **2 PRINCIPLES IN QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CATIONS** 1. **SEPARATIONS**- separate groups of ions from other groups, or individual ions in a mixture of ions 2. **CONFIRMATORY TEST**-determine conclusively that a certain ion is present -interfering ions are removed after the test - **CLASSIFICATIONS OF CATIONS** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | GROUP | GROUP REAGENT | IONS | DISTINGUISHING | | | | | FEATURES | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | I | | | Ppt as | | | | | chlorides | | (SILVER GROUP) | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | II | | | Ppt as sulfide | | | | | in acid medium | | (ACID SULFIDE | | | | | GROUP) COPPER | | | | | GROUP | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | III-A | | | Pptd as | | | | | hydroxides | | (IRON-ALUMINUM | | | | | GROUP) | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | III-B | | | Ppt as sulfide | | | | | in alkaline | | (ALKALINE | | | medium | | SULFIDE GROUP) | | | | | ZINC GROUP | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | IV | | | Pptd as | | | | | carbonates | | (ALKALINE EARTH | | | | | GROUP) | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | V | No group | | Ions not pptd | | | reagent | | in previous | | (ALKALI METAL | | | group | | GROUP) | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ - **QUALITATIVE SEPARATIONS OF CATIONS** -Cations are classified into groups -Each group has common reagent ; can be used to separate them from the sol'n -Separation must be done in a certain sequence since some ions of an earlier group may also react with the reagent of a later group causing ambiguity as to which ions are present -Salts have varying solubilities in water -Differences in solubilities of these salts can be exploited in such a way as to allow for separation of the cations -consists selectively ppting only a few kinds of metal ions at a time under given sets of conditions -Consecutive precipitation steps become progressively less selective until almost all of the metal ions are precipitated. - **QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF GROUP-I CATIONS(Ag, Pb2+, Hg )** -have low solubility so they are pptd as Cl and called "HCl Group) **GROUP REAGENT:** cold dilute HCl slight excess with stirring  A blue background with yellow text and white text AI-generated content may be incorrect.  - **THE LAW OF COMMON-ION EFFECT** "The ionization of a weak electrolyte is suppressed if a strong electrolyte with a common ion is added to it" -The effect of increasing the concentration of one ion in a sol'n of a weak electrolyte decreases another ion of the equilibrium mixture **RESIDUE**: AgCl(White ppt)  - **CONFIRMATORY TESTS OF GROUP I- CATIONS** A screenshot of a diagram AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A close-up of a chemistry chart AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A close-up of a chart AI-generated content may be incorrect.  - **QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF GROUP II-A AND II-B** -it is called the "Acid Sulfide Group" **GROUP REAGENT:** dil HCl + H2S    A diagram of chemical formulas AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A diagram of different colored text AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A blue background with many colored text AI-generated content may be incorrect. - **QUALITATIVE TESTS GROUP II-B -- CATIONS** **(As , Sb , Sn )**  **1. APPLY REINSCH TEST:** -classical method for detecting the presence of arsenic in a sample -placing copper strip in the test sol'n (As2S3 or As2S5), and heating it gently. -If arsenic is present: grey or black copper arsenide, (Cu5As2) coating forms on the copper strip -Sensitive to both As and As -detect even very small amounts of arsenic, and it can be in the presence of organic matter **2. APPLY MARSH TESTS** -generating arsine gas(AsH3) from the sample containing Arsenic -employs a glass tube heated in a specific zone of a flame. -If Arsenic III or V is present: a mirror-like deposit of metallic arsenic forms on the cooler part of the glass tube A text on a purple background AI-generated content may be incorrect. - **CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR ANTIMONY(Sb and Sb )** -dark gray deposit of metallic antimony will form on the copper -if the deposit dried and cut into small pieces and heated in a dry test tube the antimony will oxidize and volatilize, considering on the cool part of the tube as a white deposit of antimonous oxide, Sb2O3, which is amorphous **2. APPLY MARSH TEST:** -reduced by a small part of the nascent hydrogen and gaseous stibine, SbH3, is formed, which burns with the excess of hydrogen to form antimonous oxide, Sb2O3, and water H2O -If cold porcelain dish is held in the flame the antimony will be deposited on it, forming dull, sooty spots which will not dissolve in a solution of chlorinated soda, NaClO(Sodium Hypochlorite)  A purple background with yellow and red text AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A collage of test tubes with different colored liquids AI-generated content may be incorrect. - **QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF GROUP III- A(Fe , Al , Cr )** **-**Iron-Aluminum Group -called "Ammonium Hydroxide' group as they pptd as hydroxide GROUP REAGENT: NH4Cl + NH4OH  A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A diagram of chemical formulas AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A diagram of a chemical reaction AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A blue background with yellow and red text AI-generated content may be incorrect.   A diagram of a chemical reaction AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A screenshot of a chemistry class AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A chart of chemical formulas AI-generated content may be incorrect.  Two glass beakers with colored liquid AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A couple beakers with liquid in them AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A group of test tubes with different colored liquids AI-generated content may be incorrect. - **QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF GROUP IV- CATIONS (Ba ,Sr , Ca )**  A screenshot of a computer screen AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A screenshot of a chemistry lesson AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A text on a purple background AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A diagram of a chemical reaction AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A blue background with yellow text AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A group of chemical formulas AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A collage of different types of fire AI-generated content may be incorrect. - **QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF GROUP V- CATIONS(Mg , Na , K , NH4 )**  A test for a person AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A test for a variety of substances AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A test results on a purple background AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A close-up of a test AI-generated content may be incorrect.  A chart of different colored text AI-generated content may be incorrect.