‎⁨كتاب الحاسب (النظري) _removed⁩.pdf

Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University Preparatory Year Deanship Fundamentals of Computer Programming and Problem Solving [Information Technology] 1...

Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University Preparatory Year Deanship Fundamentals of Computer Programming and Problem Solving [Information Technology] 1st Semester September 2020 Fundamentals of Computer Programming and Problem Solving Table of contents Page 1. Introduction 2 2. Algorithm 2 3. Flow chart 2 4. Control structures 4 5. Pseudo code 6 6. Database and database management system 8 7. Programming languages 8 8. Compiler and interpreter 8 Content Recommended For Preparatory Year Deanship Students PSAU |Page1 Introduction: To solve any programming problem, use the following: 1. Algorithms 2. Flowcharts 3. Pseudo code 1. ALGORITHM A sequence of steps to be performed in order to solve a problem by the computer Example 1.1 Algorithm for addition of two numbers Step1: Start Step 2: Input A, B Step 3: Calculate C=A+B Step 4: Output C Step 5: Stop 2. FLOW CHART The symbolic representation of an algorithm is called a flow chart. Symbols used in a flow chart: Symbol Name Functions Oval Start/Stop Parallelogram Input/output Rectangle Processing Diamond Decision Making Circle Connector Flow lines Control Flow Content Recommended For Preparatory Year Deanship Students PSAU |Page2 Example 2.1 Flow chart for addition of two numbers Start Input A, B C=A+B Print C Stop Example 2.2 Algorithm and flow chart for the average of two numbers a. ALGORITHM: Step1: Start Step2: Input A, B Step3: Calculate C= (A+B) / 2 Step4: Output C Step5: Stop Content Recommended For Preparatory Year Deanship Students PSAU |Page3  b. FLOW CHART: Start Input A, B C= (A+B) / 2 Print C Stop 3. CONTROL STRUCTURES A control structure is a block of programming that analyzes variables and chooses a direction in which to go based on given parameters. It has two type 1. Branching (Branching is a decision - what actions to take.) 2. Looping (Looping is a decision - how many times to take a certain action.) 3.1 Example of Branching: Algorithm and flow chart for greatest of two numbers. a. ALGORITHM: Step1: Start Step 2: Input A, B Step 3: IF A > B Step 4: Output A Step 5: else Step 6: Output B Step 7: Stop Content Recommended For Preparatory Year Deanship Students PSAU |Page4 b. FLOW CHART: Start Input A, B True False A>B Print B Print A bA Stop. 3.2 Example of Looping: Algorithm and flow chart for display of first 5 natural numbers using control structure while. a. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Set i= 0 Step 3: While i is less than 5 Step 4: Output i Step 5: Increment i // i=i+1 Step 6: Stop Content Recommended For Preparatory Year Deanship Students PSAU |Page5 b. FLOW CHART: Start i= 0 False i 37oc Step 4: Output “a Person with Fever” Step 5: Else Step 6: Output “a Person without Fever” Step 7: Stop Example 4.2 a. PSEUDO CODE: If student's grade is greater than or equal to 60 Then Print "Pass" Else Print "Fail" b. ALGORITHM: Step 1: Start Step 2: Input grade Value Step 3: If grade ≥ 60 Step 4: Output “Pass” Step 5: Else Step 6: Output “Fail" Step 7: Stop Content Recommended For Preparatory Year Deanship Students PSAU |Page7  5. DATABASE AND DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 5.1 Database: A database is any collection of related data. Example: Student database 5.2 Database Management System: A database management system is a software designed to help in maintaining and utilizing large collection of data. 6. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE A programming language is a formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Examples of programming languages: C, C++, JAVA, COBAL, FORTRAN, etc. Use Language Business Application COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) Scientific applications FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) General purpose use and education C, C++, JAVA, Pascal, Visual BASIC. 7. COMPILER AND INTERPRETER 7.1 Compiler: Compiler is a program that translates a high-level language into machine level language. 7.2 Interpreter: Interpreter is a program that translates a high-level language into machine level language line by line. 7.3 Comparison between Compiler and interpreter # Compiler Interpreter 1 Compiler Takes Entire program as input Interpreter Takes Single instruction as input. 2 Program execution is fast Program execution is relatively slow 3 Example: C Compiler Example: BASIC Content Recommended For Preparatory Year Deanship Students PSAU |Page8