Vitamins Part 2 PDF

7 Vitamins Part 2 by Maysam Makki WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS ‫اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬ -Water soluble vitamins are found in grain, rice, vegetables, fish, and meat. -These are essential coenzymes required in energy releasing mechanis...

7 Vitamins Part 2 by Maysam Makki WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS ‫اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‬ -Water soluble vitamins are found in grain, rice, vegetables, fish, and meat. -These are essential coenzymes required in energy releasing mechanisms. -They also act as coenzymes for metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats.‫ واﻟﻠﺤﻮم‬،‫ اﻷﺳﻤﺎك‬،‫ اﻟﺨﻀﺮوات‬،‫ اﻷرز‬،‫اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺒﻮب‬ ،‫وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت إﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ آﻟﻴﺎت ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬.‫ واﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬،‫ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات‬،‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺈﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت أﻳﺾ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ THIAMIN (vitamin B1) (B1 ‫اﻟﺜﻴﺎﻣﻴﻦ )ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ Structure: :‫ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ 1. Thiamin consists of a substituted pyrimidine ring connected to a substituted thiazole ring through a methylene bridge (CH2) 2. Active form of B₁ = Thiamin diphosphate (TPP): a) It is called also thiamin pyrophosphate. b) Formation of TPP needs thiamin kinase enzyme ‫ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺜﻴﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﺮﻳﻤﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺒﺪﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺛﻴﺎزول ﻣﺴﺘﺒﺪﻟﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ‬.١.(CH₂) ‫ﺟﺴﺮ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻠﻴﻦ‬ :(TPP) ‫ ﻫﻮ ﺛﻴﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎت‬B₁ ‫ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻣﻦ‬.٢ ً ‫( ُﻳﻌﺮف‬a.‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺛﻴﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺮوﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت‬.‫ إﻟﻰ إﻧﺰﻳﻢ اﻟﺜﻴﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻨﺎز‬TPP ‫( ﻳﺤﺘﺎج ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬b 52  FUNCTIONS OF THIAMINE ‫وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺜﻴﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ -Vitamin B1, is very essential for converting carbohydrate into energy. -The most important use of thiamine is in the treatment of beriberi, a condition caused by a deficiency of thiamine in the diet. Symptoms include swelling, tingling or burning sensation in the hands and feet, confusion, difficulty breathing. -Vitamin B1, helps in maintaining the healthy nervous system..‫رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻷﻳﺾ وإﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ً ‫دورا‬ ً ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ‬،‫ﺟﺪا ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات إﻟﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ً ‫ﺿﺮورﻳﺎ‬ ً B1 ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ - ‫ واﻹﺣﺴﺎس‬،‫ وﺗﺸﻤﻞ أﻋﺮاﺿﻪ اﻟﺘﻮرم‬،‫ وﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺤﺪث ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﺜﻴﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ‬،‫ُﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺜﻴﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼج ﻣﺮض اﻟﺒﺮي ﺑﺮي‬ -.‫ وﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‬،‫ واﻻرﺗﺒﺎك‬،‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺧﺰ أو اﻟﺤﺮﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻴﺪﻳﻦ واﻟﻘﺪﻣﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻷﻋﺼﺎب وﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﻹﺷﺎرات اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل‬ ً ‫دورا‬ ً ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬B1 ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ - Deficiency: ‫ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﺜﻴﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ Beriberi (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome) (‫ﻛﻮرﺳﺎﻛﻮف‬-‫ﻣﺮض اﻟﺒﺮي ﺑﺮي )ﻣﺘﻼزﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﺮﻧﻴﻚ‬ 1. ↓ TPP impaired conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA this leads to ↓ Energy production → Impaired cellular functions epecially of nervous system → beriberi ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ وﻳﺆدي ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ ﺿﻌﻒ‬،CoA ‫( إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺮوﻓﺎت إﻟﻰ أﺳﺘﻴﻞ‬TPP) ‫ﻳﺆدي ﻧﻘﺺ ﺛﻴﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺮوﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت‬ ً.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻬﻮر أﻋﺮاض اﻟﺒﺮي ﺑﺮي‬،‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬ ،‫ﻓﻲ وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ RIBOFLAVIN (vitamin B2) :(B2 ‫رﻳﺒﻮﻓﻼﻓﻴﻦ )ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ Structure: :‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ 1. It is formed of Flavin ring attached to ribitol. 2. Active forms of riboflavin. a) Riboflavin enters in the structure of Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) b) FMN is formed by phosphorylation of riboflavin by ATP (by intestinal flaviokinase enzyme). - FAD is formed by the transfer of an AMP moiety from ATP to FMN. -١.‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻼﻓﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﺒﻴﺘﻮل‬ :‫ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﻓﻼﻓﻴﻦ‬-٢.(FAD) ‫( وﻓﻼﻓﻴﻦ أدﻳﻨﻴﻦ دﻳﻨﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪ‬FMN) ‫( ﻳﺸﺎرك اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﻓﻼﻓﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﻼﻓﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻧﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪ‬a.‫ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ إﻧﺰﻳﻢ اﻟﻔﻼﻓﻴﻮﻛﻴﻨﺎز اﻟﻤﻌﻮي‬ATP ‫ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻔﺴﻔﺮة ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺒﻮﻓﻼﻓﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬FMN ‫( ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬b.FMN ‫ إﻟﻰ‬ATP ‫ ﻣﻦ‬AMP ‫ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺟﺰء‬FAD ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ - 53  ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ‪ FAD‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺟﺰء ‪ AMP‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ATP‬إﻟﻰ ‪.FMN‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪FUNCTIONS OF RIBOFLAVIN‬‬ ‫وﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﻓﻼﻓﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-It is essential for normal growth.‬‬ ‫‪-Metabolism– It is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fat and proteins. -----‬‬ ‫‪- -Good for skin, nails and eyes.‬‬ ‫‪-It helps in protects the body against cancer.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺿﺮوري ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻷﻳﺾ‪ :‬ﻳﺸﺎرك ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت أﻳﺾ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات واﻟﺪﻫﻮن واﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪا ﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ واﻷﻇﺎﻓﺮ واﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺗﻪ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮة واﻷﻇﺎﻓﺮ واﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﻦ‪ُ :‬ﻳﻌﺪ‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن‪ :‬ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﻓﻼﻓﻴﻦ ‪Deficiency:‬‬ ‫‪B₂ deficiency is not fatal. It is characterized by:‬‬ ‫‪1. Ocular disturbances:‬‬ ‫‪a) Photophobia i.e. abnormal sensitiveness of the eye to the light.‬‬ ‫‪b) Vascularization of cornea.‬‬ ‫‪2. Cheilosis (fissuring at the corners of the mouth).‬‬ ‫‪3. Glossitis i.e. inflammation of tongue, which appears smooth and purplish.‬‬ ‫‪4. Dermatitis i.e. inflammation of the skin.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ‪ B₂‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻤﻴﺘً ﺎ وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻌﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬ ‫‪ (a‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ُ)رﻫﺎب اﻟﻀﻮء(‪ :‬ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻦ ﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻀﻮء‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (b‬ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻘﻖ اﻟﺸﻔﺘﻴﻦ )ﺗﺸﻴﻠﻮﺳﻴﺲ(‪ :‬ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎت ﻓﻲ زواﻳﺎ اﻟﻔﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬ ‫أرﺟﻮاﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺎ وﻟﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﻠﺴﺎن )ﺟﻠﻮﺳﺘﻴﺘﺲ(‪ :‬اﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎت ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻠﺴﺎن‬ ‫‪ -٤‬اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﺠﻠﺪ )درﻣﺎﺗﻴﺘﺲ(‪ :‬اﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪54‬‬  VITAMIN B3 (NIACIN) :(‫ )اﻟﻨﻴﺎﺳﻴﻦ‬B3 ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬. Active forms: :‫اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ‬ a) Niacin is converted to the active form Nicotinamide that enters in the structure of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). b) Nicotinamide, a derivative of nicotinic acid contains amide group. ‫( وﻧﻴﻜﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﻣﻴﺪ أدﻳﻨﻴﻦ‬NAD) ‫ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻴﻜﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﻣﻴﺪ أدﻳﻨﻴﻦ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪ‬،‫( ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻨﻴﺎﺳﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻧﻴﻜﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﻣﻴﺪ‬a.(NADP) ‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت‬.‫ وﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﻣﻴﺪ‬،‫ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻴﻜﻮﺗﻴﻨﻴﻚ‬،‫( ﻧﻴﻜﻮﺗﻴﻨﺎﻣﻴﺪ‬b Function ‫وﺿﻴﻔﺘﻪ‬ - Coenzymes in redox reactions (TCA, FA synthesis, gluconeogenesis, etc.) DNA repair ،‫ وﺗﺨﻠﻴﻖ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬،(TCA) ‫ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ دورة ﻛﺮﻳﺒﺲ‬،‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺈﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻷﻛﺴﺪة واﻻﺧﺘﺰال‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز و ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ إﺻﻼح اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي‬ Deficiency: :‫اﻟﻨﻘﺺ‬ pellagra ‫اﻟﺒﻼﻏﺮا‬ - Deficiency of niacin causes pellagra, a disease affects the skin, GIT and CNS. - Manifestation of pellagra: - Pellagra is called a disease of (4 Ds): diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia and if not treated death..‫ وﻫﻲ ﻣﺮض ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻠﺪ واﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ واﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰي‬،‫( ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻼﻏﺮا‬B3 ‫ ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﻨﻴﺎﺳﻴﻦ )ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬- :‫ ﻣﻀﺎﻫﺮ اﻟﺒﻼﻏﺮا‬- ‫ اﻟﻮﻓﺎة‬،‫( وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪم اﻟﻌﻼج‬Dementia) ‫( و اﻟﺨﺮف‬Dermatitis) ‫( و اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬Diarrhea) ‫ اﻹﺳﻬﺎل‬: D ‫ُﻳﻌﺮف ﻣﺮض اﻟﺒﻼﻏﺮا ﺑـ "ﻣﺮض اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ‬.(Death) ★ PYRIDOXINE (vitamin B6) (B6 ‫ﺑﻴﺮﻳﺪوﻛﺴﻴﻦ )ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬ Structure: :‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ 1. Vitamin B6 includes a group of Vitamers derived from pyridine ring. 2. These are pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. - They differ in the, nature of functional group attached to the ring. - All 3 compounds can act as precursors of the biologically active co-enzyme Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)..‫ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺮﻳﺪﻳﻦ‬B6 ‫ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬.١ ‫ ﺑﻴﺮﻳﺪوﻛﺴﻴﻦ و ﺑﻴﺮﻳﺪوﻛﺴﺎل و ﺑﻴﺮﻳﺪوﻛﺴﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬: ‫ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﺮات ﻫﻲ‬.٢.‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻔﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻠﺒﺔ‬ - Pyridoxal ) ‫( ﻟﻺﻧﺰﻳﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺤﻴﻮي اﻟﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﺑﻴﺮﻳﺪوﻛﺴﺎل‬Precursors) ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﻮاد ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ -.‫ وﻳﺸﺎرك ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬B6 ‫ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﺪ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬،(Phosphate - PLP 55 Functions: :‫اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬ - In the body, pyridoxine is converted to pyridoxal phosphate, which acts as a coenzyme for a large number of enzymes - In carbohydrate metabolism: Pyridoxal phosphate acts as a coenzyme of glycogen Phosphorylase → Glycogen breakdown into glucose (glycogenolysis). -In lipids metabolism: Pyridoxal phosphate is important in steroid hormone action, where it removes the hormone- receptor complex from DNA binding, terminating the action of hormone ‫ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺈﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬،(Pyridoxal Phosphate) ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺮﻳﺪوﻛﺴﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎت ﺑﻴﺮﻳﺪوﻛﺴﺎل‬،‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬-.‫اﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت‬